Why is liberalism rejected in Russia?

In the life of society, only that
What is present in the minds of society.

A long socio-economic crisis of Russia actualizes the discussion about the fate of domestic liberalism and its influence on the fate of Russia. The article proposes some considerations about the typological similarity of Russian constitutional democrats (cadets) of the beginning of the twentieth century. and modern liberals, as well as the reasons for the two -time historical defeat of Russian democracy in the late XX - early XXI century.

Forms of statehood are derived from the level of national culture and, above all, the culture of political and legal. It is no coincidence, commenting on the exit from the Great Troubles the restoration of the autocracy, the outstanding Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky ironically dropped: there were no other political ideas in the reserve of the Muscovites. A tragic example is no less expressive-the Civil War of 1918-1921. Society proposed several versions of the future state structure and scripts for its achievement.

In the camp of the whites, sentences sounded: restore unlimited autocracy (primordially Russian tradition); To resume the monarchy limited by parliament (following the example of Great Britain). At the same time, cadets are outstanding intellectuals in Russia, including Liberal University Professor: P.N. Milyukov, V.D. Nabokov, S.A. Muromtsev, A.A. Kizvetter, P.B. Struve, L.I. Petrazhitsky et al.-proposed to begin the construction of the bourgeois-democratic republic on the basis of law and the Constitution, for which they developed two editions of the Basic Law.

The Reds intended to build the Republic of Soviets and as a way of conquering power back in 1915, they put forward a slogan about "the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war." The leaders of the Bolsheviks clearly understood: the civil war would claim millions of lives of compatriots, but this did not stop them. According to the accusation of the Nuremberg Tribunal, the preparation and unleashing of war is a crime. In this case, the planning of the Civil War is a crime against the people of Russia.

However, this scenario accurately fit into the Marxist theory of antagonistic social contradictions, a merciless class struggle, the extermination of historically doomed classes, a destructive world revolution. In an effort to conquer power through large -scale violence, the Bolsheviks needed to attract the majority of the Russian population to their side - the poorest, low -land peasantry. And they saw such an opportunity during the so -called The “agrarian terror” of the beginning of the twentieth century, clearly realizing how to attract peasants to their side - the section of the land of the landowners, a promise of revenge and reprisals against the rich.

For such a strategy, a multimillion -dollar Russian village gave serious prerequisites. The scale of the "agrarian terror" was huge: “For 1907-1909. 71% of landlord estates and 29% of the fisters were burned. In the period from 1910 to 1913, 32% of the landlord estates and 67% of Kulak farms were burned. ” The recognition of then the Saratov governor P.A. Stolypin in the report by Nicholas II: “All peasant riots, agitation among peasants and unauthorized captures are possible only on the basis of land defense and extreme impoverishment of rural people. Rough violence is observed where a peasant cannot get out of poverty. There he is angry and believes in all propaganda, and partly believes that violence will force those in power to pay attention to their depths. ” At the beginning of the twentieth century. The top was won by the Strategy of the Bolsheviks.

Constitutional democrats, forming the backbone of temporary governments, made a number of political mistakes. They supported the slogan “War - to the victorious end”; postponed the solution of the land issue; They introduced the election of commanders in the army ... But they sought to direct the course of events in the political and legal direction and avoid violence. However, for historically yesterday’s serfs, mass violence was well known in generations and therefore it is clear as a way of action, while the “written right” for tens of millions of alphabetically illiterate peasants was a cultural fiction. Mass disbelief in the BARSK LAW HELLOW in the well -known formula: “The law that the drawbar ...” However, the liberal university professor was not aware of the intelligentsia: stadially backward mass layers of the population are not able to participate in the transformation of Russia on the basis of law.

The vast majority of the Russian population by centuries of dominance were devoid of elementary education and therefore could not master the right as the most important civilizing innovation. The rulers were not mistaken for mass ignorance to preserve the Moscow order. In Kotoshikhin, in his description of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, we read: “For science ... They don’t send their children to other states, fearing that: having recognized the local states of faith and customs and liberties, they began to cancel their faith and molest other (customs. - S.M.) and they would not have any prosperity and would not have thought of their own ... He sent his brother to other states without a statement, not beating a brow to the sovereign, and such a person would be put on treason for such a thing. ”

In the book of V.O. Klyuchevsky “The Tales of Foreigners about the Moscow State” among the twelve sections describing the various aspects of the life of Moscow Rus' - XYII centuries, is not mentioned - there is no evidence. But there is evidence of the exact opposite property. The Ambassador of England to Moscow J. Fletcher (XYI century) in one of the letters to London writes: "Kings ... do not allow subjects to leave the Fatherland, fearing education, to whom the Russians are very capable of, having a lot of natural intelligence." The same Fletcher notes: the priests "by all means are trying to prevent the spread of education."

It is logical that the first university in Russia for 700 years was late in comparison with the first university of Europe - the Bologna school of law. And if the first 250 years of delay is a consequence of the yoke, then the second 450 years is a consequence of fierce opposition of the Hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church and those who were under their influence of sovereigns. The church believed not without reason: the spread of European rational knowledge will undermine the foundations of the Orthodox faith. They learned the youth: “They will ask you, do you know philosophy, answer, I don’t know the Hellin bores, there are no ritoric astronomers, with wise philosophers,” “for all kind of God -dodger, loving geometry, setaeous sins - to learn astronomy and Hellin books.” No wonder M.V. Lomonosov, already in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, insisted: "The clergy to teach ... not to be attached, but not to scold sciences in the sermons."

Catherine II considered the spread of knowledge among the people to be harmful. In the “secret letter” to Count Saltykov, she is frank: “Ink should not give education, because he will know as much as you and I will not obey us to the extent as it obeyed now.” N.M. Karamzin in a note for Emperor Alexander I writes about the “enlightening” policy of imperial bureaucracy as “a long -standing tradition of keeping the minds in ignorance to rule the calmer.” The role of the Ministry of Education is expressive. In the 1830s. Among the landowners, there was a fashion to start for serfs in their estates. However, the highest rescript of 1837 followed, which prescribed: “So that in schools who exist or can be instructed by landowners to teach their serfs ... the same limits were preserved as the lower schools. County leaders of the nobility are obliged to have the most accurate supervision for Sim, bringing them under their responsibility at the authorities of any retreat, which will be noted. ” As a result, "a competent by the time of the liberation of the peasants was less than 10% of the population."

According to V.O. Klyuchevsky: "The Russian clergy in its 700-year worries about the salvation of Russian souls did not lead the school of cheap, accessible to the village people." In 1911, he will celebrate in his personal records: “The means of Western European culture, falling into the hands of the thin layers of society, turned to their protection ... Strengthening social inequality, turned into an instrument of diverse exploitation of the culturally unarmed masses, lowering the level of their social consciousness and increasing estate bitterness, which prepared them for rebellion, and not for freedom. The main share of guilt is on senseless management. ” The scientist’s tragic forecast was justified in only 6 years.

It was no better with morality, it was so exalted “spirituality”. K. Leontyev warned for nothing: Christianity in Rus' has not even been preached yet. Indeed, after 1000 years of the Orthodox preaching of the humanistic teachings of Christ in Russia, by the beginning of the twentieth century, not Christian democracy, but a bloody dictatorship. The fierce pressure of 250 years of the yoke, and then another 250 years of serfdom, could not but affect the national character of the Russians. In such socio-historical conditions, only a subject could form. And for the formation of a citizen and civil relations, domestic history has not been averted for centuries, but only about half a century: from the great reforms of the 1860-1870s. And until February 1917, it was with the bayonets of peasants dressed in the Red Army overcoats that the socialist utopia was approved in Russia as a project of the communist future. However, the dictatorship of the proletariat was the real content of this utopia. According to the Lenin definition, the dictatorship is a political regime, based directly on violence, unlimited by any law. In a few years, the dictatorship of the alleged proletariat was reborn to the regime of party-state bureaucracy, and then to the sole totalitarian dictatorship of Stalin.

In the twentieth century Following the Soviet ideologists, Russia was moving from utopia to utopia: the expectation of the world revolution is the construction of socialism - the creation of communism - and again the construction of socialism, but already “with a human face” ... However, history rejected all of them. Trying to realize these spotlights, society has subjected itself to grave social experiments: a bloody civil war; mass violence of dispossession and collectivization; Holodomor organized by the authorities; Large -scale state terror. According to existing estimates, these processes have carried away tens of millions of lives.

But the “cultural revolution” was also committed, during which by 1940, about 60 million people were trained in literacy, and by 1960 millions of qualified engineers were prepared. It was their talent and work that transformed agrarian Russia into the industrial USSR.

Having passed through the horrors of self-destruction, Russia in 1991-1993. returned to the construction of bourgeois democracy. By the efforts of the new generation of liberals (not to be confused with the liberal democrats V.V. Zhirinovsky): the political monopoly of the CPSU was canceled and the multi-party political system was revived; Restored private property and market relations; Periodic elections of parliamentary and president deputies are held. However, this time liberal ideas did not take root in the mass consciousness. Only a quarter of a century later the society again, at the time over the past 150 years, it turned into an authoritarian track, and market relations have not brought well -being to the majority.

And again, the population of Russia was unable to participate in the modernization of society and the state on the basis of law. Representatives of the ruling class were especially distinguished. In recent years, the highest echelons of the Russian authorities, contrary to the promises of Russian President V. Putin to establish the dictatorship of the law, shake grandiose scandals. Several characteristic examples.

Power "Entrepreneurship" . During the traditional message to the Federal Assembly (12/03/2015), V. Putin said: “In 2014, almost 200 thousand criminal cases on the so -called economic compositions were instituted by the investigating authorities. 46 thousand out of 200 thousand reached the court, another 15 thousand cases fell apart in court. It turns out that only 15% of cases ended with the verdict. At the same time, 83% of entrepreneurs in which criminal cases were instituted have fully or partially lost business. That is, they were trained, wrapped and released. ” A very expressive characteristic of the quality of Russian justice. Murders of journalists . In 2007, the Committee for the Protection of Journalists called Russia “The Third Danger for Journalists of the Country in the World”; According to the number of deaths since 1991, only Algeria (1993-1996) and Iraq (since 2003) have been a number of murders of journalists have remained unpunished. In most cases, customers were not found. Over the past 7 years in 2010 to 2017, 28 journalists have been killed.

Theft in the Ministry of Defense of Russia. One of the most scandalous trials of recent years is the case of the embezzlement in the Obornservice, which was featured by the ex-Minister of Defense of Russia A. Serdyukov and his accomplice E. Vasiliev. The media wrote about billions of thefts, but A. Serdyukov took place only as a witness, and E. Vasiliev escaped a small term of house arrest. Theft in customs. In the summer of 2016, the head of the Russian customs A. Belleyaminov was resigned. During a search on an apartment, the main taxar of the country found 9.5 million rubles, 490 thousand dollars, 350 thousand euros.

Together with Belleyaminov, two of his deputy and two heads of the Customs Department were dismissed. The dismissal of Belleyaminov was preceded by frankly scandalous events. 10/21/2015 on the table to the Prime Minister D. Medvedev, the chairman of the Investigative Committee A. Bastrykin and the head of the control department of President K. Chuychenko lay three letters. The essence of the message: at the customs, the budget of Russia is robbed by the amounts reaching the fifth of the federal treasury. This is 2.5 trillion rubles. per year, which exceeds the state costs of medicine, education and culture combined. The materials of the interdepartmental commission occupy hundreds of pages. In fact, the customs organized a parallel, private export-import, from which the budget did not have a penny. There was a lot of theft about theft at customs, but for a long time there was no official reaction ... it would have continued if the state budget had not crackled at the seams. The scale of embezzlement is impressive. Judging by the conclusions of the commission, about a fifth part of the goods crossing the border is covered from the taxation of customs duties. And not only the import of a variety of electronics, furniture, clothes and other consumer goods.

Part of the export of Russian raw materials, including oil, gas, jewelry and metals, is also hiding. That is, the accomplices may turn out to be persons, whom citizens sometimes see in television at receptions of the president. Where did the numbers come from? At the request of deputies, experts-economists compared the customs data of official Russian statistics and foreign. The difference is impressive. “The discrepancy between Russian and international customs statistics both in export and import amounted to about 20%. As a result, the budget losses from non -payment of taxes and customs fees annually amount to about $ 39 billion or 2.5 trillion rubles. at the rate of 65 rubles. For the dollar, ”the commission said to the security forces and the prime minister. It is expressive and the continuation of the plot: Prime Minister D. Medvedev, with his order, instructed the Ministry of Finance to introduce the candidacy of A. Belleninov for appointing the Chairman of the Board of the Eurasian Development Bank (EABR). This is stated at the disposal published on the official Internet portal of legal information. Commenting on the appointment of Belleyaminov, the press secretary of the Russian President D. Peskov said that the search of Belleyaminov would not discredit him in any way: all that is shown on TV is bad, the press secretary explained. A negative attitude towards this was repeatedly expressed by the president himself, according to which investigative actions cannot be turned into a show. Since Mr. Belyaninov was never accused of anything, such a question is inappropriate. The biography of the defendant is expressive. A. BELYMINOV graduated from the Institute. G.V. Plekhanova (1978). After the institute, he was invited to work in the first Main Directorate of the KGB, which was engaged in foreign intelligence. He worked in a number of foreign countries, in the second half of the 1980s. He was an employee of the USSR Embassy in the GDR, where he met V. Putin. In 1991, he quit his bodies and took up business.

The grave problem of Russia is corruption. According to the Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation A. Bogsman, which was then confirmed by the Federation Council, the average annual volume of the corruption market in Russia reaches $ 240 billion per year. According to the World Bank, "more than 48% of Russia's GDP are in the shadow of corruption." Since corruption is an integral component of organized crime, the assessments given are the essence of the scale of the scale of Russian organized crime. Falsification of criminal statistics. The scale of manipulations with criminal statistics in Russia significantly distort the picture of crime in the country. The authority to collect statistics from the UK, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB is currently endowed with the Prosecutor General. In the first half of 2017, more than 650 thousand violations of the law related to crimes have been identified, and in just five years their number is already several million, the head of the Main Directorate of Legal Statistics and Information Technologies of the Prosecutor General O. Insarov announced the scale of the problem. По его словам, грубейшие нарушения в этой сфере связаны с фальсификацией статистических карточек — специальных форм, заполняемых следователями и дознавателями МВД, СК, ФСБ, ФТС, МЧС и других ведомств для учета состояния дел в борьбе с преступностью.

В качестве обобщающей характеристики доминирующих тенденций выразительно мнение председателя Конституционного суда РФ В. Зорькина. После трагедии в станице Кущевская он заявил: «С каждым днем становится все очевиднее... сращивание власти и криминала... Если такая тенденция оформится, наше государство превратится из криминализованного в криминальное». В свете этого заявления, что должны думать о перспективах сосуществования с Россией, обладающей огромным ядерным вооружением, ее ближайшие соседи: страны Балтии; Finland; Poland; Чехия; Венгрия и другие европейские страны?

Таким образом, несмотря на всеобщее среднее образование и миллионы людей, имеющих высшее образование, российское общество оказалось неспособно создать эффективные системы уголовно-правовой и политической ответственности. Очередная модернизация России вновь уперлась в проблему права, более точно — в отсутствие массового и элитарного правосознания, а потому — в отсутствие эффективных правовых институтов. Закономерно: в период диктатуры общество не могло приблизиться к правовому государству и не приблизилось. Более того, актуален вопрос: способно ли неправовое общество учредить правовое государство? Известно: функционирование рынка предполагает наличие целого ряда фундаментальных цивилизационных предпосылок, опирающихся на право:

— права законопослушного гражданина, в т.ч. право частной собственности — неприкосновенны;

— участники рынка имеют свободный доступ к любым природным и производственным ресурсам на основе честной, добросовестной конкуренции;

— коммерческие договоры должны исполняться сторонами;

— свобода предпринимательства и конкуренции должны охраняться государством.

Рыночные отношения способны упорядочить взаимодействие лишь реально равноправных экономических субъектов, чего и близко нет в сегодняшней российской действительности. Властному произволу не противостоит массовый социальный тип гражданина. Да и откуда ему взяться после 74 лет тоталитарной диктатуры, когда обесценилась сама человеческая жизнь.

И потому российская обыденность: рейдерские захваты бизнеса; заказные уголовные дела; corruption; мошеннические сделки; казнокрадство; финансовые аферы; фиктивные конкурсы на госзаказы; противоправный административный ресурс; федеральные и региональные монополии; золотые парашюты топ-менеджеров... В сегодняшней России важнейшее условие успеха любого бизнеса — близость к власти, лояльность по отношению к ней, готовность пополнять черные кассы функционеров властной вертикали. Пылеобразный, атомизированный социум не способен сопротивляться аморализму, транслируемому с верхних этажей социальной пирамиды.

Вспоминается печальная констатация нобелевского лауреата в области экономики, одного из столпов современного либерализма, американца Мильтона Фридмана. Когда его спрашивали, что нужно делать постсоветским центрально-европейским государствам для быстрейшего становления демократии и создания эффективной экономики, он отвечал: «Приватизация, приватизация и еще раз приватизация». Однако позднее его оценки изменились. После того, как Россия провела приватизацию, говорит М. Фридман, стало очевидно — приватизация бессмысленна, если в обществе нет верховенства закона.

Естественно, ученый, сформировавшийся в качественно иной социально-правовой среде, и предположить не мог, что постсоветская бюрократия получит возможность раздать многомиллионные активы своим приятелям.

Классический пример — афера по проведению залоговых аукционов в 1995-1996 гг. с акциями государственных предприятий. Согласно исследованию Счетной палаты, чиновники Минфина незадолго до аукционов временно свободные средства госбюджета разместили в нескольких коммерческих банках: «Империал», «Менатеп», «Столичном банке сбережений». По «случайному», но счастливому совпадению именно эти банки и стали победителями залоговых аукционов, фактически кредитуя правительство его же собственными деньгами. Поскольку правительство кредиты не вернуло, владельцы банков стали собственниками предприятий. Так начинался олигархический капитализм. В отсутствии верховенства закона либеральные свободы неизбежно выродились в своеволие государственной бюрократии, мошенничество и властный произвол. Строительство коммунизма, начатое циничным «грабь награбленное», закономерно завершилось масштабным ограблением самих строителей коммунизма.

Все вышесказанное вызывает несколько вопросов. Что не позволяет университетам России в XXI в. воспитать когорту честных неподкупных судей и правоохранителей? Почему это удалось университетам России XIX в. накануне и в ходе судебной реформы 1860 г. и не удается нам? Почему на россиян, в т.ч. на интеллигенцию, т.е. носителей национального интеллекта, столь безотказно, судя по данным соцопросов, воздействует примитивная казенная пропаганда, отравляя общественное сознание? MM. Сперанский говорил недаром: «Самые благие намерения политических перемен сопровождаемы неудачами, когда образование гражданское не предуготовило к ним разум». Судя по результатам постсоветских реформ, за прошедшие 200 лет мы не слишком преуспели.

Один из авторов «Вех» А.С. Изгоев еще в самом начале ХХ в. настаивал на необходимости воспитать в России широкое высоко-интеллектуальное сословие национально-ответственной интеллигенции. И предвидел, что, если не удастся это сделать сознательными усилиями, такая интеллигенция народится в череде катастроф, если только for это время не распадется само государство. Отечественный ХХ век дважды уже подтвердил правоту Изгоева. И теорему Эшби, в точном соответствии с которой распался СССР, никто еще не опроверг…


Photo: Anton Novoderezhkin/TASS