Translated material
Milner's choice
Discuss Valery Rubakov and Boris Stern
B.Sh. : So, two large blocks are traced in Milner: Cosmological inflation and superstrodes. Let's start with inflation. In general, in your opinion, does it deserve a powerful bonus?
V.R. : Perhaps a little early. I participated in the discussion about the Nobel Award for inflation. The fact is that there is not enough final confirmation.
- Do you need it? Cosmological inflation and so does its job, having a huge worldview meaning. In fact, it gives a believable answer to the question "Where did the Universe come from." And is the final confirmation possible?
- Maybe. Inflation predicts gravitational waves with a flat spectrum (amplitudes of the same order at all frequencies. - Note. B.Sh.). Gravitational waves with such a spectrum are nowhere else to take. And they can be registered. If you're lucky, Planck (a European space station for measuring relict radiation, which has completed a set of data. - Note. B.Sh.) can do this.
- How? By polarization of the relic?
- Yes. If you are very lucky. In general, it is planned to conduct experiments devoted to this. And not only in space, but in Antarctica - on a ground radio telescope and, possibly, balloons ..
- This is an indirect method, based on the fact that gravitational waves polarize relict radiation. And direct detection, apparently, is hopeless?
- Yes, there are all frequencies, but the amplitude of relatively short waves in the current universe is very small. So their direct detection is a matter of a distant future.
- Now about the laureates themselves: how logical is their choice? Let me remind you, there Alan Gut and Andrei Linde.
-Well, Andrei is not a question at all -it is a consequence! Alan Gut also deserves. Doubts are more likely to be associated not with the presence, but with the absence. It is unfortunate that Alexey Starobinsky did not receive this award. Still, it was he who proposed the first cosmological inflation. And the birth of gravitational waves during inflation calculated even before other works about inflation appeared.
- Pay attention: in the formulation of the Guta award, it is said "for the invention of inflationary cosmology."
- Well, this is not at all true. Let's see the main article of the WMAP collaboration (the previous, American experiment to measure relict radiation. - Note. B.Sh.) - it should accurately reflect priorities. We look at the quotation order. Here: Cosmological inflation: Starobinsky 1979, 1982, Kazanas 1980, Gut 1981, Sato 1981, Linde 1982, Albrecht, Steinhardt 1982. Further, indignation of density during inflation: Mukhanov, Chibisov 1981, Hawking 1982, Starobinsky 1982, Gut, Pai 1982, Bardin, etc. 1983.
- Well, about the disturbances of the density, everything is correct: it is said that the gut contributed, and did not invent. And he still made a huge contribution to the propaganda of inflation. Yes, and the Guta model is beautiful - a phase transition of a vacuum with a hypothermia of a metastable state.
- Beautiful, but wrong.
- As I understand it, there is only the wrong exit from the inflationary stage; By the way, what exactly is incorrectness?
- There is the potential of a scalar field with a local minimum. The field tunnes from this minimum through the barrier to the global minimum - there and there the bubbles of the new phase are formed, which, according to the assumption of Gut, merge, forming a homogeneous hot universe. In fact, the bubbles do not have time to merge due to a very rapid expansion, it turns out a disgrace that does not look like what the beginning of the universe should give. Then Andrei Linde and Albrecht and Stainhardt offered another option: no barriers, a scalar field that gives inflation, and without a barrier rolls downward enough.
-But Andrei’s revolutionary idea was still chaotic inflation, in which the phase transition was not needed, and the field can have the potential of any form-nothing is needed, only the initial state with an arbitrary landscape. Where the field is higher, the swelling begins, and while the field slides down and dissipates - the microscopic island is swollen to a giant scale.
-Something like this, the highlight here is that in the equation describing the field change when inflation is in, there is a member, exactly the equivalent friction for the field, the derivative of time multiplies into constant habbla (the reverse constant time of the expansion of the universe.- note B.Sh.), which is huge. That is why the field at first crawls down slowly.
- Andrei immediately realized that inflation, once began, could not stall everywhere, i.e. Will be eternal?
-In my opinion, not right away. The concept of eternal inflation was published later.
- This is apparently from those ideas that then seem obvious, and initially it is not so easy to think of. After all, it is obvious that, no matter how quickly it dissipates the field, the area where it did not have time to dissipate is swollen so quickly that it always remains somewhere.
- Yes, quantum fluctuations are still helping here. The fluctuations throwing the field upstairs give even faster swelling, and thus the swollen space is becoming more and more.
- And it turns out a complete grandiose called “Multivers”: every second, any disappearingly small volume of the inflating space turns into ten traits, knows to what extent the island universes, in the future of huge, with different laws of physics, inhabited and unusable ...
- Here we must take a breath, drink tea and smoke.
* * *
- Let's move on to the superstrod. Here you can’t prove anything here, but they, apparently, have a huge worldview meaning.
- Not only. Another great importance for mathematics. Suprrostruna entrusted a large number of interesting mathematical objects, which the mathematicians themselves did not think of. And just for the development of brains are of considerable importance.
- How are the suprastrunes initially introduced? Here, in the physics of particles, the basis is the quantum theory of field, where the role of the first principle is played by the continual integral of Feinman, which is sometimes difficult to work with, sometimes impossible. But from it, with the help of the theory of disturbances, work techniques are extracted, with the help of which you can count a lot of things. Superfront also somehow take from the Feynman integral in some modified version?
- At the current level - no. Superfronts are initially introduced similarly to particles in relativistic quantum mechanics - an equation like Klein - Gordon for free particles, only objects have the form of strings - open or closed, where there are quantum levels of different mods of oscillations. These excitation can be associated with particles. Further, the theory of disturbances is immediately used, there is an analogue of Feynman’s diagrams, only instead of lines there are pipes that can merge like trousers, and additional integrals must be taken.
- When did the strings appear?
-In the first version, back in the 60s-the beginning of the 70s in an attempt to describe the interaction of the Adrons. At first, the theory gave an unpleasant artifact - tachions that move faster than the light and violating causality. Then there were suprastrunes, riding the theory of tachyons. Then the self -confined theories of the superstround without any internal contradictions in general. Moreover, they are possible only in the space of a larger number of measurements, at least 10. I remember very well how Witten came to Moscow, it seems in 1985. Speaking at the seminar in Fian, he said, like: friends, everything, theory is formulated! There are only two and only two self -compiled models - they must describe everything. Technical difficulties remained, but by mastering them, we will squeeze everything out, we will be able to get things such as the charge and mass of the electron from the first principles.
- It turns out that they did not master, what is the main plug?
- Since then, it turned out that there were five self -compiled models, a really huge contribution to mathematics was made, and there is still no final apparatus. And the main plug appeared in an unexpected place: it turned out that in the theory of superstrod there are approximately 10,500 different vacuums, and they are degenerated by energy, which means they are equal. And we do not know in which we live from these vacuums ...
- Apparently, such a monstrous number can only be taken from combinatorics. What exactly is combined?
- Certainly. There is a gigantic number of ways in which you can reduce the original 10- or 11-dimensional space into our four-dimensional world. You can turn off unnecessary measurements like this, you can sit, the vacuum topology of one field can be like this, the other - a siak. Well and so on. It is clear that exploring 10500 opportunities is unrealistic. And how the superstround theory will work, what it will predict depends on the specific vacuum in which we are. And it is impossible to determine this theoretically or experimentally. People tried to act as follows: we take such and such a subclass of superfront vacuums, where there are only a million of them-you can already work with this number. Let's see if there are options in this million where something like a standard model appears. We demand that with this vacuum there is a light electron - 99 % of the options are eliminated. We demand that there are three generations of quarks - only 200 out of a million remains. We will also demand that the charges be correct - no option is surviving. And what to do next with the remaining 10,500 a minus of a million?
But despite all the problems, the suprastruses gave rise to a lot of interesting mathematical structures, and among them such a capital as brothers. These brothers of strings theory inhaled a new life into the idea that Mikhail Shaposhnikov and I have expressed a long time ago: we live on a domain wall, all our particles are attached to it, and we can’t jump into additional measurements - there is not enough energy. In this case, additional measurements can have a large or even endless size. Now it is called the world on Bran.
- Let's go through the remaining laureates, except for Witten, with whom everything is clear. Also, we are unlikely to be able to say something intelligible about Klekvich and especially about Kitaev with his quantum calculations. But in the same issue there is an interview with them. So, Arkani-Hamed-"Large additional dimensions."
- This is just a version of the world in Bran. In fact, there are three authors on this subject: Arkani Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dwal. The very idea of large additional dimensions was found well, because it shifts the scale of gravity in the TEV region, which can already be felt on a large ADRONE collider. The idea is that according to some measurement, the radius of compacting space is very large, for example, a fraction of a millimeter. And we do not know how gravity at distances behaves much less than a millimeter. In these models, gravity within the fraction of a millimeter is stronger than ordinary, and outside the radius of compacting becomes weak, which we observe it. As for Arkani Hameda, he certainly has a lot of strong works, and whether he deserves prizes among several of the strongest-I do not begin to say this categorically.
-Further-Juan Maldasen, "calibration and gravity duality."
- This is a very strong work with far -reaching consequences. Here in the wording it is correctly said that the idea clarifies even such distant areas as nuclear matter at high temperatures. Here I support the choice.
- In the same place, the wording says that the result permits the information paradox of black holes. Honestly, I never understood why it was a paradox and why should information be stored when you throw something into a black hole?
- Strictly speaking, the information should not disappear. Suppose we threw Pushkin’s book in a black hole or Dostoevsky’s book ...
- Well, we will assume that they just disappeared around the corner, beyond the horizon - where is the loss?
- Yes, but then the black hole evaporates through the Hawking mechanism. At the same time, the radiation of Hawking seems to know anything about which book they threw there. And in the end, the very place where the information could hide will disappear.
- But in the process of falling objects in a black hole when approaching the singularity with them, irreversible thermodynamic dissipation with an increase in entropy occurs. Information is erased. With the same success, you can throw any of these books in a fire. And where then will there be information about which of the books were abandoned?
- In theory, if we know how to measure everything accurately: molecules, smoke particles - and restore history back according to the laws of physics, in principle we can say which of the books burned out.
- That is, let's take into account all the particles, restore the story, soar above the second start of thermodynamics, and let the demon Maxwell nervously smokes on the sidelines?
- Well, we will be more modest. Let the black hole have a mass close to the minimum - Plankovskaya. And she absorbed only a few very massive particles. She will go back to the Planck mass, radiating through the Hawking mechanism also only a few particles. So, earlier it was thought that the latter would not know anything about the first, information about the absorbed particles is lost. And Maldasen just claims through his result that the radiated particles will be associated with absorbed and, measuring the radiation in the details, you can restore the initial picture.
- Accepted. Next, Saberberg.
- Here I vote with both hands. A very cool work has been done - accurate solutions of non -transmittic the Yang - Milsa super -symmetric field have been found. Can you imagine how you can work with the Feynman integral without the help of the theory of indignation?
- Well, howl on the grill before blue. A parallel code, hundreds of processors, counting weeks - and the result is in your pocket.
-And here there is no threshing, an accurate result, in a sense-guessed. The exact result in science is always an order of magnitude more valuable than the threshing on a computer.
“Then follows Ashok Saint-“ High-Slave Duality ”.
- These dualities are a very important thing, from them it follows that the existing five self -confined models of superstrods are actually different asymptos of one theory under the base. But, unfortunately, I poorly know what Sen did, so I better refrain here.
- So, it seems, in general, the choice is not bad. There is one obviously circumvented person, but this also happens with the award of the Nobel Prize regularly - they did not give Kabbibo, they did not give the Letokhov ...
- Yes, with Letokhov generally a crying case. Of course it’s a pity that they did not give Alexei Starobinsky. Interestingly, Milner consulted with someone?
- It seems to be consulted with Weinberg. Of course, there will always be evil languages that will celebrate certain mistakes, accuse Milner of voluntarism, but he, unlike the Nobel Committee, distributed his own money.
- Exactly!
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