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Irina Levontina

On October 29, on the eve of the day of memory of the victims of political repression, the annual action “Return of Names” was held at the Solovetsky stone on Lubyanka. From 10 a.m. to 10 pm they read names - only shot, and only in Moscow. They have been reading for several years, and for several years it remains. This action is tragic and beautiful, and a huge turn is the best turn in the world, probably. Who has been there is useless to tell that "they killed each other" or "destroyed the intelligentsia." Yes, both each other, and professors with priests, but my God are collective farmers, artisans, watchmen of the church at the cemetery, grooms, shepherds, workers of artels of disabled people.

Here I am, in fact, about these artels - I move to linguistics. Excuse me, but even on such a day I can’t plug my ears. This day, among other things, showed me that it has gone or resolutely leaves the active vocabulary of the Word Artel. I heard at least five people uttered him like Artel .

This is the matter here. In general, the sound of “e” after pair of solid consonants is not characteristic of the Russian language, and at first even in borrowed words, the consonants to “e” softened (remember how Pushkin rhymes the light - Goethe: he and the lyre wandered in the world / under the sky of Schiller and Goethe? ). Then there was a fashion not to soften, so that closer to foreign pronunciation. But all this remained inconsistent and individually. In general, the pronunciation with solid is a sign of foreignity and novelty. But each word has its own fate. A computer with a soft “T” says only a small part of even confident users. Most say TEMP and Tesis , but always a topic and rather a term than Termin . It comes to funny. Everyone says the text, but you can hear Intertagst . And the pronunciation of therapists is often found in medical jargon. Well and so on. Remember, by the way, Papanova in the "Brillian arm": One tablet is enough ? By the way, the word tablet is now in computer slang.

It is important here that if a person sees an unfamiliar foreign word, he will read it rather without softening. By the way, it is interesting, that the singer Alexander Gradsky has been pronouncing Stazya stubbornly for 30 years-although it is even a book, but quite a Slavic word: there is the same root that in the word of the path (--dorozhka) . However, not only him.

So. If we look into the orthoepic dictionary edited by Avanesov, we will see that the pronunciation of Pioner , Muze and Shinel are marked there as wrong!, And even an artel is not given to the artel , albeit erroneous. That is, lexicographers did not assume that someone might want to say so.

The word artel is very old, always pronounced with softening. In general, the artel for many centuries has been an important form of economic organization in Russia. It was a kind of mobile community with collective responsibility and circular guarantee-so the essence was determined by numerous householders. And there were no artels - from the artels of the burglars to the artels of the translators . The role of the artel for a long time remained in the economy of the USSR, until Khrushchev destroyed the artel as a class in the second half of the 50s-destroyed rudely, villain, with free selection of property, with the cancellation of obligations. Rolled into asphalt, in a word. There were small things left - prospective, artistic artels , and those very cut in rights.

I was born shortly after these dramatic events, and in my memory the word artel still retained the continuity of its active existence. It never occurred to me that it could be pronounced differently than with a soft “T”. In the multimedia case http://ruscorpora.ru/ 11 pieces from classic Soviet films, starting in the 50s, fall on the word artel, and in all the artel with a soft consonant sounds clearly. My acquaintances who asked, the peers plus minus also answered that no artili was heard (alas, there is no way to talk about regional features here, another time). Naturally, I looked at the poetic case. Well, neither the rhyme bed-arch nor rhyme the goal-arctel prove anything to us here. But M. Shainker reminded me of the beautiful poem of the young Brodsky “Now I am increasingly feeling fatigue” with an amazing inaccurate rhyme now-arch . Obviously, with such a rhyme, Tae cannot be here, otherwise the rhyme itself disappears. I decided to look for a record of this poem. I didn’t find Brodsky, but I found two melodiclamers, from which one reads normally, and the other manages to pronounce Artel . Brodsky, I think, is turning in the coffin.

And here the most interesting begins. My younger colleague Boris Iomdin wrote to me: “Until today, I did not even know that the“ artel ”(and never heard such pronunciation).” And then he wrote again: “Surprisingly: I listened to Murko, there are only“ artel ”in all examples. And most of these films I clearly saw. Nevertheless, the feeling is such that I have never heard the pronunciation of the “artel” and it cuts hearing very much. ” We listened with him dozens of “clubs” (Borya also invented this, because - remember? - this is the song of the working artel), but did not agree that Chaliapin pronounces. Unfortunately, the volume does not allow me to tell me more about this, but the phonetics of opera singing is generally a little separate thing. However, everyone can repeat experience at home.

More important than another. Borya conducted a VKontakte survey, 200 people immediately ran in, mainly young people, and the options for those and Tae were distributed approximately equally. We will not forget that someone probably cramped into the dictionary, which slightly distorted the results towards the pronunciation with a soft “T”.

What do we see? The word artel existed in the Russian language before the manner did not mitigate the consonants in foreign words to the "e". It was an active word, and therefore there was a continuous tradition of its pronunciation. And 20 years after the artels were defeated, a generation of native speakers of the Russian language appears, for which this word is already in a liability. They knew him, read, even, perhaps, they heard sometimes, but did not get stuck in his ears. Therefore, having encountered a situation when it must be read, they read it as an unfamiliar foreign: Artel - as Kartel . Here, I note appropriately that I love most in my science - this opportunity to feel a living and warm matter of language.

So, there was a "dissection". And a good word, sorry. Here the translator V. Golyshev miraculously said recently on Colta about Joyce's translations: except that some kind of artel to collect that will advise .... But what can you do, life.

But how, perhaps, you ask, the expression of the artel “Vain Labor” (meaningless, poorly organized work)? No, it has not disappeared, only more and more often you can see the option of the cooperative "Vain Labor" . Google, if you do not believe.

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