The 95th anniversary of the most famous unsuccessful attempt of the Soviet era has been

On August 30, 1918, shots were heard at the Moscow factory of Michelson. The "leader of the world proletariat" Vladimir Lenin was seriously wounded. The attempt was accused of a short -sighted and awkward Socialist -Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan. Soon, "Terrorist N1" was shot. But then the attempt turned out to be much more mysterious than the murder of John Kennedy.

This woman, who raised her hand to the leader of the revolution, was a symbol of "absolute evil" in Soviet times.

Fanny Kaplan she was born in Ukraine, in the Volyn province, on February 10, 1890 in the family of a Jewish elementary school teacher Khaim Roitblat. The future terrorist was then called Feig Khamovna Roitblat. In addition to her, there were seven more children in the family.

Already a teenager Feig was involved in the activities of revolutionary circles. And a 15-year-old girl met the first Russian revolution, being an anarchist. She took the pseudonym Fanny Kaplan and received the party nickname "Dora".

Its first terrorist attack was the explosion on December 22, 1906 of the Kyiv Hotel Kupoika, planned as an attempt on the Kyiv General Governor Sukhomlinov, but ended in failure. The bomb exploded earlier, Kaplan was injured and arrested. For the failed attempt, the 16-year-old terrorist was sentenced to death, but due to age, the punishment was replaced by the unlimited hard labor, where Fanny and lost her eyesight, writes “arguments and facts” .

In 1917, Kaplan, who, at the age of 27, was released thanks to the February Revolution, already considered herself a Socialist -Revolutionary, not an anarchist. The Provisional Government appreciated the "merits" of the terrorist and gave her a ticket to the sanatorium in Yevpatoria. There, in the summer of 1917, she met with Dmitry Ulyanov, his brother of Vladimir Lenin. Historians still argue about the relationship between Fanny and Dmitry as well as about the circumstances of her attempt on Lenin.

There are many versions of what happened: a staging, a conspiracy of Sverdlov, not a Kaplan shot, but a second shooter, etc. As the newspaper "Culture" notes, firstly, some historians doubt that the almost blind Kaplan was able to shoot aptly accurately.

Secondly, on the same day that she shot at Lenin, another senior Bolshevik was killed in St. Petersburg - the head of the local Cheka, a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) Moses Uritsky. This may mean that the two events were connected and planned jointly by a certain group of people.

Thirdly, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Allies of the Bolsheviks, who did not approve of them, prevented them from all the councils, where the Bolsheviks had no majority.

Fourth, Lenin did not neglect the security, but on that day the security was not at the factory.

Fifth, two days after the attempt, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (formal head of the RSFSR) Yakov Sverdlov ordered to quickly shoot Kaplan and declared the so-called red terror in the country, for which everything was already ready.

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During the detention, Fanny Kaplan herself pleaded guilty, explaining that she wanted to kill Lenin, because he was a traitor to the revolution. According to witnesses, after the assassination, she said: "I fulfilled my duty and die with valor." During interrogations, Kaplan insisted that she acted alone.

She fired three shots. Two bullets fell into the neck and in Lenin’s hand, the third hit a woman who asked a question to the leader who performed at that moment at a rally at the factory.

In fact, there was no investigation, which forces many researchers to believe that everything was different and Fanny, who knew much more than she said, decided to shoot quickly.

On September 3, 1918, the chairman of the All -Russian Central Executive Committee Yakov Sverdlov gave an oral order to execute Kaplan. The verdict was personally brought by the commandant of the Kremlin Pavel Malkov. The body of the terrorist was laid in a barrel from the resin, doused with gasoline and burned at the walls of the Kremlin.

The most famous attempts on the leaders of the USSR and Russia

1. The attempt of Fanny Kaplan was not the first in the life of Vladimir Ilyich. The first attempt to kill the leader of the revolution was committed a month and a half after the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd, reminds KP . This happened on the first day of the new 1918. Then Lenin was returning from a rally in the Mikhailovsky arena. On the Simeonovsky bridge from the fountain side, his car was fired. The body of the car was literally riddled with bullets. Some even pierced the windshield. Lenin was not injured. Then it turned out that 12 people attacked the leader. All of them disappeared from the scene.

2. They also tried to kill Joseph Stalin several times. However, all attempts ended in failure, since the leader’s security was at a very high level. On November 6, 1942, Corporal Savely Dmitriev was enclosing on Stalin. He opened fire from a rifle from the frontal place of Red Square along the leader of the leader. For this, Dmitriev was shot. This happened in 1950. Another attempt at the attempt was prevented. It became known about her on the eve of the meeting of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill in Tehran in November - December 1943. Soviet intelligence learned about the impending attempt by German special services at the meeting participants. At the head of the operation was the famous saboteur Otto Skorzeny. Hitlerovskoe underground was dispersed. Dozens of agents were arrested.

3. In 1961 , an attempt on Nikita Khrushchev was being prepared. True, it became known about him only in 2005, when Georgia announced the relevant documents. Four residents of Georgia wanted to kill the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR during his visit to Tbilisi. Several plans for the attempt were even developed. The organizers took out grenades and demolition mechanisms, but failed to carry out the plan. A month before Khrushchev’s visit, all of them - Otari Mikvabishvili, Aleo Meladze, Abrek Batoshvili and Akaki Minaradze - were arrested.

4. It is known about the three assassination attempts on Leonid Brezhnev. The first was committed in 1969. On January 22, a solemn meeting of the crews of the Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spacecraft took place. The junior lieutenant of the Soviet Army Viktor Ilyin intended to kill Brezhnev. He changed into someone else's police uniform and, under the guise of a guard, entered the Borovitsky gate. There he opened fire from two pistols by car. It was in it, according to the lieutenant, that Brezhnev was supposed to be. But he was mistaken. Cosmonauts Leonov, Nikolaev, Tereshkov and Beregovaya were traveling in the car. Bullets pierced the car. The driver was killed, several people were injured. But the support motorcyclist was able to bring down the shooter. Ilyin was recognized as mentally unhealthy and sent to a psychiatric hospital.

The second attempt on Brezhnev was prepared abroad. But in June 1977, on the eve of Leonid Ilyich’s visit to France, the KGB officers learned about the impending attempt next to the eternal flame at the triumphal arch in Paris during the laying of a wreath. As it became known to special services, a sniper was supposed to shoot at Brezhnev. On all 12 streets leading to the triumphal arch, they built a guards from twelve thousand Parisian police officers, six thousand firefighters. Leonid Ilyich calmly laid the wreath and left. The event was without incident.

The next attempt was to occur a year later in Germany. Again, the KGB became known about him. Brezhnev wanted to kill Augustburg in the castle, after lunch with Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. The Secretary General was then taken through a reserve exit.

5. Mikhail Gorbachev attempted once - November 7, 1990. There was a demonstration on Red Square that day. When the convoy of the workers was next to the mausoleum, shots were heard. The senior sergeant of the police Andrei Mylnikov was able to discern in the crowd of the shooter. He grabbed a double-barreled cutter at the attempt, but he managed to shoot twice without injuring anyone. Employees of the special services withdrew a man from the square. It turned out to be a former locksmith of the Izhora plant Alexander Shmonov. He considered Gorbachev to be guilty of the existence of a totalitarian regime in the USSR before and after 1985, which inhibits the processes of transformations that began in the country. He was sent to a psychiatric hospital. He came out from there three years later.

6. Boris Yeltsin attempted in January 1993. Major Ivan Kislov entered the government corps and waited for the president in the attic. It was there that the guards found him. The man admitted that he wanted to go down from the attic shelter and hit the president with a knife when he leaves ZIL. However, on that day, Yeltsin was on a visit to India.

7. The record holder for attempts to attempts is Vladimir Putin. There were more than six of them.

The first attempt on President Vladimir Putin, according to the head of the FSO press service of Sergei Devyatov, was prepared on February 24, 2000 at the funeral of Anatoly Sobchak in St. Petersburg. It was prepared "not by a psychopath, but by a specific organization." The attempt was prevented using "distinctly different from standard safety measures." Then, for the first time, it was officially announced that these measures would act until the source of the threat disappeared - “the Chechen leaders that have lost the military fight,” said Nin.

The second attempt on the President of Russia was being prepared in Yalta during an informal CIS summit, which was held on August 18-19, 2000. As reported, information about the attempt on the president was received from abroad. As part of the investigation, four Chechens and several immigrants from the Middle East were detained.

The third high -profile statement about the impending attempt on President Putin was made in October 2001. Then the Azerbaijani special services said that they managed to prevent the prepared attempt on Vladimir Putin, which was supposed to be made during his official visit to Baku on January 9-10. According to the Minister of National Security of Azerbaijan Namik Abbasov, a terrorist attack against the President of Russia was supposed to be a citizen of Iraq Kianan Rostam, who was trained in camps in Afghanistan. A closed trial was held in Azerbaijan. The Iraqi extremist was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

Information about the fourth attempt on the president during his stay in Iran in 2007 was received during a telephone call to the Russian Embassy in Tehran. On October 16-17, information appeared that for this purpose several groups of suicide bombers were created. The caller announced that the President of the Russian Federation should not go to Iran if he does not want an attempt to be made on him.

The fifth attempt on Putin was allegedly prepared on March 2, 2008. On that day, the presidential election was held and a man with a sniper rifle with an optical sight was detained next to the Kremlin. It turned out to be a 24-year-old native of Tajikistan, Shahwalad Osmanov. And the employees of Lubyanka a few days earlier really received information that the first person of the state is in danger. In the evening, on the day of elections on Red Square, a concert was planned. The presence of the current and future presidents on it - Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev - was not a secret. They had to get out of the Kremlin’s Spassky Gate and walk along the Vasilievsky descent to the open area. Subsequently, this information did not receive any official confirmation about the possible attempt.

The last high -profile case of an allegedly preparing attempt on Putin dates back to February 2012. Then, thanks to the interaction of the Ukrainian and Russian special services in Odessa, three citizens of the Russian Federation were detained, who allegedly prepared this attempt. According to law enforcement agencies, terrorists planned to blow up a governmental motorcade in Moscow immediately after the election. They brought explosives to Moscow back in 2007 and hid in the area of ​​Kutuzovsky Prospekt. In Chechnya, they said that the militants detained in Ukraine were part of the terrorist groups, controlled by Doc Umarov.

However, no one, of course, knows how many real attempts to attempt on Vladimir Putin. Some of such "attempts" include statements by mentally unhealthy people, threatening the murder of the first persons of the state. For example, last year, Ukrainian journalists counted at least 13 attempts to “attempts” in Putin.