Date
Author
Юлия Кантор; Доктор Исторических Наук; Псков -- Санкт-Петербург
Source
Preserved copy
Translated material
Non -dimensional soldiers
The residential quarter in Pskov is built on the site of mass graves of Soviet prisoners of war
Neat white high -rise buildings with blue roofs, which received the nickname "Blue Berets", are already populated by the military from the Pskov landing division. The long -awaited comfortable apartments of officers and their families, who had gripped in dormitories, barracks and garrison communal services for decades, received as part of a program to improve housing. Soon, two multi -storey houses should be completed along the street with the festive name of the anniversary, some of the apartments will be occupied by the military, civilians who have invested in construction on commercial conditions be engaged in them. It was no coincidence that the place of development was chosen: before the war, there was a military town in this territory. A small obelisk with the inscription destroyed by the inscription: “Here, on the territory of the military town, during the occupation of Pskov from 1941 to 1944, 75 thousand prisoners of war and civilians were destroyed in a concentration camp.” A new, expensive and attractive quarter in the center of modern Pskov is built on bones."Those who prefer to surrender, destroy by all means"
From the very beginning of the war, stubborn battles were underway in the Pskov region, but already in July-August of 1941 it was occupied by the German troops of Army Groups of Center and North. Almost all the time of the occupation, the region continued to remain a zone of military operations - a partisan war unfolded on its territory (hence the partisan detachments were also thrown into the territory of the Germans of the Baltic republics - the region borders on Estonia and Latvia). In the ranks of partisan formations, according to Soviet data, 57 thousand people fought. The command of the Army groups of the Center and the North Wehrmacht resorted to the organization of severe punitive expeditions against partisans and the civilian population who helped them, using even the units removed from the front. From 1941 to 1944, the region was a “transshipment point” for the reform of the Wehrmacht parts, for sending labor to “Ostland” (to the Baltic states) and further to the territory of the Reich for training the Baltic security battalions and Vaffen-SS units and their training in punitive operations.
More than half a million Soviet citizens died in the region, the overwhelming majority are soldiers and officers of the Red Army, who died both during the retreat in 1941 and with the bloody liberation of the region in 1944. A separate and, alas, little -known page - Pskov prisoners of war camps. Catastrophically quickly retreating from the Baltic states, tens of thousands of Soviet troops by the fall of 1941 were captured and ended up in camps in the Pskov region. Later, already in 1942, prisoners from the Novgorod region and from Leningrad were brought to these camps. During the occupation in the Pskov region, several large camps were located for Soviet prisoners of war, where, according to official figures, more than 250 thousand people died. The largest of them in the stationary camp (Stazionarlager)-“Stalag-372”, where at different periods of occupation, from 30 to 60 thousand people were simultaneously contained, existed from the fall of 1941 to December 1943. Mortality in it, as in other prisoners of war camps, reached 70--90%. Since 1944, Stalag-372 was disbanded, and the few surviving prisoners of war survived to other camps that were “evacuated” by German terminology, to the West, where German troops rolled out under the onslaught of the Red Army. Within eight months, the “Durchlager)-“ Dulag-376 ”for the civilian population stolen to work in Germany was located on the site of Starag-372.
“According to the updated data of the Pskov Regional Military Commissariat as of December 1, 2009, 707 burials are registered in the Pskov Region, which are buried 527 thousand 992 people,” says the senior researcher at the Pskov Museum-Reserve, a specialist in the history of the region during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War. The names of no more than a quarter of the dead Soviet soldiers were established. “Soon after the victory,” Safronova continues, “the campaign to enlarge the burials began. The remains of the "small" graves were combined, transferred to new places where the obelisks were erected, memorial cemeteries were made. Since all the work was carried out in a very short time, and we were talking about the reburial of tens of thousands of people, problems with the documentation arose - lists were lost and confused, some of the names were duplicated, some, on the contrary, disappeared. I repeatedly had to see in the archives lists of buried people, where the same surname was repeated several times. And vice versa, I often faced a tragic situation when the surname on a new name on a new one, made after the enlargement of the graves, had no longer appeared. So it was throughout the country - I know this from colleagues from other regions and from employees of the military enlistment offices. Then, in Soviet times, no one was engaged in comparison. And now no one is interested in anyone. So we will calculate losses in the Great Patriotic War for a long time. ”
The situation with the burials of Soviet prisoners of war is even more dramatic. Since, thanks to the position of the Supreme Commander -in -Chief of Joseph Stalin in our country, the prisoners were equated with traitors, in Soviet times it was not generally customary to talk about this category of victims of war. From the order of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander -in -Chief “On cases of cowardice and surrender and measures of restraint of such actions” dated August 16, 1941, the headquarters of the Supreme Council, “surrendered to be considered malicious deserters, whose families are subject to arrest as families and betrayed their homeland; To shoot such deserters on the spot ... to fight surrounded to the surroundings to the last opportunity, to break through to their own. And those who prefer to surrender, destroy by all means, and the families of the surrender of the Red Army soldiers to deprive state benefits and help. ” Merclaring the memory of “traitors”, all the more, to find out the names of the dead, was politically unacceptable and dangerous - the families of those killed in captivity were automatically recognized as unreliable. The names of the survivors, however, were closely interested in the Stalinist state security authorities. This interest was worth many who miraculously avoided death in German captivity, sending to our camps, and at best, an indelible mark in a personal file, which prohibited the prisoners of war to recognize the participants of the Great Patriotic War. Search and research work on establishing the names of the dead in captivity, including in the archives, was not conducted. With international organizations, including the Red Cross, in the conditions of the Cold War, contacts were impossible.
However, even after the death of Stalin, the situation did not radically change: they still tried not to talk about prisoners and not to call true numbers. And no wonder: more than 2.5 million people fell into fascist captivity only in the first half of the war. The situation has changed only with the collapse of the Soviet system. On January 24, 1995, the Decree signed by Boris Yeltsin “On the restoration of the legitimate rights of Russian citizens - former Soviet prisoners of war and civilians repatriated during the Great Patriotic War and in the post -war period” entered into force. From now on, it was not only allowed to remember and grieve about them, the state was to take care of them and restore their rights. At least posthumous.
Dead map
In 1995, a modest, as expected, temporary obelisk and on the territory of Starag-372 appeared. From a review prepared by the Pskov archaeological center to discuss the project of security zones of the historical center of the city “Mass burials of the twentieth century in Pskov”: “The vast majority of burials are associated with the destruction of Soviet prisoners of war and civilian population during the German occupation of the city of Pskov in 1941-1944. According to various sources, at that time, more than 290 thousand people were killed in Pskov. (Today, about 200 thousand people live in Pskov.- Yu.K. ) First of all, this happened on the territory of concentration camps: in the former military town on the Bending, “Stalag-372”, later “Dulag-376” (Bending-the opposite to the Kremlin side of the city of the Great River, on which Pskov stands.- Yu. K. ); in a concentration camp in the crosses (Pskov district.- Yu.K .), on the territory of former machine-tractor workshops; in a concentration camp in the sands (Pskov district. - Yu.K. ); on the territory of several hospitals and lasaretes for prisoners of war on Benechy; In the quarters between the street. Gorky and the coast of the river. Great; in a concentration camp on the territory of the former pig farm “Dictature”; in the district of the village of Andodkhnovo, etc. ". Historians and archaeologists of the Pskov region explain: a significant part of the mass burials of the period of the Great Patriotic War in the 40-60s was put in order, marked with memorable signs. But work on the exhumation and reburial of the remains was carried out fragmented. “This is explained not only by the difficulties of the post -war restoration of the national economy, but also by human indifference. For example, on the territory of the hospital for prisoners of war on the territory of the regional hospital in the Bending, there were mass burials of prisoners of war and the civilian population. In the State Archive of the Pskov Region, it was not possible to find accurate information about the complete exhumation and reburial of the remains in the post -war period. The memorable sign is established at a significant distance from the main places of burials. This leads to the fact that already twice during excavation work in the regional hospital, the remains associated with a lasaret for prisoners of war were discovered, ”says archaeologist Alexei Starkov. When the surgical corps of the hospital was built, they simply acted with the remains - they were “re -made”, that is, they mixed, grinded with the ground and buried. ” And they preferred to forget. Now the service staff of the hospital detects when repairing sewer pipes and other engineering infrastructure of the fingertips, fragments of skulls. Recently, when installing a flowerbed in a hospital park, their teeth were found ...
The scandal during the construction of a new house on Jubilee Street first erupted back in 2006, when the exquisitive bucket scooped up several skulls and other skeletons fragments-these were the remains of the Starala-372 prisoners of war. The bones twisted by the technique were quietly taken out with the ground to the landfill on the outskirts of the city. And calmly continued construction. And a few weeks later, local children played football with skulls ... The situation became public only thanks to journalists. The Pskov province newspaper - the publication, the quality and courage of the analytical materials of which can be envied and other metropolitan media - published the article "Do not put crosses on the Pskov graves." (The Pskov province is still, despite the direct and indirect threats of people interested in the construction of different levels of “high -ranking”, continues to conduct this topic.) The prosecutor’s office took up the incident with skulls, and it became impossible not to pay attention to what was happening. But, as it turned out, to stop the construction, too: those who invested considerable money into the future housing, citizens are looking forward to the completion of the construction of two new houses and settlements in them. (Two new houses were supposed to be rented already in 2008-2009, but the crisis prevented). As a result, 243 people were reburied then. How much more is in the ground is unknown. Although the area of the camp and its borders are known-a map of the “Starala-372” territory, including the location of barracks, other buildings and places of the largest burials, has been preserved in the State Archive of the Pskov Region. It is published. Excavations are conducted by the detachment supervised by the developer, consisting of amateur search engines and handymen. They lead, as experts state, without preliminary clearing, graphic fixation, often without disassembling the remains of individuals and others necessary during such work, methods. (In existing practice, in such cases, exhumation work is carried out at the expense of the builder.) The results of this activity are not advertised. Professional archaeologists and historians here, to put it mildly, do not complain. Funds for the necessary work using special equipment and equipment, finally, with the involvement of practitioners who own the methodology of excavations of burials of the twentieth century, is not allocated.
“In the materials of the State Archive of the Pskov Region there is information that allows localizing the places of mass burials of prisoners of war and civilians and introduce it to the documents of urban planning, as well as to provide certain regulations during earthwork in areas where human remains can be detected with a high probability. These are materials from the regional emergency commission for the establishment and investigation of the atrocities of the German-fascist invaders and their accomplices and their damage to citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions. Basically, the materials are presented by originals and copies of eyewitnesses, protocols of interrogations of witnesses, acts of exhumation and acts drawn up based on the survey of the burial places in 1944-1945. We analyzed this information, and on its base we made a map of mass burials in Pskov, ”says Elena Yakovleva, head of the Pskov Archaeological Center. Yakovleva, who, as a specialist in the highest qualification, knows perfectly well the archaeological and museum community of St. Petersburg and Moscow, is convinced: it is necessary to immediately make adjustments to the general plan of the city’s development, clearly identifying security zones in it. A package of proposals for the creation of security zones, including the territories of mass burials and methods of their use in accordance with the law (relatively soft and allowing, for example, to make recreational zones at the burial site that would just be decorated with the Pskov new areas, where there is not enough greenery), the Pskov archaeological center transferred more than a year ago to the regional administration. The fate of these documents is unknown. But it is known that in the near future it is planned to build two more large microdistricts - in the territory where, according to archival data, burials of prisoners of war and civilians are located. “Do not think that even existing monuments are tombstones over mass graves, and the territories of well -known mass burials have been fully studied. Nobody was doing this all the post -war time. Often, the monuments are located at the site of reburial only part of the exhumed remains or the largest burials, in some cases, the commemorative signs act as “signs”, and often located quite far from the true place of the burial. And in the places of these, houses, shopping centers, cinemas, hospitals or highways have been laid for a long time. Now the city is intensively built, growing, and more and more often the exquisitive bucket stumbles upon the bones of the nameless soldiers, ”says Alexey Starkov, the leader of the group who worked on the compilation of the“ dead map ”of the region. This map is transferred to the regional administration.
With the quarter on Jubilee Street, the situation is now as follows: exhumation works are gradually but steadily curtailing, and the construction of houses continues quickly and successfully (despite the fact that recently when laying an electric cable, a trench leaving under the house with bone remains has been discovered), the regional establishment is seriously discussing the transfer of a memorable obelisk from the territory of the new quarter to five hundred and more than a depth of meters. Considerations in favor of the transfer are put forward by three types. Pragmatic: the obelisk falls into the spot of buildings of another house - work intends to start next year, and will also interfere with the improvement of the yard. Economic: apartments in a new house will fall in price, find out their potential buyers where they have to settle. And, finally, emotional: it will be unpleasant for people to live with a view of a sign with a reminder of a concentration camp ...
"The main thing is to finish the house"
The leadership of the region is not very like to discuss the “grave and construction” topic, ”local journalists, museum workers, and representatives of the Pskov branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of History and Culture Monuments (VOOPIK) tell about this. The author of this article was able to verify this, which, after the official request of “News Time” in advance in advance, addressed the deputy governor - the head of the apparatus of the Pskov region of the Pskov region, Maxim Zhavoronkov was in a sluggish dialogue with the Office for Information Policy and Public Relations of the Pskov Regional Administration. Having received a list of questions to Mr. Zhavoronkov, they took a long pause in Pskov, after which the VS observer almost on the eve of the arrival reported that a personal meeting with the Deputy Governor could not take place due to his intense schedule (the proposal was not supported by his colleagues and subordinates, which is in charge of this problem). Когда автор была уже в Пскове, управление по информационной политике от имени господина Жаворонкова прислало по электронной почте ответы на вопросы. Живого диалога с кем-либо из ответственных лиц таким образом, увы, не получилось.
На вопрос о ситуации с воинскими захоронениями и динамикой их численности ответ таков: «По данным государственного учета, представленным военным комиссариатом области, городскими округами и муниципальными районами, по состоянию на 1.01.2010 на территории Псковской области зарегистрировано 615 воинских захоронений (вместе с выявленными). В их числе: военные мемориальные кладбища, воинские кладбища, отдельные участки на общих кладбищах, братские и индивидуальные могилы на общих кладбищах и вне кладбищ. В этих захоронениях покоится прах более 520 тыс. советских граждан. Учет воинских захоронений ведется местными органами власти области в соответствии с Законом Российской Федерации от 14.02.1993 №4292-1 «Об увековечении памяти погибших при защите Отечества». Захоронение, а также перезахоронение останков погибших воинов, обнаруженных в ходе поисковой работы, организуют и проводят органы местного самоуправления на существующих воинских захоронениях, находящихся в городских округах и муниципальных районах области, поэтому увеличения численности воинских захоронений нет».
Любопытная деталь: по информации псковской администрации, ссылающейся на военкоматы, на 1 января 2010 года, как следует из ответа г-на Жаворонкова, в регионе зарегистрировано 615 воинских захоронений. По цитировавшимся в начале этой статьи данным из тех же военкоматов, приведенным Мариной Сафроновой, таких захоронений на 1 января 2009 года насчитывалось 707. Куда за год исчезла почти сотня захоронений?
С кварталом на Юбилейной улице в видении областного руководства тоже все выглядит вполне оптимистично. Из ответа Максима Жаворонкова на вопрос о состоянии строительства на Юбилейной следует: «В ходе проведения строительных работ на ул. Юбилейной в г. Пскове было обнаружено захоронение советских военнопленных лагеря «Шталаг-372» (с 1943 года -- «Дулаг-376»). После этого поисковиками псковской региональной военно-патриотической поисковой общественной организацией «След Пантеры» и сводного студенческого отряда вузов и ссузов (средних специальных учебных заведений. -- Ю.К. ) г. Пскова были проведены работы по эксгумации обнаруженных останков. Всего были подняты останки 243 (в 2007 году) и 295 (2010 году) человек, установлены имена двух человек, найдены родственники одного погибшего. 30 сентября 2010 года по решению администрации г. Пскова они были перезахоронены на братском кладбище (ул. Железнодорожная «Пески» г. Псков)».
О том, как будет решаться посмертная судьба тысяч остальных погибших, будут ли проводиться профессиональные эксгумационные работы на еще не застроенной части бывшей территории лагеря, в ответе ни слова. Как и о дальнейшей судьбе пока еще стоящей там памятной стелы. Владимир Хохлов, председатель государственного комитета Псковской области по делам строительства, ЖКХ, государственного строительного и жилищного надзора, в блоге на сайте губернатора области на этот счет еще летом отписался предельно внятно: «Насчет концлагерей -- мир не совершенен, но сейчас главное -- достроить дом, чтобы люди, вложившие деньги, получили квартиры!»
Ежегодно в городах и районах области, сообщает Жаворонков, «проводятся работы по ремонту и благоустройству воинских захоронений, памятников, обелисков, мемориальных сооружений. В большинстве районов, как и прежде, осуществляется шефство по содержанию воинских захоронений, памятников, обелисков, мемориальных сооружений воинскими частями, общеобразовательными учреждениями области, общественными организациями, предприятиями и гражданами области». Основная часть памятников, стел, обелисков установленных на воинских захоронениях, построена в 50--60-е годы прошлого столетия. Многие из них находятся в аварийном или неудовлетворительном состоянии. Выполненные из гипса, цемента, бетона, за полвека они обветшали. «Внешний вид не соответствует значимости подвига павших защитников нашего Отечества», -- с этим трудно не согласиться. «Внешний вид» вообще предмет большой заботы областных властей.
В феврале 2010 года в канун 65-летия Победы в Великой Отечественной войне губернатор области Андрей Турчак принял решение о выделении денежных средств из областного бюджета на первоочередные работы по ремонту воинских захоронений в общей сумме более 16 млн руб. Это решение главы региона, по словам Жаворонкова, позволило отремонтировать и восстановить часть воинских захоронений в городских округах и муниципальных районах области до дня Победы, но это не решило коренным образом проблему с содержанием воинских захоронений. Поэтому разработана областная долгосрочная целевая программа «Комплексные меры по содержанию и благоустройству воинских захоронений на территории Псковской области на 2011--2013 годы». Цель программы -- приведение к 2013 году «в надлежащее состояние воинских захоронений, памятников и памятных знаков, увековечивающих память погибших при защите Отечества на территории области в соответствие с требованиями современного общества, достойное увековечивание памяти погибших при защите Отечества». Заметьте: речь опять же идет только об уже существующих объектах. Финансироваться программа будет из средств областного бюджета, объем вложений -- 66 млн 308 тыс. руб. Выделена ли какая-то часть из этой внушительной суммы на профессиональные эксгумационно-археологические работы и научные исследования по выявлению массовых захоронений времен Великой Отечественной, -- вопрос риторический.
«В Псковской области действует областная программа по патриотическому воспитанию, в двенадцати муниципальных районах и г. Пскове были приняты муниципальные целевые программы по патриотическому и духовно-нравственному воспитанию граждан, в остальных муниципальных районах соответствующие разделы были включены в другие муниципальные целевые программы. В данные программы включены мероприятия, связанные с воинскими захоронениями: создание в общеобразовательных учреждениях отрядов, которые занимаются благоустройством воинских захоронений, проведение торжественно-траурных мероприятий на воинских захоронениях в День Победы, в День памяти и скорби, в дни освобождения городов (деревень) от немецко-фашистских захватчиков, с участием детей и молодежи, ежегодное проведение областного патриотического похода команд «Снежного десанта», которые составляют свой маршрут с обязательным посещением воинских захоронений. Одно из направлений работы по программам -- создание студенческих отрядов по ремонту воинских захоронений, в 2010 году такими отрядами было отремонтировано два воинских захоронения», -- нарисованная заместителем губернатора Жаворонковым картина полна радужных красок. Но как быть с «мертвой картой» -- с огромными, бурно застраивающимися территориями, где нет памятников, не проводилось «превентивных» эксгумаций, несмотря на имевшуюся информацию о возможных массовых захоронениях, и где лежат десятки тысяч тех, чьи имена неизвестны и чей подвиг бессмертен?
В Псковский объединенный музей-заповедник, в залы, посвященные Великой Отечественной войне, практически ежедневно приходят школьники. «Мы часто слышим от старшеклассников, что их «гоняют» на работы по благоустройству мемориалов, «заставляют» ухаживать за могилами, а черепа и кости вывозят на свалку. И что за деньги можно все -- одни могилы покрасить, а другие зарыть и дома построить. Дети чувствуют лицемерие, они его видят вокруг. Как при таких двойных стандартах можно говорить об уважении к прошлому, о патриотизме?!» -- говорит Марина Сафронова. За громкими словами и образцово-показательными делами, свершаемыми к торжественным дням, скрывается чудовищная зона молчания: так буднично уничтожается память. Тысячам наших солдат, замученных в фашистских лагерях, при жизни и после гибели преданных сталинским руководством, снова не выйти из плена.
And one more. Граничащая с Эстонией Псковская область, как и вся страна, в свое время кипела от негодования по поводу переноса Бронзового солдата и захороненных под ним останков советских воинов из исторического центра Таллина на Воинское кладбище. Абстрагируясь от неприглядной политической подоплеки этого переноса, заметим: останки были эксгумированы с соблюдением всех современных правил, имена погребенных установлены. И сам памятник Советскому солдату, и братская могила на Воинском кладбище Таллина ныне находятся в отличном состоянии. Между тем квартал на костях военнопленных «Шталага-372» на Юбилейной улице Пскова разрастается.
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- // 16.12.2010
