NTR Versus NTR

The letter combination of NTR has long been a confused abbreviation for the concept of a scientific and technical revolution. But for those who are engaged in special affairs and tasks, this reduction deciphens also as scientific and technical intelligence.

Such a coincidence in the abbreviations, of course, by chance, but internally, in its meaning, in accordance with (Versus), both of these concepts are closely related.

By the way, NTR as intelligence appeared somewhat earlier than the NTR as a revolution. Scientific and technical intelligence itself (hereinafter referred to as the NTR) since its birth and has been one of the tools that allowed this very revolution to develop, which gave science the opportunity to develop more evenly, not allowing that country or group (social, scientific, etc.) to break away from others.

NTR of the country enables science, technology, industry and economics as a whole at least not to lag behind others. To prevent others from getting such advantages in development that this country would put in a subordinate position in any, including military terms.

Having such a utility tool, science, on the one hand, cannot but use it, and on the other hand, cannot help but help it improve. Science invested a lot in the development of NTR as a purely technical plan (all sorts of spy things like the notorious cherry floating in a cocktail and translating the conversation of interlocutors), and above all, in the form of scientists directly participated in the work of intelligence. Those professional scientists who, under the guidance of intelligence professionals, solved the problems of NTR, ultimately working for themselves, their colleagues, for their domestic science, to their country. After all, NTR never works for itself. She always fulfills a social order.

NTR is included in a broader concept of economic espionage, i.e., the system of collecting, accumulating, analyzing and using closed information on economics, science, industry, commerce and even ecology.

Actually, the NTR is (as the “Encyclopedia of Spying” determines) “intelligence activities that are conducted ... for foreign scientific and technical developments and achievements. Interest is both fundamental and applied surveys of foreign scientists, scientific and technical characteristics, capabilities and disadvantages of military technologies (combat systems, weapons, material part), as well as the industrial aspect of defense industries. ”

Generally speaking, intelligence has always existed - this is the second ancient profession, no matter what journalists think about themselves. The biblical "Book of numbers" (chapter 13) says that the direct leadership of intelligence was entrusted to Moses. The first reconnaissance theorists appeared in China, where in the 4th century BC, the philosopher Sun Tzu in the book “The Art of War” says that “the so -called preliminary information cannot be obtained from the spirits, or from deities, or by analogy with past events, or through calculations. It must be received from a person who is familiar with the enemy situation. ”

The Roman Caesars were little interested in what close and distant neighbors - barbarians think about them. It was important for them to receive information about the climate, the presence of roads, the fertility of land, and most importantly, about the volume and places of the treasure of the countries that were outlined to capture. It was this information that predetermined the directions of the blow. This is what allowed Rome to create the basis of his power.

Egyptian trading houses, Athenian merchants and Rhodes merchants tried to find out in advance how much and quality goods were imported by their competitors to this market.

In Venice and Genoa, commercial secrets were valued above political. All merchants and diplomats were agents of the brightest (ruler of Venice).

At the end of the 18th century, five Rothschild brothers founded banks in five European capitals and became famous for the effectiveness of their intelligence service.

In the same XVIII century, American industrialists did not spare the means to steal the drawings of a spinning machine from textile factories in Lancashire and thereby deprived England of the world monopoly in this industry.

If we talk about the history of the NTR in our country, then there is an opinion that Felix Dzerzhinsky expressed the first idea of ​​creating scientific and technical intelligence.

And this is probably the proportion of truth, because it was he who led the Cheka and under him was born a foreign alloca (a foreign department) and it was in the 20s of P. L. Popov-a Soviet intelligence officer-he manages to send 120 wagons of the most valuable equipment and spare parts for 11 million gold rubles, which was occupied by the Japanese. To the already Soviet Chita.

Legally, the concept of NTR appears in April 1941, when the linear principle of work is adopted, i.e., consolidation of individual lines (political, counterintelligence, scientific and technical) for individual operators.

The first official head of the NTR was A. M. Sakharovsky. With him, the working -call -membranesmarika -nuclear sulfurretovol.r. Kvasnikov, V. B. Barkovsky, A. A. Yatskov and others. We will not once again tell one of the “stellar watches” of intelligence, since this story is well known, and it is worth recalling it only because it was to these people that we owe the fact that the country met the new year of New Year's Christmas trees, the Anya atomic mushrooms of the III World War, as planned by American hawks of that time.

It was these people who formed the tasks of the NTR, which were performed by the well -known illegal immigrants of Kim Filby (weapons of the Bundeswehr), the wife of Coena (atomic secrets), Konon Young (Navy of England), Rudolf Abel and many well -known, little -known and unknown “operas” (or “opera”, as in modern songs).

Talking about the well -known reconnaissance officers, I really want to slip into the stamp: “Legendary intelligence”, “Lighting of intelligence”, etc. In fact, even being distracted from the results of the work (not all scouts are talented), but simply about their life, it must be recognized that any intelligence officer is primarily a “legend”. The legend is not in the poetic, but in the purely professional sense of the word. From the first steps in the reconnaissance community (more precisely, the first step into it) is the creation of his “legend”. After all, having just become a listener of some “forest school”, he falls out of ordinary life, begins, roughly speaking, to lie to friends and others (maybe, with the exception of only very close ones), that is, he begins, he is obliged to do this, “mythologize” his life, or at least his “second” life.

If the first “legend” was thought out, worked out, introduced correctly, then he will die with this legend, but if not, he will suffer all his life, forever straightening it and risking to get confused, speaking professionally, “falling away” either among his own, or, which is simply dangerous - among strangers. As the historian Vasily Klyuchevsky said, the story is not so much as a teacher as the overseer, she does not so much teach as those who have not learned their lesson.

Former US intelligence head A. Dalles said that for his environment, the scout is a synonym for a loser. When all his classmates/classmates grow and move along the service stairs or become celebrities in various fields, he remains for all a small clerk.

Charles Rossel wrote: “The name“ Spy ”always imposes a certain spot on a person. This word is a synonym for dishonest and contempt. The custom set the scout outside society, but this prejudice is not justified when it comes to people who have entered into a dangerous path of intelligence work out of a sense of devotion to their country ... The situation of intelligence service workers is very modest. A calm handshake of the boss or the word pronounced in a quiet voice: “Pure work” is the maximum of what you can count on. However, for people who seek dangers, encouraged by a sense of patriotism and ready, if necessary, to sacrifice their lives, nothing can be compared with work in this area. ”

They do not come to intelligence, as the already mentioned kvasnikov said, this is not a hotel. They can only be invited to it if you have appropriate data for this. Objective data showing that you can work there. This, speaking mathematically, is necessary, but insufficient. There is a sufficient condition - this is devotion to the Motherland, the idea and the cause of which you serve. Unfortunately, this quality can only be predicted, but there are errors. Hence the lazy and traitors. In intelligence without patriotism, it is impossible to work, otherwise it is mercenary. And the mercenary works for the one who pays more.

It must also be understood that the loss of any secret is a tangible loss for any organization, for any state, and therefore a real hunt is behind any scout. What kind of hunting should go for an NTR employee if he does not get any abstract information, but absolutely real things-drawings, prototypes, samples, etc., and therefore causes completely real damage, often calculated by numbers with many zeros. Hence the special attention of the special services, as they say, the “countries of stay”, hence the particularly careful selection of people for NTR.

During the Soviet Union, the NTR officers, as the main task, was the need not to view any breakthrough in the science of foreign states, which would lead to a serious violation of the balance of forces in the international arena. That is, the task was set to monitor new areas in science that can produce such a leap in the development of technology that would give this country the advantages that put our country in a subordinate position.

Naturally, the NTR could not solve this problem, without relying on the help of domestic science, on the help of our scientists who cooperated with the NTR. At the same time, of course, a number of internal problems of our science and some issues that were immediately facing these scientists were also solved.

I recall the director of one of our research institutes, who, being a great scientist, was also, one might say, a talented intelligence officer. He introduced in his institute the method used in the West, according to which all foreign visitors were put in a large circle of his employees and conducted a conversation with him according to a strictly developed scenario, receiving from him that he, perhaps, did not want to report at all.

When the first bees and dropouts appeared in the West (that is, large and ultra -large electronic circuits packed in one solid crystal), NTR could not get the necessary technological information in a timely manner and our scientists solved this problem on their own. When foreign manufacturers learned that to determine the structure of the crystals, our scientists made a special microme that cuts micron layers from silicon crystal, they were just in shock.

Then such tasks were set and performed such as obtaining information on polymer chemistry, plastic products applicable in mechanical engineering, silent screws for submarines, nervous gas production technologies, biotechnology, cybernetics, inhabited deep-water devices, airport control in the airports under construction and radar systems, instruments, instruments night vision, electronic clock, etc., etc.

Researchers, trading workers, and specially sent to foreign enterprises of various enterprises of the corresponding profile were involved in their implementation.

When in our powder metallurgy there was a problem of determining the temperature regime of powder sintering, the production delegation went to one of the foreign factories of the right profile and during the visit the OPEP OPERENT OF NTR residency in this country found an excuse alone (the delegation, of course, was not allowed there) to go along the firing furnace products. It was not difficult to remember a few readings of thermometers, but also enough to complete the task.

It is known that about 70–80 percent of the disclosure is obtained by analyzing open information. Each year, the State Committee on Science and Technology (GKNT) acquired about one and a half million Western scientific and technical magazines. About 3.5 thousand specialists were heading abroad. According to the military -industrial complex, the information obtained in this way allowed to save funds equivalent to the three -year work of the group of hundreds of our scientists.

I used these methods and NTR. For example, it became known that a certain country, in accordance with its legislation, declassified information on the mentioned gases of neuro-paralytic action and published it in the open press. Of course, no one wrote that this is information on how to make a terrible weapon and, most importantly, how to protect against it. Therefore, a foreigner had to cross this task to cross a lot of volumes in the patent library of a completely neutral country to fulfill this task.

However, in the NTR, the end result is the so -called documentary information. Moreover, for NTR, it is she who is truly significant, and it is she who is counted as a result of the acting “in the field” to the employee.

No world intelligence can work efficiently without a good analytical apparatus. This is especially characteristic of NTR. The special importance of the analytical service for the NTR is not only and not so much in that analysts themselves can obtain some information themselves as that they formulate tasks for NTR units.

NTR does not work for itself. She receives tasks from the government, from science, from technologists and technologists, compiles them with her database and, applying “induction and deduction”, only then gives out a task/task.

Thus, in applying to science, this means that if the initial information appeared that work began somewhere on some new promising topic, then it is analytically determined where the real result can be achieved or already achieved, that is, the country is identified, then the object (research institute, company, etc.), who exactly has access to this information, and then the way of approaching this person: a professional person. NTR, a professional science, a close friend, who also needs to approach and “interest” someone, and this can be an employee of the “legal” residency, and illegal, and a citizen of his country, and a foreigner involved in cooperation.

The intelligence classic proceeds from the fact that it is possible to “approach” the carrier of information on three foundations: its ideological proximity to the country, which the operating worker represents, on the basis of its (object) of material interest or with the threat of its compromise.

This last basis is extremely shaky and unreliable, not to mention the moral side of the matter. It was actually not used by our intelligence. Rather, this is characteristic of Americans who generally prefer recruitment “on the forehead”.

The ideological basis is most characteristic of any political intelligence.

With NTR, people preferred to cooperate for money. And the NTR spent money. And far from little money. But it was easy to calculate not only costs, but also beneficial benefits. According to that time, it was believed that the fact that she “earned” the NTR was contained, she herself, and intelligence as a whole, and a number of R&D of the country.

Naturally, NTR solved not only global problems. Due to many economic (lack of funds to solve specific problems, scientific and technological) and political reasons (preventing the USSR to decide COM to many work, for example, in the field of supercomputers), NTR had to solve many current problems of science and industry. Thanks to the NTR in several years, tens of thousands of computers of different classes, hundreds of thousands of peripheral devices, software, spare parts, etc. got into the USSR. Mriya would not have taken into the air if it had not been tested first on these computers. So “Born” “Vyatka” was “born”, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, electric shoes and much more.

Having such capabilities of the state in the person of the NTR, some departments became simply “parasites” and brought the matter to the joke, setting, for example, the task of reconnaissance to get the production technology of 60watts with a capacity of 60watts, although they themselves produced excellent bulbs with a capacity of 45, I75 watts.

Scientific and technical disinfestation allows not only to reduce the costs of specific developments in the country, but also to determine the appropriateness of their beginning or termination, in the visible lack of the possibility of obtaining specific results at this level of development.

A negative result is also a result. Imagine that the government considers the issue of creating a new Research Institute for the development of a seemingly promising scientific idea, and then some kind of “operas” are documented that they have already abandoned this in other countries, since the idea turned out to be bluff.

The money is saved. It would seem that you can go outside and say: “Thanks to the scout to such and such. He saved us a lot of money, and now social benefits will be increased by so much. ” Однако этого не произойдет никогда и не только потому, что будет провален сотрудник разведки, но и потому, что могут пострадать многие те, кто помогает ему в работе.

Ни один из сотрудников разведки не может без отвращения вспоминать г-наБакатина, который, став ответственным за безопасность страны, передал американцам план радиозакладок в строящемся в Москве их новом здании посольства. Трудно понять мотивы его действий, но, приняв во внимание, что для этого здания все до последнего гвоздя привозилось из-за границы, легко понять, скольким людям сломал жизнь этот, с позволения сказать, «человек».

Именно поэтому в архиве разведки есть дела с грифом «Хранить вечно», а в разведсообществах не составляются планы рассекречивания дел.

Чуть ли не со времен возникновения разведки стоит вопрос и об ее этичности. Особенно остро эта проблема возникает в отношении НТР. Ведь здесь, как нигде, возникает проблема этичности кражи объектов интеллектуальной собственности, будь то личные достижения или государственные секреты. Можно ссылаться на опять же государственную безопасность теперь уже других государств, на их экономические интересы, но можно говорить и о «науке без границ». Довольно давно многие ученые выступают против так называемой «закрытой» науки. Достаточно вспомнить о том шуме, который совсем недавно поднялся у нас, когда Президиум РАН разослал очередную «напоминаловку» о том, что сотрудники институтов РАН должны уведомлять о своих контактах с иностранцами и о публикациях в иностранной прессе.

Здесь можно было бы вспомнить о том, как японцы украли у нас секрет обмазки металлургических ковшей, как наши ученые разглашали секреты на международных форумах из одного желания поднять свой престиж и о многом другом, но это, что называется, «другая песня».

Надо сказать, что НТР — отнюдь не советское изобретение. Уже говорилось о том, что этим очень серьезно занимались во многих странах еще чуть ли не в доисторические времена. Да и сегодня этим грешат почти все развитые страны.

Так, в Японии еще в 1957 году правительство организовало научно-технологический информационный центр, где ежегодно анализируется десятки тысяч журналов, технических отчетов и докладов и т. д.

В том же 1957 году после ряда неудачных попыток закупить ядерный реактор в Израиле было создано Бюро специальных задач («Лакам»). «Лакам» был настолько засекречен, что о нем знали далеко не все руководители страны. Выезжавшие за рубеж израильские ученые отчитывались перед сотрудниками «Лакам», обычно работавшими под прикрытием атташе по науке в посольствах Израиля. Так был получен реактор и угнаны из Франции ракетные катера, израильский истребитель «Кефир» стал родным братом французского «Миража». И многое другое стало известно Израилю, в том числе секреты военно-морского флота США, о чем мир узнал из скандала 1985 года, надолго испортившего отношения Израиля и США.

Руководители французского военно-промышленного комплекса были очень недовольны работой Центра научных исследований в области вооружений с бюджетом в 85 миллиардов франков, и в результате в 1998 году при Министерстве обороны было создано новое Управление по наблюдению за исследованиями в области экономики.

В США расходы на экономическую разведку составляют почти 40 процентов всех спецслужб. Директор ЦРУ лично руководит работой по расширению нетрадиционной агентуры, т. к. выявить работников разведки, традиционно работающих под прикрытием посольств и консульств, по его мнению, нетрудно. Упор делается на вербовку своих бизнесменов и менеджеров среднего уровня. Их будут обучать для обеспечения конспирации «дистанционным способом» и внедрять в транснациональные компании. В высших учебных заведениях США уже более30 лет ученым, аспирантам и студентам преподается более ста хорошо проработанных курсов по различным вопросам разведки.

По инициативе АНБ в соответствии с пактом под кодовым названием «Великобритания — США», куда кроме этих стран входят Австралия, Канада и Новая Зеландия, создана система «Эшелон». Эта система имеет станции слежения по всему миру. Работая по ключевым словам, она обеспечивает перехват в месяц до10 миллионов телефонных переговоров, факсов и электронной почты. 80 процентов полученной информации используется для промышленного шпионажа.

Промышленный шпионаж живет и здравствует. По данным американского общества промышленной безопасности, в 1997 году зафиксировано 1100 случаев только внутреннего промышленного шпионажа, от которого пострадало1300американских фирм. По данным журнала «Тайм», из-за хищения научных и технологических секретов американские фирмы терпят убытки до20миллиардов долларов в год, т. е. это та сумма, которую надо вложить, чтобы свести на нет успехи оборонной промышленности противника, полученные в результате работы разведки. Цифра эта явно занижена, ведь так не хочется признаваться в своих промахах. За последние четыре года число зафиксированных случаев кражи промышленных секретов возросло в пять раз. Управление по науке и технике при Администрации Президента США оценивало совокупный размер ущерба для промышленности и торговли страны от шпионажа в100миллиардов долларов в год.

В мире бизнеса вопрос ставится однозначно: или ты или тебя пустят по миру. Поэтому в последние годы появилось новое понятие «деловая разведка». Суть ее стара как мир. Новым является только то, что ведут ее не государства, а частные фирмы и чем крупнее фирма, тем больше у нее причин заниматься этой деятельностью. Затраты на разведку составляют порядка полутора процентов торгового оборота крупнейших концернов. В некоторых японских фирмах разведывательной работой на постоянной основе занимаются до 250 человек.

С точки зрения нашей страны важно то, что с окончанием «холодной войны» завершается только политическая конфронтация. Экономические интересы каждой из сторон остаются. Если экономика опирается на науку, технику и технологию, то остаются и свои интересы в каждой из этих областей, а следовательно, остаются свои интересы у НТР.

Всем понятно, что для реального экономического подъема России требуются новые технологии, новые научные прорывы.

Вероятно, рано или поздно в Россию придут и новые зарубежные инвесторы. Они принесут деньги и современные технологии, например, в производстве автомобилей. Но надеяться на то, что они принесут новейшие технологии, раскроют научные и военные секреты, было бы, по крайней мере, наивно.

В Советском Союзе работники НТР подчас получали благодарности и даже награды за технологическую информацию, которая не могла быть внедрена при тогдашнем уровне нашего производства. Фактически об этом же говорил и господин Трубников, заместитель начальника разведки в 1992 году.

На интернет-сайте службы внешней разведки написано:

«Служба внешней разведки Российской Федерации (СВР России) является составной частью сил обеспечения безопасности и призвана защищать безопасность личности, общества и государства от внешних угроз.

СВР осуществляет разведывательную деятельность в целях:

• Обеспечения Президента Российской Федерации, Федерального Собрания и Правительства разведывательной информацией, необходимой им для принятия решений в политической, экономической, военно-стратегической, научно-технической и экологической областях.

• Обеспечения условий, способствующих успешной реализации политики Российской Федерации в сфере безопасности.

• Содействия экономическому развитию, научно-техническому прогрессу страны и военно-техническому обеспечению безопасности Российской Федерации».

Нетрудно заметить, что подавляющее число этих задач должна решать именно НТР.