Translated material
"Badly apartment"
The house that was the center of attraction
"Badly apartment." The house of Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner since the 70s was a place of attraction for many famous and unknown people. Hodoks flowed down to the disgraced academician and great human rights activist from all over the USSR, looking for him to protect against the injustice of the authorities. Here, dissidents organized press conferences. After the return of Sakharov and Bonner from the Gorky exile, their apartment became a place of pilgrimage for Western politicians and scientists. The memories of her and her inhabitants were collected by The New Times
Apartment No. 68 in the house on Chkalov Street-now Earth Val, house 48 b-at the end of 1954-early 1955, after rehabilitation, the future mother-in-law Dmitrievich Sakharov, the mother of Elena Georgievna Bonner Rufi Grigoryevna received. Her husband, the head of the personnel department of the Comintern, was arrested in May 1937 and died in the Gulag. She herself, as the wife of the enemy of the people, was sentenced to 8 years in camps. After rehabilitation, this apartment was temporarily like a hotel for her former salagers who came to Moscow to break through rehabilitation. Her daughter Elena Bonner had her own company: poets, writers, artists. After the performances for the famous borsch, which was prepared by Ruth Grigoryevna, the artists of the Taganka Theater came. Alexander Galich and Bulat Okudzhava sang their songs.
Khodoki Andrei Sakharov settled in this house in September 1971. Gradually, new people began to appear: scientists, more Western than Soviet, human rights activists, foreign correspondents and hundreds of petitioners. Most of them are those who wanted to emigrate and have encountered various obstacles. The second category is people who suffered due to conflicts with the authorities, illegally dismissed. Relatives of convicts and under investigation also came. They transmitted letters. When today you read the lines from Sakharov’s “Memoirs”, it seems that this is written about our time: “This is a terrible, depressing reading of judicial errors caused by the low legal and moral level of work of judicial institutions, the bias of the court and investigation, especially in relation to re -judges, about the arbitrariness and torture of the consequence, about the dependence of the judicial bodies From the local party bodies, about complete hopelessness, to achieve a revision of the sentence, about the uselessness of appeals to the prosecutor’s office and cassation authorities, which are finished with endless formal subscriptions. ”
“Sakharov could listen to those who came to him for a long time. He helped many, ”recalls the mathematician Alexander Lavat. - I remember the story of one elderly woman from the expelled Crimean Tatars, who tried to buy and registered the house in Crimea, and then the police evicted her from this house. Sakharov told me that he wrote a letter to the Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, and this woman seemed to be left alone. ”
The door to the apartment did not close, recalls Lavat: “When the hosts were asked - why? “They replied that if some bad people want to come, they will always find a way to get into the apartment, and for friends it was always open.”
A press conference in the apartment on Chkalov Street after the award of Andrei Sakharov Nobel Prize of the World. October 1975, unexpected guests in October 1973 are bad people and appeared in the Sakharov apartment. Then the war of the "Judgment Day" began in the Middle East
* * The fourth Arab-Israeli war, a military conflict between Israel, on the one hand, and Egypt and Syria-on the other, was started on October 6, 1973 by Arab countries, ended in 18 days. , and Sakharov made a statement where he called for a peaceful decision and condemned the Soviet position that supports the Arabs in this conflict.
On October 18, two Palestinians came to the apartment, which introduced themselves as members of the Black September organization
* Palestinian terrorist organization. . They demanded that the academician disavow his statement. "What can you do with us - kill?" - asked unexpected guests Elena Bonner. - “Yes, kill. But we can not only kill, but also do something worse. You have children, grandson, ”one of them answered. In the midst of this intense conversation, they called the apartment. One of his friends came. The Palestinians were nervous, but before leaving, they cut the wire at the telephone and gloomily declared: “Black September” acts without warning. For you we have made an exception. But there will be no second warning. ”
“It is clear that these people were sent to the appropriate structures to scare the Sakhars,” says physicist Boris Altshuller. - Everything that happened to Andrei Dmitrievich and his family at that time could not be spontaneous. It is known that in the fifth, ideological administration of the KGB of the USSR there was a special Sakharovsky department. ”
Bugs for smokers Mathematician Yuri Shikhanovich say that in the apartment on Chkalov Street there was a very simple and democratic situation. “Freedom of speech and thoughts. True, of course, we took into account that the walls hear our conversations, ”he recalls. By the way, Alexander Ginzburg
* The famous dissident was sentenced in 1967 to 5 years of camps for compiling the White Book in the case of Sinyavsky and Daniel. In July 1978, he was sentenced to 8 years for anti-Soviet propaganda, in 1979 he was exchanged along with four political prisoners for two Soviet spies working in the United States. Once I found several "bugs" in the apartment. He found them on the stairwell, where the guests went out to smoke and be sipped. He had to limit the conversations there.
All foreign correspondents who worked in the 70-80s in Moscow came to Sakharov at a press conference. Up to 30 people were stuffed into the room. The first of them took place on August 21, 1973 as a response to the warning of the USSR Deputy Prosecutor Mikhail Malyarov, that if the academician continues to communicate with foreigners, he can be attracted for violation of the state of state. Lavut recalls the press conference on October 30, 1974, when the day was announced. Sergei Kovalev led her. On December 27 of the same year, Kovalev was arrested. The house of Sakharov again arranged a press conference. Tatyana Velikanova led her. Elena Bonnar then joked gloomily: “A bad sign. Kovalev held a press conference, and he was imprisoned. ” Tatyana Velikanova was arrested five years later. “Usually Sakharov himself called and invited,” recalls Nikolai Miletich, director of the Moscow Office of France Press, who was in 1978-1981 a correspondent. - I was always amazed at how he modestly behaved. He always gave the floor to others, and he told us: “I know you, journalists. You are ready to ask only me, and I want to learn about other, less famous people in the West. ” I often went to Sakharov, because they always had someone at home and there you could leave letters or literature without fear that they would be taken away. And although people in civilian clothes were on duty at the house, they got used to foreign correspondents and we didn’t check the documents. ” However, the KGB officers nevertheless conducted unwell searches when the owners were leaving the house. It is said that this disappeared part of the manuscript of Sakharov’s “memoirs”, wrapped in an old woolen sweater, and Andrei Dmitrievich later lamented that he would no longer have such a cozy sweater.
In the absence of the owners , “Sakharovs lived a very active and tense life,” recalls Leonid Litinsky, deputy chairman of the Foundation Andrei Sakharov. - Gradually, the children of Elena Georgievna - Tanya Yankelevich with her husband and Alesha Semenova - created such unbearable conditions that they were forced to leave. The bride of Alyosha Lisa Alekseeva could not leave him. And on January 22, 1980, Andrei Sakharov was stopped on the Krasnokholm bridge and was taken to the USSR prosecutor's office. There they read out a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the deprivation of its state awards and expulsion from Moscow. Sakharov called home and informed his wife about it. Immediately, the phone was turned off, and he did not work until January 1987. Elena Bonner left with her husband. And in the apartment there was Rufus Grigoryevna with Lisa. Then, when Ruth Grigoryevna left, Lisa lived there for some time. ”
In the entrance on the stairwell between the seventh and eighth floors, a police post was installed. We checked the documents from the guests of the Sakharovsky house. However, public life did not stop there in the absence of the owners. And when Elena Bonner came from Gorky, friends came to see her, although people still became smaller. Lisa Alekseeva left for the United States on December 19, 1981. In order for this departure to become possible, Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner were starving for 17 days in Gorky. This desperate step was widely covered in the West, and the authorities trembled.
In December 1986, after a seven -year link, Sakharov returned to Moscow, and foreign ambassadors, American senators and congressmen were frequent to the apartment on Chkalov Street. US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger then told what delicious cheesecakes the wife of Andrei Sakharov bakes. And when the 1989 election campaign began in the Supreme Council, another story began in the house ...
“I know that Elena Georgievna Bonnare has a dream,” continues Leonid Litinsky. - She would like to create in this apartment something like a museum of public thought. This apartment, before the arrival of Sakharov, had already had a great story associated with the process of rehabilitation of victims of political repressions of the 30s and50s. With the advent of Sakharov, the apartment actually became the center of the dissident movement in the USSR. She is unique in her own ... "
Andrey Sakharov and Elena Bonner with her son Alexei Semenov. January 13, 1972
04/16/1976
Note No. 876 a chairman of the KGB at the Council of Ministers of the USSR Yu.V. Andropova in the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the trials of Tverdokhlebov A.N. and Dzhemilev M. and the hooligan actions of Sakharov and his wife Bonner "
Copy
Secret
Ex. No. x
On April 14–15, 1976, trials in Moscow were held over Tverdokhlebov A.N. And in the mountains. Omsk over Dzhemilev M., brought to criminal liability for the spread of deliberately false fabrications defaming the Soviet state and social system. <...>
Antisocial elements made attempts to influence the course of trials. Having gathered a group of about 34–40 people near the building of the Moscow State Court, they tried to call their shouts in support of Tverdokhlebov’s violations of public order. Arriving in Omsk Sakharov and his wife Bonner allowed hooligan actions against police officers and public representatives. In response to the refusal of the police officers on duty, let them go to the courtroom due to the lack of free seats of sugars and Bonnar was taught by a brawl. Crowing out “Here you are, puppies, from Sakharov” and accompanying these words with other insults, Sakharov hit the face of two police officers. Bonnare also hit two police officers on the face. Bonnare also hit the commandant of the court of the court, trying to restore order.
Being delivered to the police department, Sakharov tried to justify his hooligan actions by the fact that the workers allegedly twisted his hands. However, he categorically abandoned the proposal to undergo a medical examination to confirm this. Bonner said she performed her actions deliberately.
The actions of Sakharov and Bonner are documented. They contain the composition of the crime under Part II Art. 191.1 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (providing resistance to a police officer or a national warrior in the performance of these persons assigned to them to protect public order, associated with violence).
It was decided to limit himself to Sakharov and Bonner by an official warning, without at present the question of bringing them to criminal liability. It means to use the fact of Sakharov and Bonner of a criminal offense in measures to expose their antisocial activity.
Reported in the order of information.
Chairman of the State Security Committee
Andropov
Archive of the FSB of the Russian Federation. 2 l. Copy.
08/26/1980
Information note No. 1805 A chairman of the KGB of the USSR Yu.V. Andropova in the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the newly discovered circumstances of criminal activity Academician Sakharov A.D. and his wife Bonnare E.G. »
Copy
Secret
Ex. No. 2
<...>
The State Security Committee in the course of observations of Sakharov is convinced, especially recently, that his mental state acquires a clearly pronounced tendency to deterioration. <...>
Every year, Sakharov’s behavior is increasingly difficult to objective logical assessment. On the one hand, he is overwhelmed by the mania of greatness, which increases in proportion to the efforts of the Western intelligence services to advertise him as a “worldwide fighter for civil rights”, on the other hand, he hates the intention to draw up a will to burrow his ashes to Oslo. Metamorphoses in Sakharov’s behavior do not exclude, in our opinion, in the future of new non -predictions of hostile manifestations on his part, which is taken into account by the State Security Committee on Work on Him. The fact that Sakharov has also been taking into account for many years under the psychological process of his wife and constantly performs illegal actions, which cause moral damage to the Soviet state.
Currently, at the initiative of Bonner and with the consent of Sakharov, hostile circles in the West are preparing to deploy a wide provocative campaign for awarding him Nobel Physics. Her other undertaking is to encourage her husband to write and publish in the West scientific papers and all kinds of anti -Soviet “appeals”, “statements”, “protests”, which, according to Bonner, will improve the material security of her children in the United States, and will also create personally favorable conditions for living in the future abroad.
It was established that the actions of the Bonner, which fuel the anti -Sovietism of the husband, are based not only on its hostile attitude to the Soviet regime, but also correspond to the recommendations of the US special services and foreign anti -Soviet centers. Such a fact speaks of her connection with him. In 1979, the Americans, taking advantage of the stay of Bonner to treat in Italy, took it to the United States under a strange surname, without paperwork in the prescribed manner. There she established contacts with anti -Soviets and met with persons suspected of relations with the CIA. From this trip, Bonner brought and imposed Sakharov, in particular, the idea of uniting the antisocialist elements of the USSR, the PNR and Czechoslovakia. And only his eviction from Moscow allowed to stop this subversive action.
The topic of eviction continues to be used by Western propaganda in order to injure the situation around Sakharov both in the country and abroad. Sakharov states that since the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR presented to him was facsimile signatures, he does not consider the decree legal and requires its cancellation. Such insinuations are willingly picked up by like -minded Sakharov from among Soviet citizens, as well as hostile circles in the West. This, for example, is evidenced by the letter of his closest friends of Kopelev, Chukovskaya, Vladimov and others, sent by them in May S.G. to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The antisocial activity of the persons who signed this letter is controlled by state security authorities.
Further measures against Sakharov and Bonner are determined by the State Security Committee taking into account the above circumstances of their criminal activity.
Reported in the order of information.
Chairman of the State Security Committee
Andropov
Archive of the FSB of the Russian Federation. L. 247-250. Copy.
09/12/1982
Note No. 1866-F of the Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.V. Fedorchuk in the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the manufacture of Sakharov A.D. and Bonner E.G. provocative materials. On the will and the agreement drawn up by Sakharov in the name of the wife "
Copy
Secret
Ex. No. 2
According to the data received by the State Security Committee, Sakharov and his wife Bonner are trying to activate their antisocial activities. At the same time, Bonnare, acting as an instigator, inspires Sakharov with the idea that the West has forgotten them and it is necessary to take new provocative shares. Sakharov, being completely under the influence of his wife, made, and Bonner handed over the so -called Americans The “appeal” to the Paguosh conference, about which the KGB of the USSR reported to the Central Committee of the CPSU (No. 1789-F of August 31, 1982).
September 5–7 S.G. Bonner, together with his closest like -minded people, Lert RB, Pechuro E.E., Kizelov F.F. made the so -called “Appeal” to the world community with an appeal to act as a member of the Helsinki Group Ka [l] Listratova S.V., brought to criminal liability under Art. 190 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (the distribution of knowingly false fabrications defaming the Soviet state and social system). At the same time, Bonner and Ka [l] Listratov prepared a statement on the dissolution of the Helsinki Group, containing slanderous allegations that this act was allegedly undertaken by “the incessant persecution of group members in the Soviet Union”.
On September 8, Bonner handed the indicated provocative nature to foreign correspondents with a request to betray them wide public.
Along with this, Bonnar forced Sakharov to prepare and assure the testament and power of attorney in the notary office of Gorky (the texts are attached).
Как видно из содержания завещания, Боннэр становится единоличным распорядителем авторских прав и денежных вкладов, находящихся в заграничных банках, а в случае смерти последней все права переходят ее дочери Янкелевич Т.И., проживающей в настоящее время в США.
<...>
Обращает на себя внимание то обстоятельство, что Боннэр в соответствии с доверенностью получает право распоряжаться не только всем имуществом, принадлежащем Сахарову, но и вести от имени мужа «дела во всех государственных учреждениях, кооперативных и общественных организациях, гражданские и уголовные дела во всех судебных учреждениях».
По имеющимся в КГБ СССР сведениям, Боннэр, заручившись указанными документами, в ближайшее время обратится в МВД СССР с заявлением о поездке в Италию для лечения глазного заболевания.
Контроль за поведением Сахарова и Боннэр продолжается.
Сообщается в порядке информации.
Chairman of the Committee
В. ФедорчукРГАНИ. Ф. 5. Оп. 88. Д. 1083.
Л. 167–169. Copy.