Documents of the past

-The ruff and mood of the workers in 1926 by the eyes of the OGPU;
-1933: Samad in Kazakhstan.

In today's Russia, people who receive state wages suffer from taxes most of all, they are called public sector employees. In the twenties, the largest tax burden fell on the peasantry. Here are excerpts from the "review of the political state of the USSR for July, the month 1926 (according to the OGPU)" - the United State Political Administration. (So in those years the secret police in the USSR was called.)

These reviews were sent to the highest Soviet leaders. Each time the accompanying letter was attached: "A real review, in view of its completely secret nature, must be stored on a par with the cipher. It is not allowed to remove copies and make extracts in any case."

The document contains a reduction: "VIK", this is the volost executive committee, the volost power. Rykov, who replaced Lenin as the chairman of the Soviet government, and Bukharin, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All -Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the editor -in -chief of the Pravda newspaper, the most prominent party ideologist, later both were shot among the most high -ranking "enemies of the people".

Polynotnation of the village. The main points in the political construction of the village in connection with the new tax.

Provocative rumors.

Leningrad lips. Promotive rumors are distributed through the Kuvozovsky volost that 50 rubles will be taken from the cows. tax, from a horse - 100 rubles. etc. Peasants in a panic. In the village of Lechta-Kum, one of the peasants is launched by rumors that they will take a tax of 5 rubles. From a dog and 30 kopecks from a cat. This hearing has already spread throughout the volost.

Zhytomyr district. In the village of Kamenny Maidan of the N.-Volyn district, rumors are widespread that 47 rubles will have to pay tax for a horse, and 20 rubles for a cow. Among the peasants there are conversations that this tax will not lead to good and strangle the peasants.

Armavir district. In with. Condo of the Assumption District, before starting work on the accounting of objects of taxation among the population, had a rumor that "all without exception" would be subject to ". Fearing unnecessary investments, the peasants killed dogs and cats, some even smeared the windows in the huts.

Kuznetsk district (Siberia). In with. Pokrovsky Kuznetsovsky volost of the Verkhne-Volotsky district, in connection with the assumed launch of the alcohol plant, two kulaks among the peasants spread the rumor that taxes will be increased with the launch of the plant to the population, because It will be needed bread for alcohol and a new position on the tax is caused by this. On this basis, the population rumors the need to burn the plant.

Minusinsky district. In with. Petroshilovskoye, Minusinsky district, among the population, is circulating rumors about the overwhelming tax, "because there will be war, and a double tax is required for preparation for it."

Voronezh province. In the village of Brodov, Annenskaya volost of the Bobrovsky district at a meeting of peasants at the suggestion of one of the wealthy by a majority of 3 votes ... There was a decree "not to pay tax, because the land, forests and nams, why then take tax from us." The news of this resolution of the peasants p. Brodovo quickly spread to the surrounding villages. In with. The old Kurlac a wealthy peasant in an interview spoke out: "Here are the well done Brodes that made such a decree, maybe the center, seeing such decisions of individual villages, will take more correct measures to charge a agricultural trait."

Vladimir province. In the Vyaznikovsky volost of the Vyaznikovsky district, the former miller in an interview with the peasants said that they did not ask for the tax of peasants, and they take the tax that we will not pay tax anyway. He, being a delegate at the Plenum of Vyaznikovsky Vika, in his speech pointed out that the agricultural digested from the authorities, starting with "Mr. Rykov and ending with the pre -Soviet" "did not take, made an offer:" To declare the gentlemen Bukharin and Rykov so that they do not take tax from the peasants, because they now live worse than under the king. "

Vladivostok district. In the village of Abramovka, the Mikhailovsky district, at the meeting on the report on the new agricultural, peasants decided to recognize the tax as unfair and taxation is incorrect. The peasants showed special discontent to the principle of progressive tax. Of the 69 people present at the meeting, only 4 people recognized the tax acceptable. The pre -council spoke out against the tax.

Moscow province. In the village of Kuzevo Dedenevsky volost of the Dmitrovsky district at the meeting on the issue of agricultural, the son of a local fist spoke, urging the peasants to organize and not pay the tax.

In the village of Yakshino Kolomenskaya volost and county on mowing, a group of peasants stated: "... We are all fools, we will pay even more and we will pay everything, we have no consistency, we are not as workers, they pay little workers, they declare a strike, and we couldn’t pay anything - they will not do anything, look even more for the next year, if we are silent, the communists are cunning. If they made a secret vote, then they would have shifted everyone to hell, now the peasantry is so tuned everywhere. ”

Gomel province. In the village of Gribovka, the Nosovichsky volost of Gomel district, fists and wealthy are campaigned for sheltering the objects of taxation and an orientation of extra units. As a result of agitation, the shelter of the objects of taxation in the village was massive.

Tersky district. In the Naursky district, a fertilizing commission ... When checking the objects of taxation in the Lednev and Nirkov farms, 5 cattle herds were captured. After checking 2 herds, the commission discovered a shelter of 250 heads of cattle and 800 sheep. The remaining three herds of the Khutorians dispersed the leales, not allowing the commission to check. The Khutorians responded to the commission’s demand to collect cattle, shouting: "This is not the 18th year!"

Armavir district. In the village of Nevinnomykaya, at the initiative of the Council, the population of the first quarter should have gathered to check the crops, where especially malicious covers live. Only about 20 people gathered. The Chairman of the Stan Council at a detour either did not force anyone at home, or received the answer: "We have everything right." Two commissions were created for the audit, one of them flatly refused to work, saying that there would still be no sense, the second, after a 2-hour work, returned with nothing. The wealthy in a conversation from the representation, they said: "How many do you check our crops, you will not find anything anyway, but we won’t give each other, because there are no spies among us. Make a tax easier or cancel it, then we will not hide it, because we will not tame anything, then we will have nothing to live and you will bring us to banditry."

Minusinsky district. In the village of UZA at the meeting, wealthy peasants stated that when sowing, it was necessary to show so that no more than 3 acres, 480 acres to the village came from the yard - and not retreat from this norm. To the remark of the secretary of the village council, that now this number will not pass, the prosperous answered: "Previously passed and now pass."

Taganrog district. In with. Nikolaevsky at a meeting of peasants against a new regulation on agricultural agency was a group of wealthy and adjacent middle peasants. The leader of the group was a pre -Sovietist ... In their speeches, members of the group stated: "The tax is on the peasants because they are silent and less in power, but the workers and employees who receive up to 100 rubles are paid, and if the workers receive 75 rubles, he is exempted from taxes, the peasant does not earn such amount, but the tax still pays for ... So that there is something for a worker and employees to go to the resorts. "

In those years, only a narrow layer, as they said, went to resorts in those years, “advanced” workers and employees. The life of the bulk of the workers is evidenced by the materials of the "review of the political state of the USSR in January 1926 (according to the OGPU)."

The document uses reductions: SCRK - the Shakhty Central Worker Cooperative, the All -Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (officially - the CPSU (b) - the All -Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

"Workers.

Dissatisfaction with tariffing. Southwestern railway Korosten site. Workers refused to accept norms increased by 100 %.

The traction service of the Yekaterinoslav railway. Donetsk railway, Debaltsevsky site. Due to the increase in norms by 20 - 60 %, workers do not develop their bets.

Gorodishchensky distillery (Belarus). The salary of workers is not issued from August 1.

Sumy forestry (Murmansk district). The salary of workers for November was issued only on December 12, due to the untimely receipt of the statements from the extension of the statements.

Staro-Konstantinovsky Sakhzvod (Shepetovsky District). Until now, the salary of workers for the second half of November has not been paid.

Tagil factory of the Nizhne-Tagilsky Mining District (Ural). The factory is planned to be reduced by some of the little-qualified workers. The mood of the workers is depressed. Many store food.

The cement plant "Bolshevik" (Volsky district). In a bonder workshop, instead of regular production of 35 - 40 barrels per day in 8 hours of work, each bondar now produces no more than 20 barrels. (Bondari work hard). Between them, an agreement was concluded and with their low work, they hold the local comrades to be reduced.

Plant "Electric named after Skorokhodov" (Leningrad province). Among the workers, conversations are heard: "At present, workers are exploiting more than in the pre -war time, and the salary is less and more, and life is more expensive."

Konstantinovsky oil refinery (Yaroslavl province.). Due to the low salary, two workers indicate that "after the revolution we have already lost the right path, we entered into a strip of reaction, the interests of the workers were sacrificed to the interests of the highest policy."

Concession of Lenzoloto-Bodaibo (Irkutsk province). Workers who are awaiting all sorts of improvements with the arrival of concessionaires, and especially the permission of the “efforts”, the abolition of the “Shurovka” (fine embezzlement of gold) were excited in connection with the strengthening of control in the mines (for example, in 1 mine of the Artyom Directorate, the staff of employees was doubled). The workers noticed in Shurovka are immediately fired, despite this, Shurovka is flourishing, hatred of the administration is growing. Overall payment in 1.5 amounts is set only for the administration called by the administration. This is a heavy blow to workers, forced to overtime, low salary.

Vladimir province. In the Sobinsky rabcoop, interruptions in the supply of workers with wheat flour and oil are noted. Prices are higher than the private market: so, meat in the cooperative is 25 kopecks., On the market 15 - 20 kopecks, rye flour 2 p. Pood, in the market 1 p. 70 kopecks. ... etc.

Shakhty district. North Caucasus. Mine "October Revolution". Recently, prices for all goods and workers have been highly increased by all goods from private merchants from whom everything is much cheaper.

Plant "Red Profintern" (Yaroslavl province.). Due to the lack of raw materials at the factory, a reduction in workers is supposed to be reduced. The workers say: "All the Communists from the plant must be driven in three neck, they do not understand anything in production, and workers have to suffer because of them."

Forest Plant (Penza province). In connection with the reduction in work, the dismissal of workers is expected. In this regard, among workers there is a strong discontent for modernity. The workers say that "the Soviet press interprets that industry is growing and stronger, but we get the other way around, we see that industry freezes and reduction is driving a reduction."

Castlite foundations No. 4 and 5 (Penza province, Krasnoslobodsky district). Among the workers, there is a sharp discontent with the size of the salary. At the general meeting, convened on this occasion, the worker’s workers' workers are not issued in his speech in his speech, because the whole profit is not issued to the workers on his hands - it is necessary to ask for the factory on the immediate increase in the salary. " The workers of the plant No. 4 indicated that the workers do not know whether the plants are giving profit or loss and demanding that the factory administration introduce them to calculation and express the suspicion that taking advantage of the ignorance of the workers, the administration is fraud. ”

The Zaprizhnensky glass plant ... On January 19, on the occasion of the church holiday "Baptism" 60 % of the workers did not work. On January 20, due to the failure to appear of workers, the plant did not work at all.

Novotkatsky factory of the Serpukhov cotton -paper trust (Moscow province). On January 7, the morning change of workers (2400 people) appeared on the courtyard of the factory with a Christmas tree and songs. The workers said they would not work. The initiators of the speech are a group of administrative and technical workers. 30 % of the shift did not work. On January 8, there were reel and antenatal branches.

Yaroslavl commercial workshops. The workers, having learned that on January 6, the working day, January 5 threw work in 1/2 hours, demanding a general meeting. The meeting decided not to work on January 6. The commissar of the railway and the secretary of the district committee of the CPSU was not allowed to speak at the meeting. On January 6, 60 % of the workers did not go to work.

The weaving factory named after The “October Revolution” (Gomel province, the Klintsovsk Textile Trust. A general meeting of workers was held in Klintsy on December 22, 25 about the celebration of Christmas. Workers who usually never attend the meetings. During the speeches of the Communists, not ceasing shouts “Enoughly” were distributed in defense of the celebrations. As a result To celebrate the old one for the celebration of the old style was voted by 2 candidates of the CPSU of the Leninsky call, Shcherbakov Fedor and Muzychenko Andrei ..., moreover, Muzychenko raised both hands for the celebration of the old style.

On the question of Christmas celebration at all factories of the Klintsovsky textile trust, heated meetings took place. For the celebration of Christmas in the old style, workers of all the factories of the trust spoke out, with the exception of one, but the last due to the general decision of all the factories of the trust, it was also allowed to celebrate the old one.

Among the last new products of the Moscow Book Market - a collection of documents "Soviet leadership. Correspondence. 1928 - 1941" . The book was published by the Rosspen publishing house. It published a letter to Vyshinsky Stalin and Kaganovich.

(Kaznarkomzem means the Kazakhstan People's Commissariat of Agriculture).

"23. I. 34. Secret. The Central Committee of the All -Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) - Comrade Stalin, Comrade Kaganovich.

On July 24, 1933, in the village of Steklink of the Tauride Village Council of the Shemonakho district of the East Kazakhstan region, the collective farm of the collective farmers at the General Meeting of the collective farmers was performed by martyr with an anisim - 73 years old, the middle -sorest, his son of Fomini Efim - 21 years old and Eremenko Ivan - Kulak. Both Fomins were detained for theft of a collective farm cow, and Eremenko - for previously committed crimes.

According to the regional prosecutor, the organizer of the Samad was the head of the political department of the Novo-Shulbinsky MTS Comrade. Morchinin, and the preparation of self -proper took place as follows.

On July 23, the local policeman Drozdov detained the cows of both Fomins for theft and sent them to his camera in the Novo-Shulbinsky village council, which contained the previously detained Eremenko. On July 23, the Polytopolitide, arrived in the chamber of the policeman Drozdov and ordered the latter to immediately send the Steklyanka arrested in the village, where the board of the Ilyich Testament collective farm is located, supposedly for the production of additional investigation. Morchinin arrived after the recent collective farm, where the arrested were sent. Morshchinin suggested the chairman of the board of the collective farm - a member of the CPSU (b) Comrade. Konovalov to collect on July 24 a general meeting of collective farmers, on which to kill the detainees. The meeting was convened on July 24, the arrested were brought to the audience and killed within 5 to 8 minutes. Comrade himself. Morchinin was not on the collective farm during the lynching.

An additional investigation established that the head of the political department, Morshchin, played an organizing role in a mobility over his father and son of Fomini and Eremenko. In his memorandum himself, the wrinkle confirms this, and the wrinkle, without taking off his responsibility for organizing the lynching, indicates that the secretary of the Shemonaha district committee, Comrade Aleksandrov, who sees the quickly suppressing the expiration of collective farm property, gave the installation on the organization of the Samon. From the memorandum of the responsible instructor of the MTS Political Committee, T. Ti-Kun, it can be seen that the installations of the organization of self-propelled guns were allegedly given by one of the leadership employees of the regional committee at the general meeting of the heads of political entities and that the first secretary of the regional committee of the East Kazakhstan region, T

Due to the fact that from the available materials and from the personal recognition of Comrade Morchinin himself, the indisputable guilt of Comrade Morstinin in the organization of the specified lynching is seen, I believe that wrinkle should be brought to criminal liability.

At the same time, I consider it necessary to raise the question of holding the secretary of the district committee T. Aleksandrov for the summer residence of instructions on the conduct of self -offenses and secretary of the regional committee comrade. A glass for the fact that they did not take the proper measures for the self -proper.

Due to the fact that Comrade Morshchin in his report note reports the inaction of the judicial investigative bodies of the district to combat theft of collective farm property, I was invited to the regional prosecutor to immediately go to the Shemonakhsky district for a thorough survey of the activities of the prosecution and investigation bodies.

Прошу Ваших указаний.

Deputy. прокурора Союза ССР А.Вышинский".

В левом верхнем углу этого письма есть надпись: "а) Дело прекратить. б) Обязать Мирзояна вызвать к себе Морщинина и Александрова и разъяснить им недопустимость самосудов. За. И. Сталин" и подписи Молотова, Ворошилова и Кагановича, свидетельствующие об их согласии с предложением Сталина.

Имеется отметка секретаря о согласии других членов Политбюро: "Т. Калинин - за. Т. Куйбышев - за. Т. Орджоникидзе - за. Т. Микоян - за".