Internet

Today's release is completely devoted to the presence of women on the Internet. He is opened by a review by Yuri Pole.

Pole

Life changes stereotypical ideas that women are far from information technology. Among users of the World Wide Web are more and more. Working necessity, access to an important source of knowledge, interesting communication, replenishment of a lack of spiritual and cultural contacts - these are the main motives of women's interest in the Internet.

According to statistics, the distribution of network technologies is accompanied, in particular, by a decrease in the educational qualifications of users and the growth of women's share. A few years ago, it did not exceed 15-20%. And now the authoritative research data GVU (Graphic, Visualization, & usability Center) show that in the USA, where most users live, it exceeded 40%. At the same time, in the age category up to 18 years, as well as among those whose experience on the Internet is no more than a year, men and women are almost equally equal.

By the way, for Russia, according to Comcon and Monitoring.ru, this figure is approximately 38%. Among them are many recognized professionals whose work changes the face of Runet - and of course, for the better. This is Elena Koroteeva from Niiif, webmaster Asya Patrysheva and Anna Mavricheva, editor -in -chief of the Internet Aly Ponomarev magazine, observers Evgeny Zavalishin, Dasha Telegin, Nastik Gryzunova, Irina Ivanova and many others - may those whom I forgot to mention here will forgive me.

Women users of the Internet differ from men in some socio-demographic and psychological characteristics. These features affect geographical and professional indicators, relate to the nature of the information used, interests and preferences when working with the Internet.

Curious studies of this problem were conducted by Olga Armatova, an employee of the Faculty of Psychological Faculty of Moscow State University. According to her, women prefer information on the following topics: humor (64%), culture, literature and art (62%), education (54%), leisure and hobbies (48%), news (48%). At the same time, women are more interested in education information (54 and 41%, respectively), about culture and art (62 and 41%), on travel and tourism (35 and 22%), about family and children (22 and 10%), medicine and diets (36 and 13%), leisure and hobbies (48 and 33%). On the contrary, female users are less than men are interested in information about programs and computing technology (30 and 74%, respectively), about the Internet (38 and 59%), sports (13 and 20%), about goods and prices (27 and 44%), about politics (20 and 35%), as well as “adults” (18 and 41%).

It is known that men play computer games more than women. The American psychologist Mark Griffiths from Plymouth University explains this by the fact that - most computer games were created by men for men; Like many sports, computer games are perceived by most people as a "occupation for men"; Men have an average more developed spatial skills, which is required in a number of computer games; Playing on average women are better than women, men receive reinforcements in the form of higher glasses, while women, not succeeding in the game at the very beginning, lose interest in her.

One of the works of O. Prratovaya is called "gender differences on the Internet." The gender theory arose in the social sciences more than thirty years ago. The concept of “gender”, in contrast to the word “gender”, which refers to the biological and anatomical structure of a person, denotes differences in male and female socio-economic and cultural roles, behavior, emotional characteristics. This area includes, in particular, the following facts.

Women make up 53% of the Russian population, 47% in the total composition of employees - and at the same time, according to the results of the latest elections among government officials, 93% of men and only 7% of women (in this indicator, our country is inferior only to Gvine while, say, 50% of women in power). On average, the salary of Russian women is 56% of the salary of men. Men are engaged in housekeeping 3 hours a day, and women - 8 hours. But the life expectancy of Russian men is on average 12 years less than in women. And one more fact: in 1994, 14 thousand Russian women were killed by their husbands. These statistics reflect the contradictory picture of our life. They indicate that there is a fairly clear division of the areas of activity into "male" and "female", and that women are often violated, but men sometimes become victims of such a social system.

What does the Internet offer "for women" and "about women" in Russian? The best, in my opinion, the domestic Yandex search engine, which registers information about 22 million Web pages in the mid-2000, offers more than 876 thousand unique documents (Web pages) to a request for a key word "women). However, this list is headed by the site of lesbians "Women about women". Among the first few dozen documents, approximately 60% relate to eroticism and sex, several pages are dedicated to discussions about women at the wheel, and the rest refer to serious studies of female problems and documents on women's rights.

In Yandex, some time ago, it became possible to use a “family” filter that cut off the resources of “adults”, abnormal vocabulary, rough jargon and some medical terms. It is curious to note that the "family yandex" when a woman requested "excluded 42% of the information. What will remain after such a wems?

One of the best links leads to the website "Open Women Line" (www.owl.ru). This is a kind of encyclopedia of female research and projects, a wonderful starting point for everyone who wants to get acquainted with the variety of resources on women's problems. Pages of female organizations, information resources of women's associations are placed there. The Bibli-Center section shows the Conventions and Declarations of the UN, documents and laws of the Russian Federation. There you can also find textbooks, conferences and seminars, online trainings. Science is represented by descriptions of unique scientific research performed by scientists of different countries. Monographs and collections, materials of discussions and round tables are published. The Treasure Island section is devoted to the financing of women's projects and programs aimed at improving women's position or gender equality. It contains materials about funds that support such programs. This information includes areas and support priorities, the size and financing criteria. The application for applying is also described, the form of applications and requirements for them are given and, of course, there are the necessary contact details.

A separate section of the site is assigned to the social and educational magazine "Woman Plus ...". This publication is designed to compensate for the lack of serious problem press for women. Needless to say, its main audience, as well as the authors of most articles, are women. The magazine, along with information and statistical materials, publishes analytical articles, prints a lot of educational information .. It is published with a frequency of 3 times a year in Russian and English. The site presents the texts of all materials since 1996.

We also note the database "Women's link". On request: Russia is issued 106 records - a list of organizations indicating their coordinates. The sections on the site yesterday-today, tomorrow and assorted, where the current chronicle, information sheets, statements and appeals of female associations, announcements are presented. However, the catalog of "Internet - women!" - Perhaps the most complete in Runet. It was created by the Women's Innovation Foundation "East-West" with the support of the women's network program of the Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation).

Its theme reflects the almost entire spectrum of “woman - society”, although the topics related to the position of women, their rights, activities and achievements of Russian and foreign female organizations, politics, female and gender research, and the problems of violence are most fully represented. But such seemingly traditionally "female" topics like shops, cooking, marriage agencies, fashion, it is better to look in other reference books.

The catalog has 14 thematic sections: “female movement”, “human rights - human rights”, “female and gender research”, “politics”, “problems of violence”, “media”, “health”, “enlightenment and training”, “social issues”, “female creativity, culture and art”, “economy”, “religion”, “religion”, “grantyers, charity”, “sexuality”. The sections consist of subsections. Each abstract contains: the name of the site, its address on the Internet, a brief annotation, the original language, as well as other necessary information, for example, about the amount of information.

The catalog is addressed to a wide audience: women's organizations and associations, journalists, experts, political figures, researchers, students and teachers. Electronic version address: iv.owl.ru. The printed house of the directory was released in early March of this year with a small circulation of 1000 copies. It was distributed in central libraries, university Internet centers, and women's public organizations in Russia and the CIS, as well as resource centers of non-profit organizations.

Our story will be incomplete without mentioning the women's information network http://www.rc.msu.ru/winet/. TAM for several years with the support of the Eurasia Foundation has been a database. Now the gastard base+ contains information about 2248 participants in the female movement, 1,500 women's organizations and 172 events in the female movement. Lists of organizations can be viewed by names, by areas of interests (almost fifty thematic headings) or regions. The compilers also publish the printed reference book "Women's non -governmental organizations of Russia and the CIS."

As a rule, many magazines (including computer) recall women's problems only in March numbers. Thanks to the bases and catalogs that were discussed today, now to search for the necessary information it is not necessary to wait for the next March.

Radio "Freedom", the program "Seventh continent. The just sounded essay by Yuri Polyaka is commented by Alexander Kostinsky.

Kostinsky

Yuri Pole in his review of the most significant resources of the Russian -speaking Internet on the topic: "Woman and Society" (relationships of the sexes) enjoyed the concept of Gender. I would like to dwell on it in more detail, since for Russian culture the term "gender" is so new that it is not in any of the dictionaries of the Russian language. Despite this, in the coming decades, if not a gender revolution, then a very serious redistribution of social roles in the family.

Initially, I would like to emphasize that such Internet nodes, as the website " Open Women's Line " on thematic fullness have no analogues not only in Runet, but also in the printed literature in Russian. More recently, in higher educational institutions of the country, the course "Gender Research" is introduced for teachers and students, it was the Internet resources that have become the main source of information on the topic.

The distinction between the concepts of "Paul" and "Gender" is fundamental. Paul is related to physical, bodily differences between a woman and a man. “Gender” primarily concerns the psychological, social, cultural characteristics of their behavior, which is more affected by biology, but the prevailing social stereotypes.

This distinction arose under the pressure of numerous studies of recent years, convincingly showing that the behavior of women and men is much more due to social causes than congenital genetic properties.

Such a statement may seem strange if we take into account that immediately when conception, the sex of a born person is determined in the twenty -third pair of chromosomes, also called the chromosome of the floor. Already at the very early stage of development, the embryo appears a biological apparatus, gonads developing either in male testes or in women's ovaries. Until recently, it was concluded from this that genetic characteristics determine whether the child would play dolls or soldiers.

But the study of rare congenital anomalies of physical development, colorfully described by the sociologist Anthony Hiddens, such as testicular feminization syndrome and androgenital syndrome showed the limited biological factors. In the case of a testicular feminization syndrome, a child is born with a normal male chromosomal set, hormonal exchange and seed glands. If it is subjected to the dough that all women participating in the Olympic Games pass, then the test will show - the subject man. But since during the period of embryonic development its genital tissues did not react with male sex hormone testosterone, they formed the female genital organs. Such children are almost always considered girls and educated as girls, since without special tests anomalies in their development are found only in adolescence, when there is a delay with the first menstruation. Androgenital syndrome is the opposite situation. The fruit with a normal female chromosomal set produces an excess amount of androgens until birth, which leads to the formation of external male genital organs. Such newborns are brought up as boys. All these children, despite the radical biological difference from peers, successfully played the social roles that they were assigned to birth. But still, in this case, the genitals of children differed from the norm.

However, an even more striking case was recorded with identical twin-boys, which had exactly the same genetic set. One of the twin brothers received serious damage when cutting the extreme flesh of the genitals, and it was decided to perform an operation to change the floor. Further, this child was brought up as a girl, and his brother is a boy. Observation of the children found that the "girl" liked to play dolls, help her mother and she wanted to get married when she grows up. This is strikingly different from his brother, who played with pistols and cars, and dreamed of becoming a policeman or firefighter.

These results, of course, do not mean that biological factors do not affect the behavior of men and women, but their role turned out to be much less than previously considered. The famous geneticist Richard Levontin captured a new reality: “With whom a person begins to identify himself, with a man or woman, as well as most of his character traits, ideas and desires, depends, first of all, on which half he was assigned to childhood. In the normal development of events, the gender corresponds to the usual biological differences in the chromosomes, Hormones and morphology.

How powerfully the traditional roles are already fixed by modern culture at an early age showed studies of gender roles of actors in popular children's books. Leonora Weitzman considered that the number of men in them is eleven times larger than the number of women, and if we take into account animals with clearly expressed signs of sex, then there are more men ninety -five times. Moreover, men in most cases experience exciting adventures requiring independence and strength, and women cook, repair clothes or simply patiently wait for the return of men.

The influence of the prevailing stereotypes is so great that even special attempts to give children an unusual, that is, neutral education in relation to the floor, come across serious difficulties. In the UK, June Statham conducted a study by 18 families who set themselves the task of giving their children just such education. But their efforts came across an almost complete absence of toys, books, films that would not be divided into groups: for boys and girls. Another serious obstacle was the representations of peers with whom the children played and whom their parents could not replace them.

Do you need to change stereotypes? Maybe the traditional social roles of a man and women harmoniously complement each other, and only the losers who have not entered the overall picture for their change will advocate for their change?

Here we naturally touch on feminist movements, so widely represented on the sites of female organizations and, I think, many will smile indulgently. But here are the facts. The results of the examination of working women in London in the late seventies showed that 30 percent were attempts by rape, and half of them were raped. Moreover, the psychologist Suzan Brownmiller claims that most women live under pain of violence and they are oppressed by the need to be much more careful in everyday life than men. The women who fled from the family to London’s specialized feminist shelters complained not only to rape: "Some were mutilated, traces of heavy beatings, bruises, fractures, stab wounds on the body. Some were hit on the furniture, lowered the stairs, a nail was packed at one leg."

Однако, самой распространённой формой социального неравенства феминисты считают неравномерное распределение семейных обязанностей. По различным оценкам домашний труд даже в развитых западных странах создает от 25 до 40 процентов национального богатства.

Успехи цивилизации в огромной степени освободили женщину от тягот домашней работы, что бы по этому поводу ни говорили сторонники жизни за её счёт в девственных лесах. Ещё сто лет назад, до массового внедрения противозачаточных средств и безопасных абортов женщина всецело находилась во власти биологических особенностей своего пола, чуть ли не ежегодно рожая детей. Всё её свободное время поглощалось уходом за ними. В домашний женский труд революционные изменения принесли горячее и холодное водоснабжение, холодильники, быстрозамороженные полуфабрикаты, одноразовая посуда, пылесосы, стиральные и моющие машины. Компания, производящая стиральные машины, провела исследование стирки рядовой хозяйки сто лет назад. Оказалось, что "день стирки в старые времена по энергетическим затратам был таким же изнурительным, что и заплыв на восемь километров. При этом частота дыхания и движений рук у пловца и прачки были практически полностью одинаковыми. То же самое можно сказать о влажности".

Тяжёлая домашняя работа в развитых странах резко сократилась, но, как показали социологи, среднее время, затрачиваемое женщинами на семейные обязанности осталось тем же самым. Только центр тяжести переместилась на воспитание и развитие детей. Именно здесь теперь пролегает основное неравенство в распределении домашних обязанностей.

Первоначальные успехи феминизма в борьбе за гражданские права существенно не изменили положение женщины в семье. Корень сложившейся сейчас ситуации, в неравномерной распределении нагрузки по воспитанию детей.

Так долго продолжаться не может. Гендерный ролевой репертуар резко расширяется. Вместе с ним меняются и сексуальные стереотипы. Неслучайно, на наш взгляд, в Швеции, пожалуй, самой благополучной стране с правами женщины, самый высокий процент половых связей женщин до брака - 95 процентов. Исчезает двойной стандарт, когда "Мужчинам можно иметь добрачные связи, а женщинам нет".

Но шведский опыт обнажает процессы, обнаруженные ещё 50 лет назад в широкомасштабном исследовании Альфреда Кинси. Оказалось, что уже тогда половина американских мужчин и пятнадцать процентов женщин имела гомосексуальные контакты, хотя полностью гомосексуальную жизнь вели 8% мужчин и около двух процентов женщин. Результаты на тот период были настолько ошеломляющими, что подверглись многочисленным придирчивым проверкам, но неизменно находили подтверждение.

Подчеркнём, гендерные исследования вышли из феминизма, но к нему не сводятся. Поэтому я не соглашусь с создателями сайта www.owl.ru, лозунги которых напрямую адресованы женщинам. Их ресурсы и ресурсы, доступные через их каталоги полезны всем, кто хочет заглянуть в завтра семейных отношений. В завтра, где изменятся не только черты характера и социальные роли женщин и мужчин, но, как бы странно, это не звучало, наш биологический облик.

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