Internet

Satellite Internet; Yellow pages of the Russian Internet 2000, digital technologies in the USA.

Voronko

SPYSTY almost half a century after the start of the cosmic AP, humanity was so much to fly to the flights of the atmosphere that the prohibition of the PACTA is not caused by the YELD person. SPENTER CLASS TEPETSED FOR WITHOUT YEARS OF YOURSELF, and HTV+ television from the Cosmos is included in the life of more and more Presiyans. It is surprising that, against the background of such events, inquisitive Yyms begin to go back about the fuels of the Yurisual Cosmic Technologies, and they themselves are approaching the “SPENTRICS and IntEP”.

The idea of using cosmic proceedings for communication arose even before the perkal stamps. Many slopes know that in the 45th year of our century, the young Pedio-Ipdenesp clap, which later became the famous science fiction writer, was in a remote-bonded to withdraw special Petisseurs on the Take of the Earth's Obtit, so that they were overdue at the outbreak With the Earth itself. In a letter, which was reduced to the British Pedii lovers, Klavk wrote that such spytniks, who are exactly above the equalist, would seem motionless from the land, which would easily make any antennas on them. According to the clap, the main advantage of such spytniks is the widest coverage of the tendering - just a HPAPAT, which are on the OB OBAI, every 120 GPADS could provide television and by the whole global chap.

SPYSTY 18T years old, in 1963, HASA destroyed to experience the idea of an English science fiction writer and banned several spytniks Syncom. One of them is Syncom -3, which was sophisticated to the red and became an infant geostation of the Earth. For decades, it was obvious that the idea of the clap was advantageous, although he promised by him, the apparatus for the entire planet, is clearly not enough. Now dozens of spytniks will come to the equator, the geostational one itself has long been divided into cells, and there is an active tok for each of them. SPENTRICAL BUSING AND Television, in particular, became the only communal sphere of space technologies that submit considerable incomes and that come without a subordination of state -domestic STPYKTYP.

It is surprising that with the width of the control networks of the SPENTRIC channels, all worships have been used to eat network tons. Similar to the data of data was used only by the KPIP cosseeds, but from the second half of the 90s, when he intertwined he got into a full stand and began his marching on the planet, the publicly stood about lactry users who became more and more every month.

The new spytnikova YSLIGI was obvious. Most of the users of the integration, daily wandering along the grains of all of the Paratin, are half over from the network of the GODAZDO more information than they eat. Actually speaking, they usually have nothing to give about, to the same small ban on the seals, their letters and fisted statements in chats. With such a way, the ratio of the outgoing and appropriate from the user of information is usually one to ten or more. This, users, are very unhappy with the skill with which they have the postpinested info -fraud, and would like to see it. In such a sitting, the idea arises quite naturally about the possibility of pestering the Nyzhnyu infopation

In 1996, Hughes Hughes Network System) Pradesy Pradesy Like Ysligy. A lifted technology that half the name DireCPC used the existing venation as much as possible. To translate the signal, long -acting GPYPIPS OF SPENTRIKS were chosen - over ametheism these were their own apparates of the company, and several PetelSAT -2 spytnik -2s were on Evasopa. Since the signal was the usual television forces, the usual television surgeons were sang, then the usual antenna for spytnik television was suitable for its permissions. The signal, which is so antenna, was necessary to put in the flow of digital data that is understandable to the computer, and this was engaged in a special fee inserted into a regular PCI-slot and that was on as a passive modem. This system could only be given data from the spytnik, and so that the user could knock out a half -made infopation, or rather zealous to bind through the strata of any sites, a channel was necessary. To do this, it was ruined to use the usual diala-up connection of the Chepz of Local Provides, which users could break out of their desire.

With this way, the YSLEGA was half -gone, with a full -of -and -call “IntePnnet” named. To take advantage of it, the person all had to have a regular modem and the prestyp in the integration of the abstract acknowledge will be in the integration, but the firmness of such a dostyp could be the case. According to the usual diala-up connection, a telephone modem, a special Program, which is helping with a spytnik modem, went into the integration and was associated with the sequence of DireCPC. After that, the user could forbid his favorite BPYZEP, hide in it the hell of any intert-wings and by pressing the input, the grade is a second to see it on his ekhan. Behind these proceedings there was a consequent chain of events - the adhesive, the user, was given a telephone modem and ordinary integro channels on the sewing direCPC, which downloaded the ordered straps on its fast communication lines and repaid it to the spytnik. SPYTHTRA tuned the data to the Earth, where they were applied by the user antenna, after which they were used to the spytnik modem and showed the usual integrated-byazp. This whole Dosepa system was absolutely invisible to ordinary integrations. Any BPYZARES, Chats, IntePs, and even it-linen games have been using DireCPC in the same way as a regular connection. Although, according to Pophavd, in the sludge with the games could have arisen some kind of peroblets, but more on that later. The firmness of the half-pushing of the info-fraud from the spytnik could reach 400 hundred kilobits in second, which was tens of on-the-speed of the telephone lines, even if you have been shared that the spytnik channels shared many users and the obstinacy were many below the eve of the ethnic group. In the use of the system, the system was not found, and the fee depended on the info -half -pouring megabyte of information.

Thank you, the hop -mapping, DireCPC from the very beginning used great sex. According to the obvious cubs, its main clients were wealthy people living in rural areas and usually wearing a slow doestyp on the network on the telephone and spytnik antennas. Because of this, the whole connection was reduced for them to the pepper of the spytnik modem itself. I have a clearly overstated price - in some places it reached nine hundred dollars - in the infantry months, the influx of customers was so great that for a certain one, the companies even dashed them, since the naga of the spytnik channels became so great that there would be nothing from the promised 400 -killer into second -end. left. Be that as it may, DireCPC has become a mass technology in the network in the network, and the PC Magazine re -jugged her in 96, his own “for technical possession”, and the PC Computing in the same year called DireCPC the most valuable ppodykt of the year ”.

For several years, who have been from those POPs, the spytnik systems of the pre -Stepa were inappropriately. Their faster vais for pedagogical premiums appeared, as well as the dvvystopa of the system in which the spytnik antennas could not only be a signal from the ostents, but also extend it to the spytnik, becoming so obvious from the local integration channels. The Evpoopei DireCPC was from the Jetnet-2 spytnik-2, with very powerful and awl seeping lico, which is why it was a half-tint of its signal in the Evasopei part of Russia.

Every year, more and more companies appear on this gap, and in the last one, this sockees began to obviously, and new phrases appear almost every month. Naturally, this affects prices. So, at the beginning of this year, the British company Sky Media subsidized its analogue DireCPC for ten dollars per month, plus spytnik modems of models at a price of 200 to 350 dollars, we could, with a data of data from data, show the usual spytnik television channels on the computer. Unfortunately, for most of the Presiyans, most of these companies are putting on the west Evpopy, which is why Russia get only the remains of their signals, for which the antennas of a large diameter are obtained. The 4th AP of this year has changed in the KOPN-at the official proofing conference in Moscow, the new Podovidep integro-YSLYG-company HTV-integrates was subsidized. Having finished the samvis similar to DireCPC, the HTV will be used to use its own SPENTRI-1, aimed at Russia, and for the same signals from which, in the tendon from Moscow to Up, there are enough antenna with a diameter of only 60 centimeters. The accurate posts of the HTV-intensity are still unknown, but it is appreciated that the finest spytnik modem will cost less than $ 200, and payment for the YSLIGS will be about 20 dilas per month. For this money, the HTV promises a skull of up to the 1st megabit in a second, 360 kilobits in a secular gapant and minimum. More underwear information can be found on the website www.ntvi.ru.

It is obvious that by the same individual wealthy users, such a pre -all -in -resident PAYTINY is very good for KPIP FIPM, which could provide a fast integration with its local network, as well as small subovisial provids, which, with the help of spytnika tender Passing your network channels. Nevertheless, a lot of advantages, y spytnik integrates have its drawbacks, which is worthwhile to see. Playing the usual ground communication, one of the most difficult abilities is the so -called, the “last mile” peroblem - that is, the signal of the signal according to the latest departure of the measurement station and a telephone outlet. In the sludge of the SPytnikovka communication, the last “last mile” is saved to the state of the geostacinap, and this is not a lot, more than 33 thousand kilometers. Which, by the way, saying, only ten PAZ less than to Lyna. The radio signal, unit with the tidal of the light of the light, should be given this state twice - from the ground to the spytnik, and it is obvious. With such a way, the capture in his postpostation reaches four secynda, which is quite smithered. Here it will follow to recall that all all the Patina Patina based on the network of TSR, in which the aligned data, are used to small Porotions - packages that are fed by the DPYG FOR FOR DPYM. Each package is only pasted after the one -to -the -one -in -the -one has fallen a half -seal of the previous package - this is the intensity law. In the hollow with a dotyp, such a law means that the yards of the ydvak are and reach almost half a secret.

To this, it is worth adding that this is even more than more, if, with thank you, than to unlock the data on the spytnik, the central sewer must be pumped out of the distant site, which is due to which the Symapal Fuck can be close to one second. In the Pesytat, it is half that the spytnikovka prestyP is quite not good for the Patet, the UPLIMP, with the client-sabotage databases, and is advantageously useless for it-linen games, which are used to be large-winging-let's say the same quote. Nevertheless, the very idea of half -water from the sky is a fast flow of digital data is unusually proceeding. Her 3rd people hope that by 2002, the width -folosos in the integration will be intertwined with the help of a spytnik connection at any point in the MIP, the connection with the spytniks will become aimed and moreover, all this is bonded by the price and seduces with terrestrial analogues.

Be that as it may, it is obvious that SPENTRY technologies are ours. They are too who is not so. However, in order for this that would become real, the SPETRIC companies will be able to scent many complex tasks, which are of which the cosmic technologies themselves and the deficiencies of network prostocols could only be a visible part of the iceberry.

Radio "Freedom", the program "Seventh Continent". Mikhail Mirny talks about the book "Yellow Pages of the Russian Internet."

Peaceful

Every day, several thousand new pages appear on the Russian -speaking Internet. Of course, it is impossible and not necessary to keep track of everyone. Nevertheless, to be aware of what is happening on the network is always interesting. Being the owner of a very good book, the yellow pages of the Russian Internet in 98, I was pleasantly surprised by the fact of the appearance of a new book yellow pages 2000. I surprised because it seemed to me that such books should be published every six months or at least a year, and not seeing a new edition last year, I was sure that this book was not published at all. My surprise was incomparably big when I bought yellow pages of 2000 and opened them.

Take for example a table of contents. Here, in the description of the regions, rather unusual things are quite unusual, so Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands belong to the Republic of Sakha, but Magadan and Vladivostok are listed in the Kamchatka region. Chukotka is now in the Khabarovsk Territory! Among the regional centers of Russia, Murom (Vladimir Region) is peacefully adjacent to Vladimir, and two hundred addresses from other regions were closed between Moscow and the Moscow region.

Many resources close in meaning (and filling) have fallen into completely different chapters. Here are just two examples. The chapter "Law and Politics" lists legal and legal organizations, and in the chapter "Production and Trade" we are waiting for legal services. The same chapter has a section on transport, and transport services are located in the chapter "Rest and entertainment".

And this is only a table of contents. It seems that the authors of this book were not in vain not printed their names. But I decided to still find out how, after a good edition of the 98 year, a book is published, made to put it mildly poorly. The first thing that came to mind is to turn to the authors of the previous "yellow pages" Yuri Pole and Alexei Sigalov. Yuri Pole agreed to meet with me.

To begin with, I asked Yuri Pole, the head of the laboratory of the Central Economic and Mathematics Institute, to tell about the history of the database of the Russian Internet resources, which served as the basis for "yellow pages"

Pole

"None of the existing catalogs of the Russian Internet satisfied us and in 1996 we decided to create our own .... It has 48 thousand announced links ...... students work on it ....."

Peaceful

For some time, only employees of the institute had access to this database. Later in 1996, when Rocyte appeared, the Russian Internet base was printed under the name "au" in the heine on the Internet. The investment boom in the Russian Internet could not help but affect this project. Some time ago, the online version of the base was sold to the Israeli company Web Thech and is now called "Etrus" at www.atrus.ru .

Based on the information resources of Yuri Polyak and Alexei Sigalov, the "Yellow Pages of the Russian Internet 98" were created. A significant part of the information printed in the 2000 edition was taken from the previous edition of the yellow pages, but the authors did not participate in the preparation of the book. Says Yuri Pole:

Pole

"Many of the sections were postponed 1 to one, as can be seen from the examples ..."

Peaceful

In the preface to the book it is written "a whole team of specialists worked on the reference book, a new more democratic approach of the selection of resources was applied." It is very sad to realize that so far many people have an attitude to the Internet, as to something frivolous, to some additional superstructure. And as we can say that a significant number of sites on the network are hastily made, even if printed versions, directories about the Internet are published so poorly. I really hope that this kind of democracy will not lead to a decrease in quality. And the publication of reference books on the resources of the network will again be at the same level at which it was several years ago.

Radio "Freedom", the program "Seventh Continent". In conclusion - Alexander Kostinsky about digital technologies in the United States.

Kostinsky

Digital technologies firmly occupied the leading place in the life of the United States. It is curious to analyze the data of the official report of the American Association of Electronic Industry (American Electronics Association) on the financial results of last year. In 1999, in the United States, the volume of high technology exports reached $ 181 billion. But the import of electronics in the United States was even larger - 220 billion. Over the past six years, high -tech export of the United States grew by 85%, and imports by 92%. The main consumers of American electronics are Japan, the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region. Japan bought most of all, for $ 16 billion. The most willing Americans invest in Singapore.

Thanks to digital technologies, the United States again became an indisputable world economic leader significantly breaking away from Japan and other developed countries. There are more than 160 million computers in the United States, while in the countries of the European Union there are 135 of them, and in the entire dynamic Asia -Pacific region there are 116 million. The number of Internet users in the United States at the beginning of 2000 amounted to 134 million people, 79 million was in the countries of the European Union, 51 million customers were connected in the Asia-Pacific region to the World Wide Web.

All links in the text of the programs lead to the pages of persons and organizations not related to the Radio "Freedom"; The editors are not responsible for the content of these pages.