Internet

The program opens the material of Alexander Kostinsky, dedicated to the discussion on the Internet about the anthem of the Russian Federation.

Kostinsky

Recently, the possibility of taking the anthem of the Soviet Union as a anthem of Russia has been actively and seriously discussed. Polls of a wide audience showed an unexpectedly large number of supporters of the Soviet anthem. The liberal -minded public recalls the 37th year, the gulag archipelago, and is amazed at the irrational behavior of the majority. But is it so irrational and inexplicable that is an ongoing rollback? Are our compatriots so unconscious and historically irresponsible?

Winging, without much stress, using the search servers of the Russian -speaking Internet in half an hour, can find the texts of both editions of the anthem http://cityhall.novosibirsk.ru/~vlad/songs/15.htm http://internationssr.html , several Versions of its creation with critical remarks and look into the intensive care unit, where the details of the last plastic surgery are discussed.

The newspaper "Today", for example, reported that "Vladimir Putin expressed in the circle of like -minded people the idea of the advantages of the old anthem" compared to the music of Glinka, approved by the decree of Boris Yeltsin. But the primacy in the restoration of the anthem of the USSR belongs not to Putin, but by the President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko. The parliamentary meeting of Russia and Belarus has already made the decision to return the music of Alexandrov. At the end of May, the sensitive body of the government, the Russian Newspaper, supported the president’s desire to restore "the popularly beloved and Russian in spirit" the anthem of the Soviet Union. As evidence, the newspaper led the opinion of the Associate Professor's Associate Professor, which claims that "the anthem of democratic Russia is, in fact, the song of Polish Catholics of the 16th century, to which Mikhail Glinka has nothing to do."

Without any irony, the Soviet anthem is indeed the anthem of modern Russia and it must be restored with words. Does someone doubt, after two Chechen wars, that "the Union of the indestructible republics of the free / rally united the great Rus'"? Would the vast majority of modern politicians have not passed the harsh school of an uncompromising nomenclature struggle, and therefore the phrase is accurate: "The Lenin Party, folk power, / leads us to the triumph of communism." Yes, and the formula: "Stalin raised us - for loyalty to the people,/ on labor and on exploits inspired us" - we must, of course, leave us. It was in the forties that Stalin formulated the modern Russian paradigm. The International was replaced by Great Rus', the Comintern was dissolved, epaulettes and military ranks of the tsarist army were introduced, the Order of Kutuzov, Suvorov, Alexander Nevsky were established. In those years, the Orthodox Church returned to the arsenal of state policy in those years. Systematic anti -bourgeois propaganda is replaced by anti -Western. The most serious sin is “stunted” and “servility” to the West, which is what the geneticist Vavilov accuses. Then, a campaign against the "rootless cosmopolitans" and the "business of doctors", state anti -Semitism is widely affirmed.

And, finally, is it not every phrase from the last verse of the anthem that determines today's Russian policy: “We raised our army in battle, / we will sweep away the vile invaders from the road! / We in battles decide the fate of generations, / We will lead our Fatherland fame!”?

The music of the anthem is now caressing the hearing, just because it is inseparable from words. KVN -Ovsky focus - to sing their words under the famous - music will not pass here. But why is the return to the anthem is carried out right now, although the Russian Communists talked about this long before Lukashenko?

Let's try to look at what is happening from the point of view of the most rational part of history - the history of science, in the interpretation of Imre Lakatos.

In terms of local, not individual provisions of theories compete in scientific development, but research programs. They have a rigid, unchanging core, which means to abandon the program as a whole. The tough core of the Russian -Soviet program is the absolute priority of public interests over personal and the struggle to the victorious end, whatever the confrontation concern. Negotiations, if they are conducted, is only one of the methods of struggle, and the winner dictates the conditions to the loser. The tough core of the liberal program is a primacy of personal values over public, respect for someone else's point of view and, in case of conflict of interests, the search for mutually beneficial solutions based on an analysis of the situation where negotiations are a procedure for developing a fair solution.

The rigid nucleus is protected from experimental refutations with a belt of additional hypotheses. That is, usually with difficulties, auxiliary assumptions that do not affect the core change. An example of such argumentation is the “perversion of Stalin of the Fundamentals of Leninism” or “fierce resistance of bureaucracy by truly market reforms”.

The success of the program depends on a successful description of the old and even more predicting new, previously not known facts. The scientist’s instrumentation is completely consciously included in the technique that saves him “from the ocean of anomalies”. If the program is developing successfully, then the scientist can not pay attention with additional hypotheses, for the time being, for real counter examples.

If, at first glance, it is irrational, a scientist acts, who in his main activity is very much connected by rather rigid corporate concepts of scientific honesty, then it is difficult to expect another behavior from just a person absorbed in the daily struggle for existence.

By the end of the eighties, the sovereign-national program completely exhausted, in the eyes of the majority of not only the people, but also the authorities, their positive resources. Therefore, it was relatively easily (in comparison, for example, with Yugoslavia) the collapse of the Soviet Union and the party vertical collapsed within the country. Knowledge of historical truth about the past was directly associated with the future worthy life, almost the same in the near future as in the West.

The real economic and political reforms, declared as democratic and liberal, led the majority of the Russian population outside Moscow from a meager existence to beggarly. The case was aggravated by the fact that the reformers generously and loudly distributed promises of a very imminent happy life (it was necessary to tolerate from 500 days to a maximum of two years) - quietly and slurredly explaining why they did not come true.

Without a sufficiently deep understanding of proceeding processes, it is difficult to invent additional hypotheses, protecting the liberal ideology from the reality advancing on all sides - with its poverty, banditry, the Mercedes of senior models and intrusive advertising: to go to the azure shore or at the worst end - to Spain. How many do not explain to the public, not calling the surnames that there are no reforms, or someone sometimes inhibits them in some places, but they themselves are good and correct, however, it is difficult to believe in this not only to the worker from Ivanovo, who receives 300 rubles a month, but even to the professor of the Moscow Chemical and Technology University, which receives one and a half thousand rubles, that is, with deductions-$ 50 a month.

The program, which was associated with the post-Soviet reforms, naturally, goes into the background and its place is held by the sovereign-national. The other is simply not. According to Lokatos, the new program comes entirely with its ideology and symbols, the key role in which, of course, is occupied by the anthem of the Soviet Union. The gulag does not scare the Russians not because he is not terrible or they don’t know about him, it’s simply easy to find the right hypothesis in the belt, explaining that these were excesses or machinations of enemies, and now this cannot happen. In addition, most historians of Soviet repressions and repressive bodies, passionate about the abundance of material, publish very thorough reference books, leaving evidence of the inextricable connection between the neglect of human rights and the Gulag of the lightweight feather of journalists, which is superimposed on the general conviction of the historical workshop, that history does not have a catfield and predictive force.

On my, it is possible a mistaken look than clearly and clearer will be formulated by a sovereign national program with all hymns, crosses, red banners, pioneers and so on - the better, the sooner its ineradicable shortcomings will be revealed. Let us recall how much the CPSU program influenced public opinion, where communism was advancing in 1980.

The value of human life and its qualities for most inhabitants of Russia is growing, which was surprised to discovered the command of the Navy and the leadership of the country during the tragedy with a submarine "Kursk". But over the centuries, the Russian military leaders from Suvorov to Zhukov have confused foreign colleagues with stories about how soldiers put life without a count, saving equipment, or without any sappers, advance through wire fences and minefields on the bodies of their fellow soldiers.

Oil prices will still fall and, as in 91, after the return of the liberal program, an automatically economic miracle will not come. Much will depend on how the new reform is prepared and, if "as always", then this circle will have to go again.

Radio "Freedom", the program "Seventh Continent". The Internet has created a significant problem for teachers of schools and universities: instead of working on an essay, it’s easier to download ready -made from the network. Vadim Alekseev talks about the problem of plagiarism.

Alekseev

Recently I had a new student. Communication with him at the seminar made a pleasant impression, so I was not surprised when he brought me his first written work: it was done very well. The next three were also impeccable. Finally, I received a job from him on the Shakespearean play "Romeo and Juliet." Soon after, talking with this student on the phone, I mentioned several things related to this work of Shakespeare. It became clear to me almost immediately - my pounding student never only did not read “Romeo and Juliet”, but did not even see a single film shot from this work. Subsequently, I found out that my student found absolutely all my work and downloaded from the Internet.

This story was told by a professor at one of the American universities. But it is not only not single, but also moved to the category of ordinary everyday stories. "The issuance of someone else's work for his own or the publication of someone else's work under his name" - as the "plagiarism" of the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language edited Ozhegov determines. And it is precisely the rapid development of technologies at the present stage, the emergence of the possibility of publishing electronic books and other electronic publications make it like to feel the problem of plagiarism and compliance with copyrights in a new way. "Literary theft" (this alternative characteristic of plagiarism also gives Ozhegov’s dictionary) has become technically available to any user of the World Wide Web, and the author has practically no information about how, where and in what quantity his creations diverge.

In order to figure out in more detail the essence of the problem, I turned to various sources on the Russian Internet, where this issue has long been discussed.

There is no doubt that many, if not most, will agree that plagiarism is evil - both for the author and the reader. Therefore, probably, the most active figures of the Russian Internet were born and the idea of creating a "board of shame" was born. This is how their appeal sounds at www.ezhe.ru/hash : “We look at the ugliness that reign around us in sadness. In order to suppress them, this project was created. If you stole a product of your intellectual work: be it an element of design, an informational or musical block, an idea or a name, you can turn to us without fear and shame. If the fact of an atrocity is not caused In doubt, he will find a worthy place of the Board of shame.

This appeal sounds sad and without great hope for a quick correction of such a situation. I found the reasons for this in an article by Anton Nosik published in Gazeta.ru No. 4 for 1999. Here are several quotes:

"Separate episodes of plagiarism have no independent meaning. After all, this is not about the conscious intent of the publishers, but about the" stack "from the part of unscrupulous employees, as a rule, freelays. Any edition of its reputation will part with the author that substituted it. This can already be achieved by any similar episode. But another will come to the place of one hack. No edition, no matter how much it values its reputation, is neither resources nor know-how today to produce full-text monitoring of the entire network and verify each material for textual coincidences with other sources ... the element cannot be defeated. "

And one more argument from the same article: “Any piracy is beneficial to a serious manufacturer of information products. This proves, in particular, an example of Microsoft: they did not receive money from the sale of programs distributed by a pirate way, but they received a market share for which their competitors would have dumped more than one billion dollars. The same applies to the information. If a certain news supplier has a high The citation index is even without information, it is a standard to impose the market for the market - the success of the “accidentally forgotten” authorship is worth noting: plagiarism from the network reaches a goal directly opposite to the other. He finds out about his existence, thanks to which the Internet becomes a lot of parables, which could happen without such a “promotion”.

Nevertheless, this attitude to plagiarism is far from everyone. In search of the material, I came across an absolutely opposite thing - the site "Do not tell someone", located at plagiats.narod.ru . Here is what their activities are: “Theft of copyrights, tyrnying of concepts, cloning, professional work with text (copying). Based on our technologies: learning programs from under UNIX, programs for more convenient copying, all kinds of clones, clones databases.” And this quite impressive size of the tirade ends like this: "plagiarism is cool."

However, a group of activists of the Russian Internet still does not agree with such a question. And on the already mentioned "board of shame" appeared a set of rules for publishing someone else's material on its server or home page. Here are some excerpts from there. “The first and most important: despite the similarity of the Internet to the state building of the times of developed socialism, no one has canceled the commandment“ not to steal ”. Each text, banner and even a selection of references have, if not an author, then the copyright holder. And he, in turn, is protected by Russian and international law. And there is no great difference whether creations from paper with your direct assistance to the network or they are wandering along it - all of them, all of them, all of them, all of them, all of them. He belongs to the author, and he belongs to the right to be called the author of the work, the right to publish material, the right to prohibit its publication, the right to limit this publication by those or other conditions (the place of publication, the size of the author’s reward, the term, the form of presentation of the material, the indication of the source, etc.) your rights to the material (unless, of course, you are the copyright holder). Rembrandt is also zero, and this is not a reason for sadness.

Put a link on your favorite material - this is legally, correctly, the author will only be happy. You can also download it to yourself, store it on a disk, in a printed form under the pillow, send your favorite by e -mail and registered writing and much more, but remember: you have no right to post the material on the network, because this is its publication. ”(The end of the quote) these rules apply, of course, not only for publications on the Internet, but also for paper publications. They are quite simple and quite consistent with the requirements of our legislation.

However, the question arises, how to prove the fact of plagiarism? The answer to it can be found in the commentary of the Center "Law and the Media", published in the article "The Plagiarism case on the Russian Internet" on the website www.medialw.ru/publications . It describes the sensational case of Timofei Bokarev on the Russian Internet about the literal copying of 91 pages of the text of the Promo.ru site in one book. Юристы, представляющие сайт, подготовили следующий набор фактов для доказательства: - опубликованные в печатных изданиях статьи, которые были размещены на сайте; - заключения российских поисковых систем, таких как Rambler, Yandex, Aport, о том, когда именно было впервые индексировано появление данных материалов в Интернете; - свидетельство провайдера, на сервере которого размещен сайт, о том, когда именно были размещены данные материалы на сервере.

Но перед тем как доказывать факт плагиата, его необходимо обнаружить. И здесь стоит вернуться к истории, рассказанной вначале одним американским профессором. Следует признать, что плагиатом в среде студентов и школьников занимаются многие. В Интернете можно найти не только сочинения и курсовые работы, но и целые дипломные работы, и диссертации. Поэтому неудивительно, что вопросы поиска плагиата заинтересовали в первую очередь преподавателей. Однако свободного времени на такого рода поиски у них практически нет, да и рыться в дебрях Всемирной паутины, не имея определенного представления о том, что и где требуется найти, желающих немного. Как это не парадоксально, но на помощь доцентам и профессорам пришел все тот же Интернет, так бесстыдно помогающий и студентам. Появился специальный сайт Plagiarism.org, который за умеренную плату помогает найти "воришек". На сайте имеется база данных, которая постоянно пополняется как из Интернета, так при помощи его пользователей. В эту базу попадают все найденные во Всемирной паутине и присланные преподавателями работы студентов. Когда профессор загружает на сайт новый документ, т. е. работу своего ученика, компьютер производит сравнение нового текста с уже имеющимися текстами в базе данных. После проведенного сравнения система выдает преподавателю отчет, в котором выделяются те части текста, которые могли быть скопированы из других источников, а также прилагаются ссылки на эти источники.

Plagiarism.org не является единственным местом, где можно проверить оригинальность того или иного текста. Еще одним таким местом является сайт www.integriguard.com. Кроме того, компания Glatt Plagiarism Services Inc продает специальное программное обеспечение, которое помогает преподавателю узнать, писал ли студент данную работу сам или же позаимствовал где-нибудь еще. Принцип работы программы базируется на том, что каждый из нас обладает своим уникальным письменным стилем, как, например, и отпечатками пальцев, - утверждает президент компании-разработчика Барбара Глэт.

Что ж, похоже у любителей присваивать себе чужой труд очень скоро возникнут реальные проблемы. И хотя есть люди, которые считают, что плагиат - это здорово, большинство все же убеждено в обратном. Нужно все-таки уважать и ценить то хорошее, что сделано другими, тогда возможно и тебе удастся сделать что-нибудь подобное. Ведь каким бы не было продвинутым программное обеспечение, какой бы не была огромной база данных в Интернете, решение проблемы плагиата зависит не столько от совершенства технических средств, сколько от уважения каждым прав другого человека.

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