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IN SLOVAK 164 (226)
Projective lexicon of the Russian language December 10, 2006

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Announcement:
On Thursday, December 21, 2006, at 7 p.m., the next meeting of the Laboratory of Contemporary Thought will take place in New York . Topic: Russian languages .
Speakers: philologist and cultural scientist Mikhail Epshtein, critic and editor Marina Adamovich, artist Leonid Pinchevsky. Everyone is invited to participate in the discussion. Free admission.
Адрес: New York (Manhattan), 611 Broadway (intersection Houston), 8th
floor, room 842 (editorial premises of the New Journal, New Review).
I will be especially glad to meet New Yorkers at this evening - readers of "The Gift"!
Michael Epstein

For the Laboratory of Contemporary Thought, see here and here .

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The magazine "Znamya", 12, 2006 summarizes the year-long discussion about language, begun by my article " Russian language in the light of creative philology " (1, 2006). Performers include Maxim Amelin, Boris Ekimov, Vitaly Kalpidi, Svetlana Kekova, Igor Klekh and others. The common feature of a number of performances can be defined as paganism in the double sense - linguistic worship. I will share my thoughts and objections in more detail in one of the following issues.

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I would like to note the emergence of a new term - polonization . More precisely, this term has existed for a long time (“polonization”), but now it has a completely new meaning - “contamination (poisoning, irradiation) with polonium.” Once upon a time, 400 years ago, there was an attempt to Polonize Russia. And now someone from Russia - its sworn friend or enemy - is trying to Polonize the world. In any case, are Polonized ... planes, hotels, bars, hospitals, doctors, emigrants, waiters, passengers

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Series "Words about language" (12)

This issue concludes a series that has been going on for most of the fall. A small article is published here, presented as a poster presentation at the conference “Russian Academic Neography (to the 40th anniversary of the scientific direction)” (St. Petersburg, Institute of Linguistic Research, October 23-25, 2006). Regular readers of The Gift are somewhat familiar with some of the ideas and terms in this article. New for them will be the concept of “ protologism ,” which I have been using in English for a long time, but for the first time I propose in Russian.

Types of New Words: Classification Experience
Michael Epstein

Neology, the science of new words, needs a developed typology. The following types of new words are distinguished: futurologicalisms, actualisms, expressisms, monowords, protologisms.

1. Futurologisms

One of the most important tasks of neology is to identify types of new words and develop methods for their classification.

Currently, it is customary to distinguish three categories of words according to the lexical criterion “old - new”:

Archaisms are words that are outdated in style, superseded from use by other synonymous words, for example, “in vain” (“in vain”), “ochi” (“eyes”), “sei” (“this”), “shame” (in the meaning "spectacle").

Historicisms are words that are obsolete in meaning and have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the phenomena that they denoted, for example, “boyar”, “oprichnik”, “coachman”, “policeman”, “nepman”.

These two categories of obsolete words in the language correspond to only one generally accepted category of new words - neologisms. Neologisms, as a rule, include words that are not in dictionaries and are perceived by society as new. For example, in Soviet times such words as “collective farm”, “lunokhod”, “cosmonaut” were neologisms; in post-Soviet times - “shuttle”, “voucher”, “scoop”, “nashism”, “prostitute”. Neologisms also include stylistically new words created for the purpose of artistic expressiveness, such as “snekhach” (V. Khlebnikov), “hammer-cast” (V. Mayakovsky), “mother” (A. Voznesensky), “terry” (D Prigov).

In this system of categories, covering words on the basis of obsolescence-newness, several categories are missing. First of all, these are words that denote phenomena that do not yet exist, refer to the future or the possible. I propose to call them futurologicalisms.

Futurologism (futurologism, literally - “future words”) is a type of neologism, new words that denote phenomena that do not yet exist, but are possible.
Futurologisms have existed for a long time - some of them subsequently acquired their realities and came into wide use. Such, for example, is the word “robot”, invented by the Capek brothers (writer and artist) in 1920; or the words “cyberspace” and “cyberpunk” (cyberspace, cyberpunk), introduced by the American science fiction writer William Gibson in 1984. The future followed these “future words” - robots, cyberpunks and the very cyberspace through which we now communicate every day appeared. This sending of meanings to the future, which can embody them, is becoming more and more characteristic of word creation at the beginning of the 21st century, when history and technology enter into a “conspiracy” with the most daring linguistic fantasies, neologies and begin to embody them.

The relationship between word and phenomenon (signifier and signified) in futurologisms is fundamentally different than in other neologisms that relate to the present, designate recently emerged phenomena, or designate known phenomena in a new way. Futurologisms are words that precede the phenomena themselves, seem to anticipate them, and perhaps foreshadow them, form those concepts from which, in turn, the phenomena themselves can be formed. Among the lexical categories, futurologisms are symmetrical to historicisms, pointing, respectively, to realities that do not yet exist (futurologisms) or no longer exist (historicisms). The relationship between word and reality is opposite for them: historicisms are words that leave the language after realities, and futurologicalisms are words that precede possible realities.

Futurology is especially vital now, when not only art, but also science and technology operate with a variety of concepts that design the world of the future. For example, the following futurological words have recently appeared in print:

VirtonAutics (virtonautics, Latin virtualis, effective, and nautica, swimming; cf. cosmonautics) - wandering, navigation, “swimming” through three-dimensional virtual worlds.
co-mind , syntellect (syntellect; prefix “syn-”, Greek syn, co-, and root “intelligence”) - a conciliar mind, which is formed by the integration of individual consciousnesses through a network of electronic communications; the highest stage in the creation of an all-human neuro-quantum brain.
nookrAtiya (Greek: noos reason, and kratos power) - a form of government in which supreme power belongs to the aggregate intellect of society; the power of the collective brain, the co-mind, which will concentrate in itself the intellectual potency of all thinking beings and will act on both a biological and a quantum basis. [3:122, 147]

2. Actualisms and expressisms

Futurologisms constitute one of the categories of neologisms, i.e. new words in a broad sense, which should include at least two more categories: actualisms, meaning new, previously unknown phenomena (such as “computer” or “nylon”); and expressisms, denoting new words created for the purpose of artistic expressiveness (such as “smekhachi” and “times” in Khlebnikov).

Actualism is a neologism that comes into life simultaneously with the designated phenomenon or shortly after it. A new device, program, product, household item, technical or medical novelty, scientific idea, political movement appears - and the words “Internet, browser, search engine, PR, yogurt, promotion, mortgage, marketing, voucher, National Bolsheviks, Nashists, United Russia” appear. etc. Actualism responds to the request of a new life phenomenon. The names of new products and companies require precise linguistic elaboration, which is what branding and marketing specialists do. For example, the name of the anti-impotence drug "Viagra" successfully intertwines the Latin stem "life" (vita) with the name of the Niagara Falls, creating the image of a powerfully erupting "semen" of life.

The term “actualism” conveys not only the relevance of this type of neologisms to the new in the present, but also the relativity of their novelty, which disappears over time. Actualisms, as they become established in the language, pass into the category of ordinary, commonly used, stylistically unmarked words ("cybernetics", "computer", "electron") - or even into the category of historicisms. Such, for example, is the fate of many “Sovietisms” (such as “Chrecheika”, “Kombed”, “NEPMAN”), which over the course of several years made their way from actualism to historicism.

As for the third type of new words, expressisms , here we need to refer to the famous researcher of poetic language and style V.P. Grigoriev. He used the term “expresseme” to designate words in their special poetic-expressive function (for example, “wind” in Blok and Pasternak). I propose the term " expressism " to designate precisely and only the new words created for this purpose. In modern lexicology, this category of author's neologisms is often unsuccessfully called "occasionalisms", as if they are formed "by chance", "by chance", while word creation is the main goal and reason for the appearance of "intense" words - such as "creators" or "Budetlyane" from Khlebnikov. Note that, unlike actualisms, the lexical novelty of which disappears, expressisms, as a rule, remain in the category of neologisms for a long time, if not forever, and continue to surprise us and seem new.

Among the types of words on the basis of “novelty - obsolescence”, expressisms are correlated with archaisms, since they indicate the stylistic novelty or, on the contrary, the obsolescence of only this method of designation, while actualisms and historicisms also indicate the novelty or obsolescence of the designated phenomenon itself.

3. Idioms

In many cases, expressisms arise as part of a work of art and are inseparable from its context, such as, for example, most of V. Mayakovsky’s neologisms. But sometimes new words appear as an end in themselves and as valuable in themselves, as unique works of verbal art - one-word words. This is what I proposed to call this genre in 1999 [4:254-320; 5:204-215].

One-word ( univerbalism , lat. uni, unus, one + verbum, verb, word) is the shortest genre of literature, the art of one word, containing a new idea or picture. In this case, the word acts as a whole work, which has its own theme, idea, image of the author and overlap with other words/texts.

The shortest literary genre is considered to be an aphorism - a generalizing thought compressed into one sentence. But one-word is an even shorter genre. At one time, V. Khlebnikov, together with A. Kruchenykh, signed the thesis according to which “from now on, a work could consist of one word <...>” [1:171] This achieves the greatest, even in comparison with an aphorism, condensation of imagery: maximum meaning in a minimum of linguistic material. For example, “stupidity” and “spiteful critic” by M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, “ladomir, “tvoryanin”, “things-heap” by V. Khlebnikov, “overseen” by V. Mayakovsky, “mother” and “piterterpi” (“Peter, be patient”) A. Voznesensky can be considered one-word. The word here acts not only as a unit of language and a subject of linguistics, but also as a literary genre, which has its own artistic plasticity, idea, image, game, and sometimes a collision and plot. If material for others literary genres, as a rule, are words, then the material of one-words are morphemes, which are introduced into new, unexpected, figurative combinations. One-word is another type of neologism, which is subject to independent study both from the side of linguistics and stylistics, and from the side of poetics and aesthetics, since this phenomenon belongs to both language and literature.

A single word can reflect certain life phenomena, while acting as a topical journalistic or even satirical work, for example, “Volshevik” by Khlebnikov or “bureaucracy” by Mayakovsky. But a one-word poem can also be a work of a utopian, mystical-esoteric or cosmosophical nature, like Khlebnikov’s “Suncatcher” and “Ladomir” or Andrei Voznesensky’s “Mother” (mother+darkness). Sometimes in a single word, not two, but several similar-sounding roots are combined (you can call this “multiple radicalization”). For example, in D. A. Prigov’s poem “Terry of All Rus',” the title word “terry” introduces into the circle of associations “shag,” and “terry,” and “cough,” and “vomit,” and “rota” (“army "). One-word words also include specially created pun words that play on the similarity of sounds and the difference in meaning of two words, for example, the words of Vladimir Gershuni, once known among the dissident community: “dissidence,” “arrestocrat,” “prisoner,” “portweingenosse.” In general, in the one-word genre, as in more voluminous genres, a variety of literary movements can be present: from romanticism to futurism, from surrealism to absurdism and conceptualism.

Let me emphasize once again that one-word words, expressisms, and author’s neologisms in general should not be identified with occasionalisms. The term " occasionalism " assumes a very narrow scope of application: these are random words that arose unintentionally, "by chance", for example, the children's "ogonyata" ("children of fire") or the fabulous "melkoskop" (instead of "microscope", in N. Leskov) . Occasionalism is a proverb, an incorrectly used, but colorful word in its own way. But is it possible to consider as occasional words those words that poets and wordsmiths work especially carefully on, mint, and polish? Monowords appear to be far from accidental, but on the contrary, the most necessary element of language creation. The purpose of creating these words, representing works of verbal art, is these words themselves, to the extent that they can expand and enrich the language.

4. Protologisms

Finally, one more type of new word should be identified - protologism . This term itself is a new word that has not yet become a neologism. Proposed by me in 2003, the term protologism has become widespread in the English language, in particular, it is widely used in the world's largest online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Protologism (protologism, from Greek protos, first, initial + logos, word) is a new word proposed by its author for introduction into the language, but has not yet found use among other authors, and has not been established as a neologism.

Protologism and neologism - this division establishes a difference in the degree of penetration of a word into the language. Protologism is the germ of a word as a lexical unit of language. A protologism becomes a neologism if it is used by authors other than its originator. If three or four other authors begin to use the proposed protologism, it can already be considered a neologism. Moreover, it is important that this word is used not in the form of a quotation from the works of a given author, but in unquoted form, according to its direct meaning and purpose. When a word is used by hundreds of people over several years, it ceases to be a neologism and becomes a lexical unit of the language, no longer marked by novelty. Let's compare two sentences:

The educated people, as Solzhenitsyn aptly defined the Soviet intelligentsia, at first did not see a threat to themselves in glasnost.

At first, the education community did not see glasnost as a threat to itself.

In the second sentence, the status of the word “education” in the language is more advanced compared to the first, where it still needs a reference to the author and an explanation of its meaning, i.e. acts as a protologism. The more a word comes into use, the less references to its origin, original meaning, etc. are required.

Protologisms include many words proposed in “The Gift” or my earlier publications (“self-righteousness,” “ready,” “loving,” “insightful,” “mood,” etc.). Some of them were lucky enough to become neologisms (“ossetit”, “networker”, “lyublya”, “lyubol”, “communicate”, “real”, “metarealism”, “transculture”, “eroticon”, “chronocide”, etc.) . A few, like the words “scoop” or “videology,” which no longer feel like new, have entered the language.

The terms proposed in this article for classifying new words are also mainly protologisms. Perhaps, only the term “ one-word ” (about 2 thousand cases of use in the RuNet) can already be considered a Russian neologism, and “ protologism ” (more than half a thousand in the English-language network) - an English neologism. The future will show whether the terms “futurology”, “actualism”, “expressism”, proposed for the classification of neologisms, will become neologisms themselves, and whether they will be adopted by the scientific and reading community.

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Literature:
1. V. P. Grigoriev. "Word creation and related problems of the poet's language", M., Nauka, 1986.
2. Analysis and synthesis in word creation. Experiments with logopoeia, in the book. Poetics of quest and quest for poetics. Ed. Yu. S. Stepanov, N.A. Fateeva, N.A. Nikolina. M., Institute of Russian Language RAS, 2004.
3. Mikhail Epstein. Reprinted in the book. Mikhail Epstein. Debut de siècle. Manifesto of Proteism, in his book. Space sign. On the future of humanities sciences. M., NLO, 2004. (first publication: Debut de siecle, or From Postp to Proto-. Manifesto of the new century, "Banner", 5, 2001, pp. 180-198).
4. Mikhail Epstein. Single word as a literary genre. "Continent", 104, 2000, pp. 279-313. Reprinted in the book. M. Epstein. Space sign. On the future of the humanities. M., UFO, 2004.
5. Mikhail Epstein. The word as a work. About the one-word genre. "New World", 9, 2000.
6. Michael Epstein. Projective dictionary of the Russian language. Neology of time, in kn. Semiotics and the avant-garde. Anthology. Ed.-Assoc. U.S. Stepanov, N.A. Fateeva, V.V. Feshchenko, N.S. Sirotkin. Под общ. ed. U.S. Stepanova. M.: Academic Project; Culture, 2006.
7. Projective philosophical dictionary: New terms and concepts. Ed. G. L. Tulchinsky and M. N. Epstein. St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003.

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A new book by M. N. Epstein “Philosophy of the Body” has been published - under the same cover as the book by G. L. Tulchinsky “Body of Freedom” (St. Petersburg, Aletheia, 2006). The book is sold in the Moscow store , in Ozon online stores , etc. One of the lowest prices (233 rubles) - in the store Gileya
Below is the table of contents of “Philosophy of the Body”.

PHILOSOPHY BODIES

Michael Epstein

Introduction. Body at the crossroads of times

HAPTIC

THEORY
Man of touch
Directions in haptics
The ethics of touch. Proximity
The paradox of touch. Aristotle and Hegel
Feeling yourself in another. Merleau-Ponty and Bakhtin
Aesthetics and haptics

PRACTICE
Tactile art
Manifestos
Exhibits and comments
Book and body
Paradise com. About the tactile ideal
Imagination and touch
Dictionary of touch and tactile art

EROS

Poetics of intimacy. Introduction to Erotology
The science of tender passion. Erotology and sexology.
Sex and eros. To want and desire. Dialogue of desire
Eros and things
Eros of defamiliarization. Erotica and aesthetics
Erotic event. Erotema
Body and flesh
Lust and debauchery
Sex - eros - love
Chimera and androgyne
Love and "sadness after intercourse"

Eros of civilization. The irony of desire and the end of history
Eros and irony
The trick of desire
Eros and history. Erotosphere
The end of history as an object of desire. Utopia and apocalypse
Pleasure and postmodernity

Carnal knowledge. How one philosophizes with the body
Carnal knowledge
Body-now
Love is a ring. The preposition "in" and lace bodies
Tactile field. Wave theory of pleasure
Surface and depth
Nearness and distance
Tremor of desire, agony of pleasure
Chemistry of eros.
Scientific knowledge and carnal experience
Russian philosophy and erotic language
A desire as long as a thought and as long as love

Application. Eroticon by Ivan Solovyov .
Preface
Toward the theory of contact
Is Freud right?
About two revolutions
Asexuality in literature and philosophy (Gogol and Kant)
Five Kinds of Love
Erotica of creativity
Jealousy is like a perpetual motion machine
Russian beauty
The unthinkability of the body
Wrist
Elenology. Experience of building a new science

GROOMING

Self-cleaning. Hypothesis about the origin of culture
From fly to man. Sources of reflection
Grooming in animals and semiotics of boundaries
Purity and culture
System of culture-creating filters
Pure and unclean

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network project Mikhail Epstein's "The Gift of Words" has been published since April 2000. Every week, subscribers are sent several new words, with definitions and examples of use. These words are not in any dictionary, and yet they denote significant phenomena and concepts for which there has not yet been a place in the language and public consciousness. "Dar" also conducts discussions about the Russian language, discusses letters and suggestions from readers. “The Gift” can serve as a guide to word creation, an introduction to the world of linguistic fantasies and mental technologies. “The word controls the brain, the brain controls the hands, hands control the kingdoms” (Velimir Khlebnikov).

Subscribe to "Dar" your friends and acquaintances
Subscription form - in the same place as all previous issues

PreDictionary - a collection of English neologisms by M. Epstein.

Association of Word and Term Finders ( AIST ) is a linguistic community on LiveJournal.

The future of the humanities is the community in LiveJournal.

Gramma. ru is a Runet language portal dedicated to the culture of written speech.