Translated material
Technologies of the future
Having launched loudly in 2009, the country's nanotechnological development program quietly rested in Bose. The media no longer replaced by the notes on the victories of Rusnano and the nanoproductions they produce. Meanwhile, the Nanotechnology Nava continues to patiently plow ordinary scientists for small money in academic institutions. Only at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics (ITEB) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the Pushchino near Moscow, with whom I have to work closely, there are several nanotechnological projects for biology and medicine.
One of the most famous ITEB projects of recent years is nanophilters. They were invented by the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences Viktor Morozov, head of the laboratory of nanostructures and nanotechnologies. Nanofilters are the finest nylon web created by the method of electric rhiza. Initially, such filters were invented in an American atomic project to capture radioactive particles from the air.
Working in the United States for 12 years, Viktor Morozov improved this technology and made the installation for the production of nanophilters [1]. The polymer fibers of which they consist are ten thousand times thinner than the human hair. Nevertheless, the filter is able to detain nanoerosols and bacteria. It can be used to analyze air, for example, in airplanes flying from the zones of epidemics; in the subway; In prisons where tuberculosis is common.
With the support of the Fund for Assistance to Innovation, the scientist launched a startup for the production of nasal filters, where its development is used. Morozov’s nanophilters formed the basis of the device for collecting exhausted air. The exhaled air always contains a certain amount of microcapels of the pulmonary fluid [2]. If you collect and analyze it, then, for example, the smallest concentrations of biomarkers of tuberculosis mycobacteria can be identified.
Another promising direction developed in the laboratory of Viktor Morozov is Nanoaerozoli. Substances in the form of nanoaerosole are amazing in that they act at concentrations of hundreds and thousands of times less than, for example, their concentrations in tablets. The Fund for promoting innovation, and the Bionanospray, which is trying to attract investments to promote nanoaerosols in medicine, became a resident of Skolkovo, also helped to create an installation for spraying nanoarozoli by scientists.
The beneficial properties of cerium dioxide nanoparticles are examined in the Laboratory of Cells and Tissues of ITEB RAS under the guidance of the younger scientific employee Anton Popov. If these nanoparticles are in a special way to synthesize how they can do it at the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry. N. S. Kurnakov, then they become bioactive and acquire a number of useful properties. For example, they relieve oxidative stress in the culture of stem cells and encourage them to grow faster. Anton Popov and his colleagues showed this on a nutrient medium for crops of primary fibroblasts taken from mouse embryos [3].
The activity of CEO2 nanoparticles was checked on live mice. The last to injections of the zola nanoparticles were made, and then irradiated with a deadly dose of X -ray radiation [4]. 60% of experimental animals survived. It turned out that the bone marrow cells in those mice that were introduced by nanoparticles were better preserved. To explain the mechanism of action of CEO2 nanoparticles, the authors of the study put forward three assumptions. According to one of them, nanoparticles of cerium dioxide convert free radicals into more safe for compound cells.
It is also possible that these nanoparticles absorb radiation with their surface and reduce the harm caused to cells. It is also possible that CEO2 nanoparticles enhance their own protective mechanism of the cell, which is turned on after irradiation. This idea found confirmation in the experiment: if mice were introduced by CEO2 nanoparticles after irradiation, 40% of experimental survivors survived. Scientists suggested that the substance somehow participates in intracellular signaling tracks, leading to DNA restoration.
The Popov group participated in the study of organic nanoparticles-carbon nanotks (yokes). Carbon nanotics are particles in the size of 1-100 nanometers consisting of carbon atoms. They were obtained by heating of dietary estuine acid in the melt of urea. The currents are perfect for the role of fluorescent tags. Their study resulted in a large project with the participation of scientists from the Institute of Microbiology and virology. D.K. Zabolotnoy NAS (Kyiv), the A.V. Palladin National Institute of Biochemistry (Kyiv), the Physics and Chemical Institute named after A.V. Bogatsky Nan (Odessa), the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry named after N. S. Kurnakov (Moscow) and the Tomsk State University [5].
The task of scientists from Pushchino was to combine the microcapsules of polyelectrolytes, which serve as a means of delivering drugs to the cell. Microcapsules with yokers were added to macrophages of mice and a human mileshimal stem cells, and then their penetration was monitored. Thanks to the currents, it turned out that not all microcapsules penetrated the cells.
A large international study of silicon nanoparticles is attended by an employee of the Laboratory of Cytotechnology and Laboratory of Fabric Engineering Andrei Kudryavtsev [6]. The idea of the work is to introduce an antitumor drug into Silicon Nanoparticles, wrap them in a thermopolymer and deliver them to the tumor. The method was tested on the culture of cells, which after the introduction of nanoparticles were heated to 37 ° C. The thermolmer melted and released a medicine from the pores of silicon nanoparticles. Thus, the effectiveness of the delivery of the drug increased many times. The experiment was also put on mice with vaccinated carcinoma.
Of course, much is still unclear regarding the mechanisms and consequences of the effects of nanoerosols and nanoparticles on a living organism. Nevertheless, some of the projects described above can be turned into technology already in the foreseeable future. What is gratifying, our development institutions are ready to support them. And then - the word behind the business.
Tatyana Pichugina,
Scientific journalist
1. As nanotechnologies are developed in Pushchino // "MK" in Serpukhov of January 25, 2017.
2. Morozov Vn, and Mikheev ay a Collection System for Dry Solid residues fromhaled Breath for Analysis via Atomic Force Microscopy // Journal of Breath Research. 2017. 11 (1): 016006.
3. Popov Al, et al. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Stimulate Proliferation of Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts in vitro // Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2016. V. 406–413.
4. Popov A., zaichkina S., Popova N., Rozanova O., Romanchenko S., Smirnov A., IVANOVA O., MIRONOVA E., Selezneva I. And Ivanov V. Radioprotective Effects of Ultra-Small Citrate-Stabilized Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Vitro and in Vivo // RSC Advances. 2016. IS. 108.
5. Zholobak nm, et al. Facile Fabrication of Luminescent Organic dots by Thermolysis of Citric Acid in Urea Melt, and Their Use for Cell Staining and Polyelectrolyte Microcapsule Labelling // Beilsteinin Journal of Nanotechnology. 2016. 7.1. P. 1905–1917.
6. Tamarov K., Xu W., Osminkina L., Zinovyev S., Soininen P., Kudryavtsev A., Gongalsky M., Gaydarova A., Norvanen A., Timoshenko V., Lehto v.-p. Temperature Responsive Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy - Spatiotemporal Triggering Through Infrand and Radiofrequenetic Heating // Journal of Controlled Release. 2016. 241. P. 220–228.