Planck-2015

The European Space Agency announced on February 5 an extensive array of materials based on the processing and analysis of data collected by the equipment of the Planck space observatory . Princess of Physics of Princeton University Lyman Page , http://phy-page-imac.princeton.edu/~page/ ), a famous specialist in the US National Academy of Sciences and the Laureate of the Shafu Prize , in an interview with a scientific journalist from Washington Alexei Levin commented on this new tranche of Planck's information .

- Relictic radiation has been actively studied for more than thirty years ( and if you count from its discovery , then for more than half a century ). Is this excess of information about the structure of the universe is still not exhausted ?

-Well, firstly, from year to year we are all more accurate to measure the characteristics of relict photons. Secondly, there is a very uncomplicated physicist behind these dimensions. Most of our conclusions are based on the ability to describe cosmological disturbances within the framework of linear theory. Such calculations can be done with great accuracy, and this makes it possible to compare the results with increasingly accurate measurements of relict radiation parameters. It can be assumed that someday the pace of extracting information from the flow of relict photons will slow down due to the need to take into account the sources of electromagnetic waves in our galaxy. But this moment has not yet come.

- What do you see the most important points of the latest reports about the Planck Bota ?

-The main thing, I think, is that they again confirmed the correctness of the standard cosmological theory, or, as they say, λCDM models. It explains the properties of the universe on the basis of only six parameters, which are determined from observations. She has been tested for strength for many years, and each time she withstands the exam. The precision results of the “bar” made it possible to re -find the values ​​of the model parameters, but they do not contain the slightest indication that it itself needs to be reviewed. It is like a miracle: to describe the universe, in fact, a very simple model with just six parameters. Of course, we thought so before, but Planck honored this again, with unsurpassed accuracy. And this is really amazing.

It is like a miracle: to describe the universe , in fact, a very simple model with just six parameters.

- The first report on the results of the “plank” was published almost two years ago . What is the main thing in the current publication ?

- If you can say so, the new results are much cleaner. Two years ago, the Planck team could not with the proper completeness to identify sources of systematic errors. This work is not finished now, but still many reasons for possible errors are now eliminated. In addition, now more advanced methods have been used to analyze primary data. Therefore, the announced results look more reliable.

- And how much more successful are the instruments now more successful ?

- About 1.2%. I would not call this a noticeable improvement, but it is important that new results are much better consistent with each other. And this, of course, strengthens the trust in both themselves and the standard model.

Such an outcome was not guaranteed at all. It could have happened so that the information from the “plank” would put on the agenda a review of the λcdm model. So far, as we see, this did not happen.

- So , the standard model will remain in force . But after all, the results of the "Plan of Ka" are not reduced to its next vehicle ?

- Of course, no. The observatory looked at the entire heavenly sphere to determine the polarization of relict radiation. The information that such measurements give is no less important than data on the temperature of relict photons, and is completely independent of them. Therefore, it makes it possible to deepen our understanding of both the physical processes that took place in space in the distant past, and those that take place in our era.

Planck also sent extensive data on the accumulations of galaxies, which are of great interest for cosmology. The conclusions that can be made on their basis are not consistent with a number of conclusions that follow from a study of relict radiation. The differences are not too great and do not have high reliability, but they are available. To explain them, you will need to learn more about galactic clusters. Only after that it will be possible to say whether some new physicist is visible behind these discrepancies, or if they are caused by other reasons.

It is possible that it will finally be able to detect traces of gravitational waves born at the stage of inflation expansion of the universe .

- And how do you think ?

-I think that the matter is still in clusters. These are very complex structures, and so far we know there are not so many about them. However, they are studied very seriously, and literally every year we learn something new. I hope that on this path the contradictions will be eliminated.

- What else deserves mention ?

- “Planck” made magnificent measurements of gravitational lenses of relict photons. These results allow you to determine in a new way the spread of gravitating matter in outer space. Such a mapping of space masses complements the mapping of the temperature of relict photons, which has already given the richest information about the universe. This work is still far from finished, but so far everything will see so that the standard model and nothing threatens from this side.

The Planck team plans to publish another series of messages - perhaps already at the end of this year. I have no doubt that they will be no less interesting than already published reports. It is possible, for example, that it will finally be able to detect traces of gravitational waves born at the stage of inflation expansion of the universe. Yes, you never know what else can happen!

- And what will happen after the "bar" ?

- They will appear - and already appear - data from new tools. So, in the Chilean desert of the attack, observation of relict radiation has been leading a six -meter telescope installed at a five -kilometer height for several years. Another telescope with a diameter of 10 m works at the South Pole. By the degree of sensitivity, they are not inferior to the "bar", and their angular resolution is much higher. There are other projects. In general, the sequel should be.

Planck ( Planck )

The Planck space observatory was launched into space on May 14, 2009 and by July 3 reached a calculated near -sun orbit near the second point of Lagrange. The station was in working condition for almost 4.5 years-until October 2013.

The main task of the observatory was in the detailed measurement of the temperature and polarization anisotropy of relict radiation. Its instruments allowed these measurements throughout the heavenly sphere in nine frequency stripes lying in the range from 30 to 857 GHz (the peak intensity of relict radiation falls at a frequency of 160.2 GHz). Other tasks included the compilation of a galactic cluster catalog, the observation of relic photons in the local gravity fields (the so -called gravitational lensing), the registration of sources of radio waves and infrared radiation lying outside our galaxy, observing intragalactic structures and collecting information about the planets, comets and asteroids of the solar system.

The first pictures taken by the “Planck” equipment were published on March 17, 2010. Three years later, his team published the first large report on the results of an all -all scanning of relict radiation, which, in particular, made it possible to clarify the age of the universe and the share of ordinary (bario) substance, dark matter and dark energy in its composition. The second report was first submitted on December 1, 2014 at a scientific conference in Ferrara, and on February 5 it was made by a universal property.

Microwave background

Relict microwave radiation is the most perfect incarnation of the radiation of the black -type with a temperature of 2.725 K, the spectrum of which is given by the famous formula written in 1900 by Max Planck. Not a single laboratory installation generates thermal photons so that their spectrum is so accurately consistent with the plank distribution.

However, this cosmic radiation is still not completely isotropic. The temperature of relict photons coming from different directions differs in thousandths of a percent. It looks like small interspersed with its own local temperature and polarization. Their combination stores unique information about the universe at different stages of its evolution - from the earliest to modern. Therefore, the study of relict radiation has become a powerful tool for astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology. The degree of sensitivity of the marshes that are used to measure the temperature and polarization of relict photons is constantly growing and has now reached dozens of nameselvins.