Translated material
Rogue 90s
A special project “School of the 90s” , launched by Colta.ru, the educational portal “Your History” and the “Lessons of the nineties”, is dedicated to the era of the 1990s in the context of Russian history.
Marietta Omarovna Chudakova-a historian of literature, a public figure and author of the book about Yegor Gaidar “Egor: Biographical Roman” -recalls the historical events of the 1990s, in which she took a direct part.
About how the Soviet era ended
When did I feel that the era had changed? Perhaps here it will be appropriate to look into your diary.
February 8, 1986 : “Our humanitarian intelligentsia again, like in 1956, is not ready for the current moment. General actions are possible - but there are neither general ideas, nor the ability to general actions: this ability is finally decomposed.
I am trying to find something positive in this-this is a reaction to a herd of different colors, 15-20 years ago so much developed. But-I will take advantage of the objection of Zhenya (E.A. Toddes, our co-author and a close friend with A.P. Chudakov.-M.Ch . )-after all, the property of the intellectual is that he unites with others-of his own free will, in some way remains of itself.
I can’t see those with whom you can be seriously at the same time - in actions . Only the editorial board of the “Tynyanovsky collection” shows this example (E.A. Toddes, Yu. Tsivyan and I “pierced” the 2nd “Tynyanovsky collection” in those days, very substantial and, so to speak, fire-hazardous.- m. ).
Late in the evening of the 20th, I already went to the White House. The best hours of life! .. Around all night - not a single friend. But - all of their own. Compatriots. Awesome feeling.
***
In general, the time is alive. The last two months - a pleasant, nephal impression - a lot of printed performances are quite sharp. Our ulcers are opened.
And then the other day they took and canceled the duty officers on the floors in hotels (those that were vigilantly monitored that after 23 hours there were no “outsiders” in the rooms: special work to humiliate Soviet subjects. - m. )! I would never believe it! And now I can’t believe it. As Lg writes (Literary Newspaper, in those years, which was very different from those unsympathetic sheets that consists of today. - M.Ch. ) - the newspaper fought for this ...
However, I think that the protesting letters of women will go - their travel husbands remain unattended!
<...> We all understand well that the move back - and to the worst - is always possible where everything is decided from above, where the top is not subject to the public.
But still - we find pleasant emotions at least for a while!
After all, life itself is temporary! "
Yeltsin was important our opinion.
In my 1986 diary there were many small signs of the new time - as well as rollbacks back. But the most important, probably, is familiar to us - writing and reading - was the publication of a large collection of Gumilyov in the “Light”. Moreover, it was almost more important than the collection itself was the publication of it in the April issue with a large portrait of Lenin on the cover ... April 22-Lenin's birthday-was built to the rank of public holiday, and neither under Khrushchev, nor under Brezhnev, nor under Andropov, the publication of such a dubious author could not appear in the April issue of any Soviet magazine. We all knew this and accepted the publication with that great enthusiasm. There were rumors that this was Gorbachev’s wife - her taste, her initiative ...
But I really believed in a turn to the new and better only at the end of the year. The return of Academician Sakharov was perceived by me as a line because it was obviously impossible to conclude a convention. And it has become very significant.
January 27, 1987 : “... since mid -December, since the return of Academician A.D. Sakharov and the provision of him the possibility of free expression of his thoughts throughout the world (so far, however, except for our country - although it seems to be an interview for a long time in “LH”), we entered, in my opinion, formed in the first two days, in a qualitatively new stage.
There are times in history when not up to stylistics.
The fact that Gorbachev returned to the capital of a person whose words and actions are controlled only by his own conscience, suggests that our secretary (I remind you - M.S. Gorbachev was then the general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. - M.Ch. ) is capable of major acts - he took action with the open end , the consequences of which he he
a) cannot calculate
b) Undoubtedly, this is aware
c) and that means ready for this.
***
<...> It was announced that they stopped jamming the BBC. The experts assure the fact that the “voice of America” is not jamming, although we are not heard at home. My severity: “Now we need to listen to the Moscow radio - they are jamming!”.
About the coup of 1991
At 7 in the morning of August 19, 1991, a phone call woke me up. Tamara Vladimirovna Gromova said, head. The editors of the then very good publishing house "Book", which released my "Biography of Mikhail Bulgakov" three years ago. We often conducted political conversations with her; She was pessimistic, I am optimistic.
Her first remark - as they say, neither you “hello”, nor you “goodbye” - dumbfounded me:
- Well - what do you say now, Marietta Omarovna?!
- What's happened?..
- Go to the TV - an emergency has been introduced, Gorbachev was removed!
On TV, the announcer said that for health reasons, Gorbachev could not perform his functions ...
A.P. Chudakov said: "Well, call someone-where to go, what to do?"
In our family, I answered for politics; But that we must do something-in this A.P. I was sure. The one to whom I called was a rather famous publicist then - was in complete demoralization, could not say anything good.
I was called from Riga - acquaintances; Zhenya Toddes (who left home, in Riga, the day before! ..) served: “Where is Yeltsin?”; Years later, another Riga Yura Tsivyan told me that he called 40 minutes after the announcement on TV (I no longer remembered) and “is still amazed that you already said that this was an adventure”; A stranger called from Omsk - I wanted to know my opinion; I remember well that she told him: "This is not the end, but - the beginning."
I was not going to hand over my hometown and country to the drunk Makashov, who shouted: go to the Kremlin! Beat the Jews!
A persistent sensation of the adventure appeared in me after the announcement of the “Decree No. 1” of the GKChP - and exactly the point where the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR was charged with an inventory of all cash resources of the country within a week !
... They read Yeltsin’s statement according to the Echo of Moscow - and everything fell into place. We got into the center. A.P. I was sick - on the eve, I took him by taxi from the cottage; But, of course, I decided to go with me. According to the “echo”, an unusually appropriate song (the author I still does not know): Yanaev’s appeals sounded: I still do not know):
- Take it, sir, a place at the stake!
... And these three, no matter how hard they tried
But they did not go down in history, at least cry!
Forever remained nameless
Scammer, inquisitor and executioner!
... Well, late in the evening of the 20th I already went to the White House. The best hours of life! .. Around all night - not a single friend. But - all of their own. Compatriots. Awesome feeling.
About the events of 1993
... it was about the fact that something should be done! The Supreme Council, where the Communists dominated, blocked all the decisions of the president. And in such a huge and complex country, dual power is intolerable.
Our meeting with the president was long. Our opinion was important to Yeltsin - and our support that was clearly ripening that he had a difficult but necessary (and today I have no doubt) solution. It seemed that he almost decided ...
The main thing is not to amuse himself with the illusion that Yeltsin did not leave the supreme advice of another exit, except for the armed rebellion in the capital. They had a great way out - to declare the whole world that they do not agree with his decree, but in the interests of the civil world they obey - and go to new elections. Why didn’t they do this, huh? It was clear to me then, clear now.
The police passed the capital.
... I did not really like the letter in style. I'm generally used to signing my texts. But there are times in history when not up to stylistics. I could not demand the rule that many have already signed. It was only possible to sign - or not. I signed - and, of course, I do not regret it at all. Of course, I would sign it today without a shadow of doubt. "I am not born, so that three times / look differently in the eye." I was not going to hand over my hometown and country to the drunk Makashov, who shouted: go to the Kremlin! Beat the Jews!
On the night of October 3, I walked on foot from the "Savelovskaya" backyard of the printing house "Pravda" to the building of Russian television. I came there for a half -first night, not meeting a living soul and most importantly - not a single policeman. The same thing happened when, after a performance on the air, they took me home for half a third night. From the street of Pravda - to Belyaevo, through all of Moscow. Not a single policeman! .. The police passed the capital. She did not leave Yeltsin another way out how to turn to the army - although, of course, the police were obliged to restore the order in the capital.
How much more honest and even sane than adults are our schoolchildren! I held a written contest several years ago - "They say to you Russian!" There was a question - is the expression “execution of parliament” right in meaning? The teenagers wrote - no, because not a single deputy was killed or even wounded. The shooting is a very serious word ... It would be right to write - "the shelling of the building of the parliament." And what do adult uncles say and today? ..
I feel sick when the liberals accuse Yeltsin - whom he slipped us !!
About other fateful events of the 1990s
Elections of 1996 . Truly fateful-like August 1991 and October 1993. I remember how I flew on June 26 with Altai (voted there), looked at the whitish sky outside the window, and it seemed to me that invisible bowls of the Russian history scales were swinging there ... In the recent issue of the “amateur”, Malashenko convincingly shows how honest the victory of Zheltsin was. But our weaned to think most likes to believe that there is a fraud around. They do not understand the words "dedication." And those who may think spent the precious three and a half years, when the sick president held the roof of democracy over us, vain. Rather, in their affairs and deeds - while they should have thrown all the forces to the preparation and the so -called unwinding of the democratic successor of Yeltsin. I really feel sick when the liberals accuse Yeltsin-whom he slipped us !! I always ask: “I had a democratic candidate, whom the first president trampled and replaced his own? ..”
Silence. So be silent, gentlemen!
On the appearance of the book "Egor"
The idea of "Yegor" simply arose - tired of watching how the name of the wonderful son of Russia is watered with slop. After all, none of us parents taught to love injustice? .. I wanted to restore justice, that's all. At least to adolescents do not let the teenager confuse their heads. And the effect turned out to be better than I expected - as part of the librarians contest, stunning works are sent, in which schoolchildren tell how they enlighten their parents through my book! ..
And what do adult uncles say and write today?
In order to tell the biography of the economist, I, a philologist, as they say, before the brain of the bones, had to read the most serious monographs by which students and economists of Europe and the USA study. I will not hide - I wanted to offer teenagers an example to follow. The reproaches that my compatriots are so generous today do not hurt me - I know that I am right. Only for the first time in my life I regret the absence of big money. There are approximately 60 thousand schools in Russia. I would have to have approximately 1 million 200 thousand rubles so that I would buy at least one copy for each school library. But all that I could do is not to take from the publisher for two circulations of a fee. Instead, she took and took 600 books in libraries. Then she gradually bought 800 pieces for cash - she also carried it ... But this is not enough. True, the book is in electronic form ...
About the rotary 1990s
I have no doubt regarding the epithet by the 90s-“ Turning 90s”.
Those who accuse Yeltsin, why the patient went for a second term, simply does not understand - every day of his second period was unusually important for Russia. The cement grabs for a long time. Therefore, in recent years, it has not been possible to destroy Russian democracy to the foundation that cement has grasped. I have no doubt that we will not let us destroy.
The difficulty is that the thinking part of our society on joint actions is not very aimed-see the beginning of my interview.
The material was prepared as part of the special project “School of the 90s” , launched by Colta.ru with the support of the educational portal “Your History” and the “Lessons of the nineties”.