Translated material
Half a century on the air. 1960
Ivan Tolstoy: Every year of world history - from the death of Stalin to the present day - with the lips of Radio Liberty. On our calendar today is the year of 1960, the year is relatively peaceful, whose beginning - the visit of Nikita Khrushchev to America - sounded quite conciliatory. Despite just journalistic criticism.
Speaker:
Says Victor Frank, special correspondent of the Freedom radio station in the USA. What will be the political results of Khrushchev’s stay in the United States is still impossible to say now. But in one day of his stay in New York, Khrushchev made enemies among one, very influential, group of the population of New York-taxi drivers. The movement in New York, despite the latitude of the streets and the wonderful discipline of drivers, the thing itself is difficult due to a stunning number of cars. But yesterday and today the movement was generally suspended several times, because the police arranged a green street for cavalcada cars accompanying Khrushchev in his movements around the city. I had to see one of these cavalcades. Under the howl of police sirens dozens of black closed limousines quickly rushed along a suddenly empty street. On the sides, from behind, in front of the cars, convoy motorcyclists rushed between them. The close cooperation of the FBI and the KGB is a very impressive thing. The driver of my taxi, a young black man, followed a demonstration of this cooperation with his mouth open, then shook his head mournfully and said:
- Mr. Krushcheff, Mr. Krushcheff! What are you doing with our movement!
Yesterday, on Wednesday, Khrushchev met with representatives of the authorities, in the Constitution of the not mentioned, but, nevertheless, of great importance in the life of the country. With the seal. The power, or, say, the influence of the press - this concept includes, of course, both radio and television - in America, the matter is very real. Both the president and members of the congress with this fourth are considered power. At breakfast, arranged in his honor in the National Press Club in Washington, Khrushchev spoke, as it were, in the capital of a powerful and realized power in his power. It was an unknown territory for him, through which he had to move to the touch. And several times he lost the way, overlooked his landmark.
It all started safely. His speech, which continued with a translation for about an hour, was very smooth. He did not say anything new in her, and he could not say, since difficult negotiations or conversations with President Eisenhower had just begun. But after the speech, a press conference began as such. True, questions were asked only in writing. Probably, the chairman of the National Press Club took too sharp and unceremonious issues. Nevertheless, two or three times during the press conference there were moments of complete mutual misunderstanding. Khrushchev could not understand that the seal was not interested in the official protocol. Say, in a delicate manage of questions unpleasant for your guest. He could not understand what, say, “truth” or “Izvestia”, the seal in America is not subordinated to the executive authority, is not interested in following the government instructions. He could not understand that the seal in non -communist countries was really the fourth power, that she has its own functions that do not coincide with the functions of three other authorities. Therefore, he was sincerely outraged when he was asked a question about Hungary. This is how he answered this question.
Nikita Khrushchev: You see, the question of Hungary has some of the teeth, like a dead rat. And he is unpleasant, and cannot spit out. If you want to send a conversation in this direction, I can throw you more than one dead cat, you still, you know, are fresher than you want to raise a question about Hungary.
Announcer: A person familiar with the press mechanism in such a country as America would not react as painfully as Khrushchev reacted. He would understand that the correspondent who asked this unpleasant question for the guest did this not as his personal enemy and not as a government agent, but as a bona fide journalist. When an employee of "Pravda" asks a question at a press conference in Moscow, he does this with the aim of contributing to his government. When an employee of some American newspaper asks a question in Washington, he does it with a completely different purpose - in order to satisfy the curiosity of his readers. American society is not monolithic and does not claim to be monolithic. Perhaps, during his two -week stay in the United States, Khrushchev will understand this. It will understand that the power of a free society does not lie in the forcibly imposed on unity, but in the spontaneous interaction of the forces of individuals.
Ivan Tolstoy: The 60th year can, with famous reservations, call ordinary people a peaceful year. Yes, blood poured in Algeria, and atrocities were going on in the Congo. But still, some big crises have already passed, others have not yet come. Here is an example of a relatively calm news report.
Announcer: We transfer the last news. In the resolutions adopted by the conference of independent countries of Africa in Leopoldville, it is indicated that African countries will send their troops to the Congo only within the framework of the UN decisions.
The Jenmin Zhibao Peking newspaper placed an editorial article in which they write that the Chinese people should be ready to build communism without external help.
The government of the South African Union canceled the emergency introduced in the country five months ago.
Announcer: The Jenmin Zhibao Peking newspaper placed an editorial article in which they write that the Chinese people should be ready to go to communism without external assistance. The newspaper recalls that the Chinese communists came to power in China without external help. And, therefore, they can do without it in the future. Zhenmin Zibao writes in conclusion: "China is a great country, which is the brilliant leader Mao Zedun. Experience has shown that our general line is the only right one." At the same time, the United Press International Agency reports that the departure of Soviet experts from China continues. Soviet experts are removed from responsible posts. The agency says that the Soviet and Chinese leadership each for its part sends its representatives to other communist countries, whose purpose is to attract the party leadership of these countries to their side. So, for example, the chairman of the PRC Liu Shahots is sent to the East European countries. According to Sofia Radio, currently in Bulgaria is a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU Kozlov.
Announcer: According to ADN agency, the Government of the Soviet Zone of Germany temporarily limited the access of West German citizens to East Berlin. From yesterday to Sunday, West German citizens can visit East Berlin only with special permits. This restriction was introduced due to the fact that these days in West Berlin, the West German League evicted from the former eastern provinces of Germany and the West German organization of former prisoners of war and relatives of soldiers who went missing from the former eastern provinces. Speaking in Bonn, the representative of the West German government told correspondents that this order of the Government of the Soviet Zone of Germany is illegal, since it contradicts the agreement of the four powers signed in May 1949 after the end of the Soviet blockade of Berlin. By virtue of this agreement, the movement between the individual sectors of Berlin should not be subjected to any restrictions. At the same time, it is reported that the burgomaster of West Berlin Willy Brandt conferred with the military commandants of the American, English and French sectors about the situation. According to the latest reports, the commandants of the English, American and French sectors of Berlin sent a protest to the Soviet commandant of East Berlin regarding the restriction of freedom of communication between the western and eastern units of the city.
Ivan Tolstoy: The year 60. To match the political news - the peace of cultural life. However, for those who believe that the Russian abroad has already been studied, here is a model of news report from New York - with a number of forgotten names.
Announcer: On March 9, in New York, the concerts of the French Symphony Orchestra La Mor, under the direction of Keater Igor Markevich, began in Carnegie Hall. Igor Markevich was born in Kyiv in 1912. He received a musical education in exile in France. He was a student of Alfred Corto and composer Paul Duke. Igor Markevich is deservedly considered one of the best conductors of Europe. This is his second performance in America. The first time he toured with great success in America in 55, when he conducted Boston and Philadelphic Symphony Orchestras, the best in the United States.
On March 11, a concert of the famous Russian pianist Bezobrazova was also held in the New York Carnegie Hall. The works of Rachmaninov, Cherepnin, Mozart, Liszt and Brahms were performed.
On March 14, a concert of the Russian pianist Benn Moses, who came on tour in the USA from England, took place in Carnegie Hall. Accompanied by the New York Symphony Orchestra, he performed Beethoven's imperial concert.
On March 18, Moses gave a large concert in the Museum of Metropolitan Museum. The concert consisted entirely of Chopin's works in honor of the 150th anniversary of the composer's birthday.
The theater of Russian drama in New York is preparing the production of Afinogenov's play "Fear". The performances will begin on April 2.
The Chekhov days in New York celebrated Brooklyn College, where a big evening took place on March 11. Russian actors Vsevolod Khomitsky, Maria Astrova and Alexander Zarny performed Vaudevil Chekhov "Bear". American art historians on the topics: “Czechov’s modernism” and “Chekhov’s influence on the American theater” made speeches.
Ivan Tolstoy: The Roman Olympiad - this is what occupied the world in the summer of the 60th year.
Record: Says the Radio station Freedom. Rome. Notes around the Olympics. As you know, the female half of the Olympic village is fenced off with a massive fence and strongly protected. And this is reasonable. So that fans of the talent of athletes do not bother them with compliments and oaths in love and do not interfere with rest and training. To get there the male soul is unthinkable. But three young Italians caused the envy of the entire male population of the Olympiad. They managed to first penetrate the forbidden territory. And it happened like that. Bloody Roman mosquitoes torment all athletes. Therefore, he commanded the Olympic Committee to issue a pass to three Italian specialists in the chemical destruction of the mosquitors. They were met with enthusiastic cries of all athletes. And as the first men on Earth of their reserve, and as deliverers from bloodsuckers. All other attempts to penetrate the forbidden zone invariably ended in complete fiasco. And there were many such attempts. So, four young men, armed with tool bags, tried to impersonate the Monter's telephone network, but were taken to the police. Last week, one photo officer changed into a women's dress, but, without taking a dozen steps on the forbidden land, was exposed. And one bearded French existentialist was caught on crossing the fence. When asked what he is looking for, he answered literally like this: "You see, my beard is safe, but I am looking for my mustache. I lost them somewhere."
Among the participants and spectators of the Roman Olympiad there is a lively exchange of various icons. In this regard, with one of the overseas athletes there was a completely case. Putting the badge received from the Italian on his chest, he entered the tram, and he was right away all passengers, even women began to give in to their place. When this athlete moved to the bus, the same thing was repeated. Both the girls and the elderly politely inferior to him a seat. The athlete was extremely flattered and decided that such honors were given to him thanks to an icon indicating that he was a participant in the Olympiad. But the athlete was deeply mistaken. The icon that the Italian gave him for the sake of jokes was an icon that disabled by the Second World War wear in Italy.
In many Italian restaurants, in connection with the 17 Olympic Games occurring in Rome, special serving of pasta dishes has become fashionable. The pasta is watered with tomato sauce so that the emblem of the Olympic Games is obtained on the plate. Five woven rings.
Ivan Tolstoy: half a century on the air. Year 60. There are more and more archival films. Outside the scope of our review, an interview with the French director Jean-Louis Barro, who put the Chekhovsky “Cherry Garden” in Paris, the literary notes of Italian critic Nicolo Kyaromont, the thoughts of George Adamovich about Borisa Zaitsev and Mikhail Osorgin. But we will not pass by the most characteristic programs.
Receisure: Says the Radio Plant "Freedom". In the world of ideas and images. We continue the radio broadcasts devoted to the problems of an open society. Last week, we talked about how many representatives of Russian democratic thought, fighting for an open society, demanded the freedom of printing and publicity. We’ll talk now about another type of freedom, without which there cannot be an open society. What does this mean - freedom of movement?
Announcer: “What does this mean freedom of movement? It means that the peasant has the right to go wherever he wants to move anywhere, choose any village or any city without asking anyone permission. This means that passports have been destroyed in Russia. There are no passports in other states for a long time.”
Announcer: Who wrote it? Who fought so for the abolition of the passport system in Russia? Who defended the freedom of movement so much? This was written by Lenin in the spring of 1903 in a brochure "To the village poor." Printed in Geneva, this brochure was illegally transported to Russia. In it, Lenin warmly protested against the fact that in Russia there was a closed closed group in Russia, which rules uncontrollably, secretly. Lenin wrote:
“ There is no elected government in Russia. Those who are better to head in the royal court, who are more artificial substituting the leg, who lies and slanders the king, flatter and scattes. They rule and cannot know what laws are prepared, what wars are collected, what new taxes are introduced, what kind of officials are awarded, which they are displaced. The many officials, as in Russia and these, are faced with an invariable people as a dark forest.
Announcer: 57 years have passed since Lenin wrote these lines. And they sound as if written today. It is for what Lenin demanded from the tsarist government in 1903 that the people have the right to demand today from the Soviet government.
Ivan Tolstoy: half a century on the air. On our calendar - the year 1960. Its main events. Our chronicle is Vladimir Tolts.
Vladimir Tolts:
-The US U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, controlled by the pilot Francis Gary Powers, is shot down over the territory of the USSR. Nikita Khrushchev uses this case to torpedo the conference of the four victorious powers on European security and Berlin from the very first day.
- The United States announces the embargo in relation to Cuba, in response to which the Soviet Union undertakes to buy Cuban sugar. Khrushchev hints at the real threat of war in the event of American aggression in Cuba.
- The regime of Patrice Lumumba in the Belgian Congo was supported by the Soviet Union.
- In connection with mutual party criticism, all Soviet specialists and technical personnel respond from China.
- Israeli intelligence discovers in Argentina one of the main Nazi criminals - Adolf Eichmann, the organizer of the destruction of millions of Jews. Eichmann is secretly taken to Israel, judged and sentenced to death.
- 2472 Soviet citizens emigrated to the United States.
- Proseik Vladimir Sosinsky returned to Moscow from emigration.
- The pro -Soviet newspaper "Russian Voice", published in New York, prints the open letter of Vasily Shulgin with an appeal to the emigrants - to return to their homeland. Many emigrants believe that the letter of Schulgin recently released from the Soviet prison was compiled on Lubyanka.
- Alfred Hitchcock "Psycho" is released on the movie screens. The novels "Rabbit, Run" John Apdike and "kill the mockingbird" Harper Lee.
- William Schirer publishes the historical study "The take -off and fall of the Third Reich."
- Nobel laureate in literature, writer Albert Camu dies in a car accident near Paris.
- The music magazine "Billboard" as a song of the year puts in first place the composition "It's Now or Never".
(The song of Elvis Presley "Its Now or Never" sounds).
Ivan Tolstoy: In the 60th year, Boris Pasternak dies in the Peredelkino near Moscow. With a necrologist at the microphone Alexander Tolstaya.
Alexandra Tolstaya: The death of Boris Pasternak shocked the Russian people abroad. His novel "Dr. Zhivago" circled the free world in the original and translations. Boris Pasternak knows little only in Russia, where his novel was prohibited. And the Soviet government did not even allow, to the surprise of the entire literary world, a talented writer to receive the Nobel Prize awarded to him. It is bitter, insulting and embarrassing to realize that the Russian people who should be the closest to be the closest, have not yet been given to recognize the great writer and poet who came out of their environment, who absorbed all the features of the Russian people with his strength and his weaknesses, his faith in the best future, which has grown up among Russian nature, which he describes with such love and with such skill in his works. Пастернак - идеалист и поэт - обладал даром жизни. Верой в дух божий в человеке, верой в Христа, верой в бессмертие проникнуты его писания.
Иван Толстой: Отец Александр Шмеман. Поминальное слово.
Александр Шмеман:
Умер Пастернак. И как бы далеко ни находились мы от места его погребения, мы все сейчас духовно, мысленно предстоим его гробу. С молитвой и любовью. С печальной и, вместе с тем, с благодарной мыслью о нем самом , о его жизни и служении.
Умер поэт. То есть человек, имевший один из величайших даров, отпускаемых человеку. Дар слова. Дар воплощения красоты и правды. Поэт, поведавший нам о торжествующей чистоте существования, о тайном и высоком смысле жизни, о человеке и его духовной творческой судьбе.
Умер русский человек, который любил родину беззаветной, но зрячей любовью. И нам помогший по-новому увидеть и по-новому полюбить ее.
Еврей, он принадлежал к народу, издревле рождавшему в мир пророков, страдальцев и безумцев, не согласных примириться ни на чем, кроме последней правды. И он остался верен этой глубочайшей сущности еврейского призвания. И всей своей жизнью выполнил его.
Умер христианин, не побоявшийся исповедать имя Христа в дни отступления от него и сказавший просто и твердо перед лицом всего мира, что нужно быть верным Христу.
И, наконец, умер большой человек. Большой тем, что нашел в себе видения и слова, нужные всем людям, близкие всем людям, сказанные всем и за всех.
Кто может, пусть помолится о его светлой душе.
Иван Толстой: Радио Свобода прощалось с Пастернаком не только в эфире. Сотрудникам нашего нью-йоркского бюро принадлежала еще одна инициатива. Джин Сосин, директор нью-йоркского отделения, в своей книге "Искры свободы" (Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999) вспоминает:
Диктор: Когда в мае 60-го года стало известно о кончине Бориса Пастернака, журналист Айзек Дон Левин был как раз в Нью-Йорке. Он, Борис Шуб и я, мы вместе стали обдумывать, что же еще можно было бы сделать в память о писателе, кроме наших радиопередач. И Левин предложил обратиться к американским писателям с идеей возложения венка из живых цветов на могилу Пастернака в день похорон. Я связался с американским ПЕН-Центром, и распоряжение было отправлено в посольство США в Москву. Потом уже мы узнали, что венок был помещен на видное место и вызвал сочувственную благодарность скорбящих, одним из которых был Андрей Синявский.
Иван Толстой: Чего не знал и не мог в те дни знать Джин Сосин, так это того, что тот самый Андрей Синявский, никого не спросясь, уже присутствовал на волнах Свободы. Правда, еще безымянно, даже без псевдонима Абрам Терц.
Диктор (Екатерина Горина): Говорит Радиостанция Свобода. Сегодня мы заканчиваем чтение сатирической повести молодого советского писателя "Суд идет". Повесть эта, как мы уже говорили, была доставлена за границу в редакцию выходящего в Париже польского журнала "Культура" осенью прошлого года. С тех пор она вышла в переводах на нескольких европейских языках - польском, английском, французском и итальянском. Мы передаем текст русского оригинала повести. Сегодняшняя заключительная часть повести начинается с описания похорон Сталина.
Иван Толстой: Итак, "Суд идет". Читает Виктор Франк.
Диктор (Виктор Франк): Как это могло случиться, прокурор плохо понимал. Он стоял чинно вместе со всеми, ожидая, когда будут пускать, и вдруг увидел, что толпа несет его, вращая по спирали, через площадь к узкому, точно траншея, проходу. Стоило добраться туда, и открывался прямой путь к центру города, где в цветах, на постаменте покоился усопший хозяин. И прокурор по мере сил помогал тащить себя в этом направлении, хотя перебирать ногами в темноте было так же затруднительно, как говорить с набитым ртом. Но чем ближе и быстрее продвигался он к цели, тем больше его относило в сторону, а спираль, закручиваясь до предела, валила с ног. Люди лезли друг через друга и, спотыкаясь, падали. На место одного опрокинутого вставало пятеро свежих, и борьба затухала. Каждый стремился проникнуть в узкий, точно траншея, проход. Прокурор был слишком солиден, чтобы принимать участие в свалке, он не лез, не толкался, не произносил бранных слов. Но чья-то могучая рука, шириною во всю эту площадь схватила его поперек тела, стиснула в кулаке так, что он едва не задохся, и, чуть приподняв над землей, пошла гвоздить направо и налево. "Пусти! Мне больно! - стонал прокурор, - здесь всё свои, они не в чем не виноваты, здесь много женщин, детей, есть даже инвалиды войны, что принесли тебе славу". Но рука не выпускала его из цепких, намертво сжатых пальцев. Скорбя и ожесточаясь, она била и била им, как дубиной, воющую от боли толпу.
Диктор (Екатерина Горина): Читал повесть Виктор Франк.
Иван Толстой: Полвека в эфире. Год 60-й. С образованием государства Израиль и объявлением иврита официальным языком, второй еврейский язык - язык диаспоры, идиш - отходил на второй план, становясь языком частной жизни и домашних традиций. В 70-е годы, когда на Радио Свобода появится постоянная программа о еврейской культурной и общественной жизни, песни в ней будут звучать на государственном языке - на иврите, и пасхальная передача 60-го года, которую вы сейчас услышите, будет вспоминаться ностальгически, почти как фольклор. (Звучат песни на идиш. Диктор переводит некоторые куплеты):
Когда наступает праздник,
Я откладываю в сторону ножницы
И не ищу больше работы.
Дети не шумят, тихо играют.
Когда я прихожу из синагоги,
Я благословляю вино.
(Звучит песня "Следующий год в Иерусалиме!")
Speaker:
Скажи, Ханеле, сердце мое,
А не осталось ли чего вкусного на столе?
Иван Толстой: Передача с песнями на идиш подготовлена в нашей нью-йоркской студии. Остаемся в Нью-Йорке. 60th year. Художественная жизнь. Простые люди мирного года. Имена, неизвестные советскому слушателю тогда, неизвестные российскому слушателю и сейчас.
Диктор: Говорит Радиостанция Свобода. Поговорим теперь о русских художниках в Нью-Йорке. Наш нью-йоркский корреспондент посетил художника Анатолия Григорьевича Гороховца. Анатолий Гороховец принимал участие в осенней художественной выставке в Гринвич Виллидже. Такие выставки под открытым небом устраиваются там каждую осень вот уже в течение 28 лет. Первая выставка была устроена в 32 году. В выставке обычно принимают участие до пятисот художников. Они развешивают свои картины на фасадах домов и на заборах маленьких палисадников. Корреспондент Радиостанции Свобода записал впечатления художника Гороховца об этой выставке.
Анатолий Гороховец: Осенью мне довелось участвовать в художественной выставке в Гринвич Виллидже. Гринвич Виллидж - это район Нью-Йорка, охватывающий площадь Вашингтона и прилегающих к ней улиц. Примечателен он тем, что там живут артисты, музыканты, живописцы, скульпторы, художественная интеллигенция Нью-Йорка. Достаточно взять каталог этой осенней выставки. В нем много русских имен: Владимр Лазарев, Сергей Росоловский, Николай Пашкевич и другие. Некоторые работы русских художников, представленных на выставке в Гринвич Виллидже, удостоились премий и почетных отзывов. Вот картина Владимира Лазарева "Площадь Пигаль". На ней яркая лента с надписью: "Почетный диплом первой степени". Это городской пейзаж, одна из площадей Парижа. Картина другого русского художника Сергея Росоловского получила вторую премию.
Иван Толстой: Полвека в эфире. 60th year. В объявлениях Радио Свобода постоянно встречается указание на непривычную длину волны - 75 метров. Вещание на ней и не было предназначено для московского, ленинградского или новосибирского слушателя. Сигнал распространялся максимально на 300-400 километров. 75-метровую волну ловили только в Восточной Германии, так что с точки зрения истории передачи такой Свободы не просто забыты, но совершенно в России неизвестны.
Диктор: Меня зовут Андрей Патрашин.
Иван Толстой: Голос Андрея Патрашина сразу выдает хорошо нам известного Леонида Пылаева.
Андрей Патрашин: Объявляя нашу сегодняшнюю программу, мы обещали вам музыкальные номера. Вы прослушаете сейчас записанный на пленку джазовый квинтет Чико Хамильтона, состоящий из виолончели, флейты, кларнета, гитары и контрабаса. Но прежде, чем включить музыку, я должен вас предупредить, что сам прослушал эти джазовые вещи только полчаса тому назад. Мне их порекомендовал мой коллега Константин. Дело в том, что со словом джаз у некоторых любителей музыки принято ассоциировать невероятный шум и треск, называемый попросту музыкальной неразберихой. Вещи, которые мы рекомендуем вам сегодня, несколько иного содержания, но путь лучше мой коллега Константин сам скажет, в чем оригинальность этих вещей.
Эрнст Константин: То, что мне хотелось бы сегодня вам сыграть, это джаз совершенно иного и нового вида. Это культурный джаз. Это джаз, который сильно приближается к камерной музыке. Само сочетание инструментов и сама музыка это доказывают. Техник, будьте любезны.
Александр Патрашин: Как это вам понравилось? А вот скажите, пожалуйста, имеется ли какой-нибудь смысл в сочетании этих новых для джаза инструментов?
Эрнст Константин: Я думаю, что да. Потому что как раз именно эти инструменты приближают эту музыку к камерной музыке. Может, вы заметили, что эта музыка стоит под влиянием Баха, под влиянием контрапунктовой музыки. И звучит не так дико, как джаз с саксофонами, с трубами. Она именно смягчает джаз.
Александр Патрашин: А в чем будет состоять отличие второй вещи от той, которую мы только что сыграли?
Эрнст Константин: Я бы так сказал: в этой вещи мы еще чувствовали ритм. А этот второй кусочек еще больше отличается от того, что мы привыкли называть джазом. Там вы синкопов почти больше не услышите. Чтобы узнать, что это джаз, вы должны прислушиваться, как играет контрабас. Контрабас четко еще играет джазовый ритм.
Александр Патрашин: Значит, под эту музыку тоже можно танцевать!
Speaker:
Says Victor Frank, special correspondent of the Freedom radio station in the USA. What will be the political results of Khrushchev’s stay in the United States is still impossible to say now. But in one day of his stay in New York, Khrushchev made enemies among one, very influential, group of the population of New York-taxi drivers. The movement in New York, despite the latitude of the streets and the wonderful discipline of drivers, the thing itself is difficult due to a stunning number of cars. But yesterday and today the movement was generally suspended several times, because the police arranged a green street for cavalcada cars accompanying Khrushchev in his movements around the city. I had to see one of these cavalcades. Under the howl of police sirens dozens of black closed limousines quickly rushed along a suddenly empty street. On the sides, from behind, in front of the cars, convoy motorcyclists rushed between them. The close cooperation of the FBI and the KGB is a very impressive thing. The driver of my taxi, a young black man, followed a demonstration of this cooperation with his mouth open, then shook his head mournfully and said:
- Mr. Krushcheff, Mr. Krushcheff! What are you doing with our movement!
Yesterday, on Wednesday, Khrushchev met with representatives of the authorities, in the Constitution of the not mentioned, but, nevertheless, of great importance in the life of the country. With the seal. The power, or, say, the influence of the press - this concept includes, of course, both radio and television - in America, the matter is very real. Both the president and members of the congress with this fourth are considered power. At breakfast, arranged in his honor in the National Press Club in Washington, Khrushchev spoke, as it were, in the capital of a powerful and realized power in his power. It was an unknown territory for him, through which he had to move to the touch. And several times he lost the way, overlooked his landmark.
It all started safely. His speech, which continued with a translation for about an hour, was very smooth. He did not say anything new in her, and he could not say, since difficult negotiations or conversations with President Eisenhower had just begun. But after the speech, a press conference began as such. True, questions were asked only in writing. Probably, the chairman of the National Press Club took too sharp and unceremonious issues. Nevertheless, two or three times during the press conference there were moments of complete mutual misunderstanding. Khrushchev could not understand that the seal was not interested in the official protocol. Say, in a delicate manage of questions unpleasant for your guest. He could not understand what, say, “truth” or “Izvestia”, the seal in America is not subordinated to the executive authority, is not interested in following the government instructions. He could not understand that the seal in non -communist countries was really the fourth power, that she has its own functions that do not coincide with the functions of three other authorities. Therefore, he was sincerely outraged when he was asked a question about Hungary. This is how he answered this question.
Nikita Khrushchev: You see, the question of Hungary has some of the teeth, like a dead rat. And he is unpleasant, and cannot spit out. If you want to send a conversation in this direction, I can throw you more than one dead cat, you still, you know, are fresher than you want to raise a question about Hungary.
Announcer: A person familiar with the press mechanism in such a country as America would not react as painfully as Khrushchev reacted. He would understand that the correspondent who asked this unpleasant question for the guest did this not as his personal enemy and not as a government agent, but as a bona fide journalist. When an employee of "Pravda" asks a question at a press conference in Moscow, he does this with the aim of contributing to his government. When an employee of some American newspaper asks a question in Washington, he does it with a completely different purpose - in order to satisfy the curiosity of his readers. American society is not monolithic and does not claim to be monolithic. Perhaps, during his two -week stay in the United States, Khrushchev will understand this. It will understand that the power of a free society does not lie in the forcibly imposed on unity, but in the spontaneous interaction of the forces of individuals.
Ivan Tolstoy: The 60th year can, with famous reservations, call ordinary people a peaceful year. Yes, blood poured in Algeria, and atrocities were going on in the Congo. But still, some big crises have already passed, others have not yet come. Here is an example of a relatively calm news report.
Announcer: We transfer the last news. In the resolutions adopted by the conference of independent countries of Africa in Leopoldville, it is indicated that African countries will send their troops to the Congo only within the framework of the UN decisions.
The Jenmin Zhibao Peking newspaper placed an editorial article in which they write that the Chinese people should be ready to build communism without external help.
The government of the South African Union canceled the emergency introduced in the country five months ago.
Announcer: The Jenmin Zhibao Peking newspaper placed an editorial article in which they write that the Chinese people should be ready to go to communism without external assistance. The newspaper recalls that the Chinese communists came to power in China without external help. And, therefore, they can do without it in the future. Zhenmin Zibao writes in conclusion: "China is a great country, which is the brilliant leader Mao Zedun. Experience has shown that our general line is the only right one." At the same time, the United Press International Agency reports that the departure of Soviet experts from China continues. Soviet experts are removed from responsible posts. The agency says that the Soviet and Chinese leadership each for its part sends its representatives to other communist countries, whose purpose is to attract the party leadership of these countries to their side. So, for example, the chairman of the PRC Liu Shahots is sent to the East European countries. According to Sofia Radio, currently in Bulgaria is a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU Kozlov.
Announcer: According to ADN agency, the Government of the Soviet Zone of Germany temporarily limited the access of West German citizens to East Berlin. From yesterday to Sunday, West German citizens can visit East Berlin only with special permits. This restriction was introduced due to the fact that these days in West Berlin, the West German League evicted from the former eastern provinces of Germany and the West German organization of former prisoners of war and relatives of soldiers who went missing from the former eastern provinces. Speaking in Bonn, the representative of the West German government told correspondents that this order of the Government of the Soviet Zone of Germany is illegal, since it contradicts the agreement of the four powers signed in May 1949 after the end of the Soviet blockade of Berlin. By virtue of this agreement, the movement between the individual sectors of Berlin should not be subjected to any restrictions. At the same time, it is reported that the burgomaster of West Berlin Willy Brandt conferred with the military commandants of the American, English and French sectors about the situation. According to the latest reports, the commandants of the English, American and French sectors of Berlin sent a protest to the Soviet commandant of East Berlin regarding the restriction of freedom of communication between the western and eastern units of the city.
Ivan Tolstoy: The year 60. To match the political news - the peace of cultural life. However, for those who believe that the Russian abroad has already been studied, here is a model of news report from New York - with a number of forgotten names.
Announcer: On March 9, in New York, the concerts of the French Symphony Orchestra La Mor, under the direction of Keater Igor Markevich, began in Carnegie Hall. Igor Markevich was born in Kyiv in 1912. He received a musical education in exile in France. He was a student of Alfred Corto and composer Paul Duke. Igor Markevich is deservedly considered one of the best conductors of Europe. This is his second performance in America. The first time he toured with great success in America in 55, when he conducted Boston and Philadelphic Symphony Orchestras, the best in the United States.
On March 11, a concert of the famous Russian pianist Bezobrazova was also held in the New York Carnegie Hall. The works of Rachmaninov, Cherepnin, Mozart, Liszt and Brahms were performed.
On March 14, a concert of the Russian pianist Benn Moses, who came on tour in the USA from England, took place in Carnegie Hall. Accompanied by the New York Symphony Orchestra, he performed Beethoven's imperial concert.
On March 18, Moses gave a large concert in the Museum of Metropolitan Museum. The concert consisted entirely of Chopin's works in honor of the 150th anniversary of the composer's birthday.
The theater of Russian drama in New York is preparing the production of Afinogenov's play "Fear". The performances will begin on April 2.
The Chekhov days in New York celebrated Brooklyn College, where a big evening took place on March 11. Russian actors Vsevolod Khomitsky, Maria Astrova and Alexander Zarny performed Vaudevil Chekhov "Bear". American art historians on the topics: “Czechov’s modernism” and “Chekhov’s influence on the American theater” made speeches.
Ivan Tolstoy: The Roman Olympiad - this is what occupied the world in the summer of the 60th year.
Record: Says the Radio station Freedom. Rome. Notes around the Olympics. As you know, the female half of the Olympic village is fenced off with a massive fence and strongly protected. And this is reasonable. So that fans of the talent of athletes do not bother them with compliments and oaths in love and do not interfere with rest and training. To get there the male soul is unthinkable. But three young Italians caused the envy of the entire male population of the Olympiad. They managed to first penetrate the forbidden territory. And it happened like that. Bloody Roman mosquitoes torment all athletes. Therefore, he commanded the Olympic Committee to issue a pass to three Italian specialists in the chemical destruction of the mosquitors. They were met with enthusiastic cries of all athletes. And as the first men on Earth of their reserve, and as deliverers from bloodsuckers. All other attempts to penetrate the forbidden zone invariably ended in complete fiasco. And there were many such attempts. So, four young men, armed with tool bags, tried to impersonate the Monter's telephone network, but were taken to the police. Last week, one photo officer changed into a women's dress, but, without taking a dozen steps on the forbidden land, was exposed. And one bearded French existentialist was caught on crossing the fence. When asked what he is looking for, he answered literally like this: "You see, my beard is safe, but I am looking for my mustache. I lost them somewhere."
Among the participants and spectators of the Roman Olympiad there is a lively exchange of various icons. In this regard, with one of the overseas athletes there was a completely case. Putting the badge received from the Italian on his chest, he entered the tram, and he was right away all passengers, even women began to give in to their place. When this athlete moved to the bus, the same thing was repeated. Both the girls and the elderly politely inferior to him a seat. The athlete was extremely flattered and decided that such honors were given to him thanks to an icon indicating that he was a participant in the Olympiad. But the athlete was deeply mistaken. The icon that the Italian gave him for the sake of jokes was an icon that disabled by the Second World War wear in Italy.
In many Italian restaurants, in connection with the 17 Olympic Games occurring in Rome, special serving of pasta dishes has become fashionable. The pasta is watered with tomato sauce so that the emblem of the Olympic Games is obtained on the plate. Five woven rings.
Ivan Tolstoy: half a century on the air. Year 60. There are more and more archival films. Outside the scope of our review, an interview with the French director Jean-Louis Barro, who put the Chekhovsky “Cherry Garden” in Paris, the literary notes of Italian critic Nicolo Kyaromont, the thoughts of George Adamovich about Borisa Zaitsev and Mikhail Osorgin. But we will not pass by the most characteristic programs.
Receisure: Says the Radio Plant "Freedom". In the world of ideas and images. We continue the radio broadcasts devoted to the problems of an open society. Last week, we talked about how many representatives of Russian democratic thought, fighting for an open society, demanded the freedom of printing and publicity. We’ll talk now about another type of freedom, without which there cannot be an open society. What does this mean - freedom of movement?
Announcer: “What does this mean freedom of movement? It means that the peasant has the right to go wherever he wants to move anywhere, choose any village or any city without asking anyone permission. This means that passports have been destroyed in Russia. There are no passports in other states for a long time.”
Announcer: Who wrote it? Who fought so for the abolition of the passport system in Russia? Who defended the freedom of movement so much? This was written by Lenin in the spring of 1903 in a brochure "To the village poor." Printed in Geneva, this brochure was illegally transported to Russia. In it, Lenin warmly protested against the fact that in Russia there was a closed closed group in Russia, which rules uncontrollably, secretly. Lenin wrote:
“ There is no elected government in Russia. Those who are better to head in the royal court, who are more artificial substituting the leg, who lies and slanders the king, flatter and scattes. They rule and cannot know what laws are prepared, what wars are collected, what new taxes are introduced, what kind of officials are awarded, which they are displaced. The many officials, as in Russia and these, are faced with an invariable people as a dark forest.
Announcer: 57 years have passed since Lenin wrote these lines. And they sound as if written today. It is for what Lenin demanded from the tsarist government in 1903 that the people have the right to demand today from the Soviet government.
Ivan Tolstoy: half a century on the air. On our calendar - the year 1960. Its main events. Our chronicle is Vladimir Tolts.
Vladimir Tolts:
-The US U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, controlled by the pilot Francis Gary Powers, is shot down over the territory of the USSR. Nikita Khrushchev uses this case to torpedo the conference of the four victorious powers on European security and Berlin from the very first day.
- The United States announces the embargo in relation to Cuba, in response to which the Soviet Union undertakes to buy Cuban sugar. Khrushchev hints at the real threat of war in the event of American aggression in Cuba.
- The regime of Patrice Lumumba in the Belgian Congo was supported by the Soviet Union.
- In connection with mutual party criticism, all Soviet specialists and technical personnel respond from China.
- Israeli intelligence discovers in Argentina one of the main Nazi criminals - Adolf Eichmann, the organizer of the destruction of millions of Jews. Eichmann is secretly taken to Israel, judged and sentenced to death.
- 2472 Soviet citizens emigrated to the United States.
- Proseik Vladimir Sosinsky returned to Moscow from emigration.
- The pro -Soviet newspaper "Russian Voice", published in New York, prints the open letter of Vasily Shulgin with an appeal to the emigrants - to return to their homeland. Many emigrants believe that the letter of Schulgin recently released from the Soviet prison was compiled on Lubyanka.
- Alfred Hitchcock "Psycho" is released on the movie screens. The novels "Rabbit, Run" John Apdike and "kill the mockingbird" Harper Lee.
- William Schirer publishes the historical study "The take -off and fall of the Third Reich."
- Nobel laureate in literature, writer Albert Camu dies in a car accident near Paris.
- The music magazine "Billboard" as a song of the year puts in first place the composition "It's Now or Never".
(The song of Elvis Presley "Its Now or Never" sounds).
Ivan Tolstoy: In the 60th year, Boris Pasternak dies in the Peredelkino near Moscow. With a necrologist at the microphone Alexander Tolstaya.
Alexandra Tolstaya: The death of Boris Pasternak shocked the Russian people abroad. His novel "Dr. Zhivago" circled the free world in the original and translations. Boris Pasternak knows little only in Russia, where his novel was prohibited. And the Soviet government did not even allow, to the surprise of the entire literary world, a talented writer to receive the Nobel Prize awarded to him. It is bitter, insulting and embarrassing to realize that the Russian people who should be the closest to be the closest, have not yet been given to recognize the great writer and poet who came out of their environment, who absorbed all the features of the Russian people with his strength and his weaknesses, his faith in the best future, which has grown up among Russian nature, which he describes with such love and with such skill in his works. Пастернак - идеалист и поэт - обладал даром жизни. Верой в дух божий в человеке, верой в Христа, верой в бессмертие проникнуты его писания.
Иван Толстой: Отец Александр Шмеман. Поминальное слово.
Отец Александр Шмеман |
Александр Шмеман:
Умер Пастернак. И как бы далеко ни находились мы от места его погребения, мы все сейчас духовно, мысленно предстоим его гробу. С молитвой и любовью. С печальной и, вместе с тем, с благодарной мыслью о нем самом , о его жизни и служении.
Умер поэт. То есть человек, имевший один из величайших даров, отпускаемых человеку. Дар слова. Дар воплощения красоты и правды. Поэт, поведавший нам о торжествующей чистоте существования, о тайном и высоком смысле жизни, о человеке и его духовной творческой судьбе.
Умер русский человек, который любил родину беззаветной, но зрячей любовью. И нам помогший по-новому увидеть и по-новому полюбить ее.
Еврей, он принадлежал к народу, издревле рождавшему в мир пророков, страдальцев и безумцев, не согласных примириться ни на чем, кроме последней правды. И он остался верен этой глубочайшей сущности еврейского призвания. И всей своей жизнью выполнил его.
Умер христианин, не побоявшийся исповедать имя Христа в дни отступления от него и сказавший просто и твердо перед лицом всего мира, что нужно быть верным Христу.
И, наконец, умер большой человек. Большой тем, что нашел в себе видения и слова, нужные всем людям, близкие всем людям, сказанные всем и за всех.
Кто может, пусть помолится о его светлой душе.
Иван Толстой: Радио Свобода прощалось с Пастернаком не только в эфире. Сотрудникам нашего нью-йоркского бюро принадлежала еще одна инициатива. Джин Сосин, директор нью-йоркского отделения, в своей книге "Искры свободы" (Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999) вспоминает:
Андрей Синявский до ареста |
Диктор: Когда в мае 60-го года стало известно о кончине Бориса Пастернака, журналист Айзек Дон Левин был как раз в Нью-Йорке. Он, Борис Шуб и я, мы вместе стали обдумывать, что же еще можно было бы сделать в память о писателе, кроме наших радиопередач. И Левин предложил обратиться к американским писателям с идеей возложения венка из живых цветов на могилу Пастернака в день похорон. Я связался с американским ПЕН-Центром, и распоряжение было отправлено в посольство США в Москву. Потом уже мы узнали, что венок был помещен на видное место и вызвал сочувственную благодарность скорбящих, одним из которых был Андрей Синявский.
Иван Толстой: Чего не знал и не мог в те дни знать Джин Сосин, так это того, что тот самый Андрей Синявский, никого не спросясь, уже присутствовал на волнах Свободы. Правда, еще безымянно, даже без псевдонима Абрам Терц.
Диктор (Екатерина Горина): Говорит Радиостанция Свобода. Сегодня мы заканчиваем чтение сатирической повести молодого советского писателя "Суд идет". Повесть эта, как мы уже говорили, была доставлена за границу в редакцию выходящего в Париже польского журнала "Культура" осенью прошлого года. С тех пор она вышла в переводах на нескольких европейских языках - польском, английском, французском и итальянском. Мы передаем текст русского оригинала повести. Сегодняшняя заключительная часть повести начинается с описания похорон Сталина.
Иван Толстой: Итак, "Суд идет". Читает Виктор Франк.
Виктор Франк |
Диктор (Виктор Франк): Как это могло случиться, прокурор плохо понимал. Он стоял чинно вместе со всеми, ожидая, когда будут пускать, и вдруг увидел, что толпа несет его, вращая по спирали, через площадь к узкому, точно траншея, проходу. Стоило добраться туда, и открывался прямой путь к центру города, где в цветах, на постаменте покоился усопший хозяин. И прокурор по мере сил помогал тащить себя в этом направлении, хотя перебирать ногами в темноте было так же затруднительно, как говорить с набитым ртом. Но чем ближе и быстрее продвигался он к цели, тем больше его относило в сторону, а спираль, закручиваясь до предела, валила с ног. Люди лезли друг через друга и, спотыкаясь, падали. На место одного опрокинутого вставало пятеро свежих, и борьба затухала. Каждый стремился проникнуть в узкий, точно траншея, проход. Прокурор был слишком солиден, чтобы принимать участие в свалке, он не лез, не толкался, не произносил бранных слов. Но чья-то могучая рука, шириною во всю эту площадь схватила его поперек тела, стиснула в кулаке так, что он едва не задохся, и, чуть приподняв над землей, пошла гвоздить направо и налево. "Пусти! Мне больно! - стонал прокурор, - здесь всё свои, они не в чем не виноваты, здесь много женщин, детей, есть даже инвалиды войны, что принесли тебе славу". Но рука не выпускала его из цепких, намертво сжатых пальцев. Скорбя и ожесточаясь, она била и била им, как дубиной, воющую от боли толпу.
Диктор (Екатерина Горина): Читал повесть Виктор Франк.
Иван Толстой: Полвека в эфире. Год 60-й. С образованием государства Израиль и объявлением иврита официальным языком, второй еврейский язык - язык диаспоры, идиш - отходил на второй план, становясь языком частной жизни и домашних традиций. В 70-е годы, когда на Радио Свобода появится постоянная программа о еврейской культурной и общественной жизни, песни в ней будут звучать на государственном языке - на иврите, и пасхальная передача 60-го года, которую вы сейчас услышите, будет вспоминаться ностальгически, почти как фольклор. (Звучат песни на идиш. Диктор переводит некоторые куплеты):
Когда наступает праздник,
Я откладываю в сторону ножницы
И не ищу больше работы.
Дети не шумят, тихо играют.
Когда я прихожу из синагоги,
Я благословляю вино.
(Звучит песня "Следующий год в Иерусалиме!")
Speaker:
Скажи, Ханеле, сердце мое,
А не осталось ли чего вкусного на столе?
Иван Толстой: Передача с песнями на идиш подготовлена в нашей нью-йоркской студии. Остаемся в Нью-Йорке. 60th year. Художественная жизнь. Простые люди мирного года. Имена, неизвестные советскому слушателю тогда, неизвестные российскому слушателю и сейчас.
Диктор: Говорит Радиостанция Свобода. Поговорим теперь о русских художниках в Нью-Йорке. Наш нью-йоркский корреспондент посетил художника Анатолия Григорьевича Гороховца. Анатолий Гороховец принимал участие в осенней художественной выставке в Гринвич Виллидже. Такие выставки под открытым небом устраиваются там каждую осень вот уже в течение 28 лет. Первая выставка была устроена в 32 году. В выставке обычно принимают участие до пятисот художников. Они развешивают свои картины на фасадах домов и на заборах маленьких палисадников. Корреспондент Радиостанции Свобода записал впечатления художника Гороховца об этой выставке.
Анатолий Гороховец: Осенью мне довелось участвовать в художественной выставке в Гринвич Виллидже. Гринвич Виллидж - это район Нью-Йорка, охватывающий площадь Вашингтона и прилегающих к ней улиц. Примечателен он тем, что там живут артисты, музыканты, живописцы, скульпторы, художественная интеллигенция Нью-Йорка. Достаточно взять каталог этой осенней выставки. В нем много русских имен: Владимр Лазарев, Сергей Росоловский, Николай Пашкевич и другие. Некоторые работы русских художников, представленных на выставке в Гринвич Виллидже, удостоились премий и почетных отзывов. Вот картина Владимира Лазарева "Площадь Пигаль". На ней яркая лента с надписью: "Почетный диплом первой степени". Это городской пейзаж, одна из площадей Парижа. Картина другого русского художника Сергея Росоловского получила вторую премию.
Иван Толстой: Полвека в эфире. 60th year. В объявлениях Радио Свобода постоянно встречается указание на непривычную длину волны - 75 метров. Вещание на ней и не было предназначено для московского, ленинградского или новосибирского слушателя. Сигнал распространялся максимально на 300-400 километров. 75-метровую волну ловили только в Восточной Германии, так что с точки зрения истории передачи такой Свободы не просто забыты, но совершенно в России неизвестны.
Диктор: Меня зовут Андрей Патрашин.
Иван Толстой: Голос Андрея Патрашина сразу выдает хорошо нам известного Леонида Пылаева.
Андрей Патрашин: Объявляя нашу сегодняшнюю программу, мы обещали вам музыкальные номера. Вы прослушаете сейчас записанный на пленку джазовый квинтет Чико Хамильтона, состоящий из виолончели, флейты, кларнета, гитары и контрабаса. Но прежде, чем включить музыку, я должен вас предупредить, что сам прослушал эти джазовые вещи только полчаса тому назад. Мне их порекомендовал мой коллега Константин. Дело в том, что со словом джаз у некоторых любителей музыки принято ассоциировать невероятный шум и треск, называемый попросту музыкальной неразберихой. Вещи, которые мы рекомендуем вам сегодня, несколько иного содержания, но путь лучше мой коллега Константин сам скажет, в чем оригинальность этих вещей.
Эрнст Константин: То, что мне хотелось бы сегодня вам сыграть, это джаз совершенно иного и нового вида. Это культурный джаз. Это джаз, который сильно приближается к камерной музыке. Само сочетание инструментов и сама музыка это доказывают. Техник, будьте любезны.
Александр Патрашин: Как это вам понравилось? А вот скажите, пожалуйста, имеется ли какой-нибудь смысл в сочетании этих новых для джаза инструментов?
Эрнст Константин: Я думаю, что да. Потому что как раз именно эти инструменты приближают эту музыку к камерной музыке. Может, вы заметили, что эта музыка стоит под влиянием Баха, под влиянием контрапунктовой музыки. И звучит не так дико, как джаз с саксофонами, с трубами. Она именно смягчает джаз.
Александр Патрашин: А в чем будет состоять отличие второй вещи от той, которую мы только что сыграли?
Эрнст Константин: Я бы так сказал: в этой вещи мы еще чувствовали ритм. А этот второй кусочек еще больше отличается от того, что мы привыкли называть джазом. Там вы синкопов почти больше не услышите. Чтобы узнать, что это джаз, вы должны прислушиваться, как играет контрабас. Контрабас четко еще играет джазовый ритм.
Александр Патрашин: Значит, под эту музыку тоже можно танцевать!