Forming

The patriotic carbon car that has been covered today by Russia is by no means spontaneously arising. This is a product of appropriate technologies. They have been used in Russia for two centuries.

The Patriotic War of 1812 is the first time when the authorities needed to mobilize public opinion, especially the opinions of the common people, who at first had no reason to hate the French. The Moscow Governor General Count Rostopchin came up with the release of the "posters" in which the people campaigned by the intricate pseudo-Russian language. The first "Poster" was written on behalf of the Moscow tradesman Karnishka Chikhirin, who, "leaving the drink", turned to Napoleon :

Sidi is better at home, and play looking at or gullychiki. Full for you to fuck: after all, the soldiers are your dwarfs and dandies; Neither a sheepskin coat, no mittens, no malahai, nor an onuch will put on. Well, where do they take out Russian life? He turns away from the cabbage, shump from porridge, suffocate from the cabbage soup, and which will remain in the winter, so the Epiphany frosts will sprinkle.

Rostopchin inspired the townspeople that the promises of the French emperor was a deception: "It will decide to think otherwise that Napoleon was going for good, and his business is to tear the skin; he promises everything, but nothing would come out." And he taught them to expose the “fifth column”: “If one of ours or from strangers begins to snatch it and promise both of it, then, whatever it may be, for a crest and to the congress!”

Yes, and he himself did not lag behind: he accused of subversive activities and secret sympathies to the enemy of Moscow Masons and Martinists and sent from Moscow the post -director of Klyucharev - as if for the assistance of the merchant Vereshchagin in the spread of speech and letters of Napoleon. (In the speech addressed to the princes of the Rhine Union, Napoleon promised to hit the "ancient tyrants of Europe" and join the northern capitals no later than six months after the outbreak of war.) Pierre Bezukhov in the "War and Peace" almost falls into the co -accomplices of Klyucharev. “I ask you to stop relations with such gentlemen as Klyucharev, and go from here,” Rostopchin tells him viciously. “And I will knock out the nonsense, in whom it may be.” Vereshchagina suffered a terrible fate - Rostopchin gave him to pieces of the crowd. According to Tolstoy, the count thereby gave up a threat from himself: after all, he promised that the city would not be surrendered, and now the crowd gathered at his house grumbles about treason. “The folk crowd is terrible, it is disgusting,” Rostopchin thinks in French, leaving the place of reprisal in the stroller. “They are like wolves: you will not satisfy them except meat.”

To arouse patriotic feelings, the writer Nikolai Greek began to publish the magazine "Son of the Fatherland", in which fictional stories about the heroism of the Russian people were published. “So it spread,” the poet Mikhail Dmitriev writes in his memoirs, “a story about the Russian scoles; about how Vasilisa’s old -style (the same Vasilisa Kozhin, whose name is a street in Moscow. - V.A.) bandaged the hungry French and brought them on a rope to the Russian authorities; how one Cossack defeated the Nagayka of three artillers and took them from them gun ... "Here is an example of such a bike - about the Russian mucius to the scione:

In the army of Napoleon (as in our horse factories), soldiers are branded, by the will or the captivity of those entering his service. Following this custom, the French laid a stigma on the hands of a peasant who fell into his hands. He asked with surprise: why was he pasted? They answered him: this is a sign of Napoleon’s service. The peasant grabbed the ax and cut off his brandy hand. Is it necessary to say that this new scion was Ruska?

Another carriage occurred on the occasion of the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1831. Pushkin did not resist the poet and Pushkin. He wrote the poem to the "slanderers of Russia", addressed to the deputies of the French parliament - "folk vities", who demanded from their government to assist the rebels. And then the "Borodino anniversary" - an ode to capture Warsaw by the troops of General Paskevich, also addressed to Europe. Prince Vyazemsky, who did not share these views, called the "slanderers of Russia" " overcoat verses", explaining that there are "poems who go home in Moscow in Moscow with congratulatory odes." “ Folk vitia ,” he wrote, “we could answer him briefly and clearly: we hate, or, better to say, despise you, because in Russia to the poet, like you, is not ashamed to write and print poems like yours.” “Here, sing the government for such measures,” continued Vyazemsky, turning to Pushkin , “if your knee scratches and you certainly need to crawl with the lyre in your hands.”

“Vyazemsky was very driving him in Moscow for Poland,” wrote Alexander Turgenev to his brother Nikolai. “He is only a barbarian in relation to Poland. As a poet, thinking that without patriotism, as he understands him, one cannot be a poet, and for poetry does not want to get out of his barbarism.”

But after 17 years, the prince himself fell into a patriotic rage on a similar occasion. 1848 was the year of violent revolutionary events in Europe. Nicholas I was especially alarmed by the Hungarian revolution, threatening the collapse of the Habsburg empire. He issued a manifesto in which he claimed that the uprising raised the discharge of society:

The criminal seduction, fascinating the frivolous crowd with a deceptive ghost of such prosperity, which could never be the fruit of self -will and arbitrariness, paved their way to the east ... In Hungary and Transylvania, the efforts of the Austrian government, scattered by the other with external and internal enemies in Italy, could not freely triumph over rebellion; On the contrary, strengthening the accumulations of our Polish traitors in 1831 and other diverse aliens, exiles, fugitives and tramps, the riot developed there in the most formidable size.

The Russian troops under the command of the same Paskevich, armed with the tsar’s order “Do not regret the Canal!” Were aimed at suppressing the uprising! ”

Peter Vyazemsky erupted on this occasion with the poem "Holy Rus'":

*When I will heed the folk storms

And I look with secret trepidation,

How God's anger punishes the earth,

Having betrayed the peoples to the rebellion;

When arrogant learning,

False and darkness fruits,

They nourish seduction poison

Proud minds;

When the hand of blind pride

Not knowing the faces, not a presapon,

Blinds the company of strongholds:

Legend, truth and law;

When the spirit is violent and anxious,

When unbridled passion,

Under the banner of freedom of false,

Violence reign power, -

Oh, as in those days of the struggle of the rebellious

Even more love and stronger

I fall with a gentle affection

On my mother’s bosom!

As these days an angry one

You are sweet to me, Holy Rus'!

A warm, sincere prayer

How I pray for you in those days!*

In 1853, the eastern, it was Crimean, war. Russian poems felt a stormy surge of religious-patriotic feelings. Vyazemsky - O irony! - Now he turned to the "Fapsolous Vitia" of Europe. Fedor Tyutchev sweetly anticipated the fulfillment of a centuries -old dream - the conquest of Tsargrad:

*And ancient Sofia vaults,

In renewed Byzantium,

The altar will overshadow Christ again.

Fall before him, O Tsar of Russia, -

And get up like an all -Slavic king!*

Fedor Dostoevsky also distinguished himself - he also dreamed of straits and the All -Slavic Empire:

*Gedeon's sword to help the oppressed,

And in Israel a strong judge!

Then the king, you, the Almighty, preserved,

The anointed of your right hand!

Where two or three are ready for gentlemen,

The Lord between them, as he himself promised us.

Millions are waiting for the tsar’s words,

And finally your hour, Lord, has come!

The pipe sounds, the eagle is a two -headed eagle

And the Tsargrad rushes majestically!*

And this is the most decent of all "swell and get into."

It was during the years of the Crimean War that the expression “throw” his current meaning “with caps” - just as if he was going to defeat the enemy in the battle of Alma, General Kiryakov. The battle, alas, was lost. Like the whole war.

In April 1876, the Turks sank the Bulgarian uprising in the blood. Messages about the atrocities of Bashibuzukov were widely used and inspired sympathy for the Bulgarians. Ivan Turgenev wrote the poem "Croquet in Windsor", in which he denounced the indifference of Queen Victoria. The queen in crockete balls, the bloodied skulls of innocent victims are spinning:

*"My doctor! To the aid! Hurry!" And to him

She believes the vision ...

But he in response: "I do not marry anything;

The newspapers upset you.

Interchants us "Times" like the Bulgarian people

Became a victim of Turkish anger ...

Here are drops ... accept ... all this will pass! "

And the queen goes to the castle.

I returned home - and in thought is worth it ...

Heavy trends were inclined ...

Oh horror! The bloody stream is flooded

The whole land of royal clothes!

"I command it to wash it off! I want to forget!

To the aid, British rivers! "

"No, Your Majesty! You can’t wash off

That innocent blood forever! "*

In June, Serbia, and behind it, Montenegro declared war on Turkey. This reckless step was taken in the calculation of the support of Russia, where the wide public movement unfolded in support of the Slav brothers. Slavic committees were organized everywhere, collecting donations and sending volunteers to the Balkans. Enthusiasm covered and united yesterday’s ideological opponents: the conservatives hoped to rally the empire, the liberals hoped that the liberation pathos, on the contrary, would undermine the foundations of the autocracy, the revolutionaries - that the anti -defectotic wave would spread to Russia. And everyone longed for revenge for defeat in the Crimean war.

Not everyone succumbed to this psychosis of the Slavic-Orthodox Brotherhood, akin to recent hysterical serbophilia. Konstantin Leontyev wrote an article under the expressive heading of "Our Bulgabobes". Vladimir Soloviev ten years after the end of the war, into which Alexander II was forced to enter, revealed the ideological squalor of those whom he called "the latest obscurants":

But the true greatness of Russia is a dead letter for our false patriots who want to impose a historical mission to the Russian people on their own model and within their understanding. In our national affair, if you listen to them, is something that does not happen in the world, and it depends on the single power - the power of weapons. To finish off the extinct Ottoman Empire, and then destroy the Habsburg monarchy, placing a bunch of small independent national kingdoms on the site of these two powers, which are only waiting for this solemn hour of their final liberation in order to rush at each other. Indeed, Russia was worth suffering and fighting a thousand years, becoming Christian with Saint Vladimir and European with Peter the Great, constantly occupying a kind of place between the East and West, and all this in order to become an instrument of the “great idea” of the Serbian and “great ideas” of Bulgarian!

Leo Tolstoy remained indifferent to this campaign. In the eighth part of Anna Karenina, he depicted the Slavic question simply as a fashionable passion for society: "Everything that is usually done by a celebrated crowd, killing time, was now done in favor of the Slavs. Balls, concerts, lunch, speech, ladies' outfits, beer, taverns - everything testified to sympathy for the Slavs." Vronsky goes to the Balkans as a volunteer - but not out of love for Serbs or Bulgarians, but because he is looking for death. There is nothing to do in order to rather forget his professional failure, the mediocre scientist Kozhevshev, who convinces his brother Levin, is engaged in the Slavic movement: "The people are alive by the traditions of Orthodox people suffering from" unholys of the Agaryans. "The people heard about the sufferings of their brotherhoods and spoke." “Maybe,” Levin is doubtfully, “but I do not see this; I am the people themselves, and I do not feel it.”

Tolstoy’s position to such an extent outraged the publisher of the “Russian messenger” of Katkov that he flatly refused to publish the eighth and placed instead of the end of the novel a notice for readers that “Vronsky, in embarrassment and grief after the death of Anna, is a volunteer to Serbia,” “all the others are alive and healthy, and Levin remains in his village and is angry with the Slavic committees and at the Slavic committees and at the Slavic committees and Volunteers ".

Dostoevsky, having read the ending of Karenina, which came out with a separate brochure, fell upon the author with the whole power of his gloomy journalistic talent and brought himself to a uniform frenzy :

*Imagine such a scene: Levin is already in place, there, with a gun and with a bayonet, and a stone's throw from him the Turks voluptuously prepared with a needle of the child’s eyes, which is already in his hands. The seven -year -old sister of the boy screams and how crazy rushes to pull him out of the Turk. And so Levin stands in thought and fluctuates:

• I don't know what to do. I don't feel anything. I am the people myself. There is no direct feeling for oppression of the Slavs and cannot be.

No, seriously, what would he do after all that he expressed to us? Well, no matter how to free the child? Is it really possible to torture him, is it really not to tear him out of the hands of the villain Turk?

• Yes, to tear out, but if, perhaps, it will be painful to push the Turk painfully?

• Well, push!

• Tumor! And how does he not want to give the child and grab the saber? After all, it may be necessary to kill Turku?

• Well, kill!

• No, how can you kill! No, you can’t kill Turk. No, let him better get his eyes to the child and torture him, and I will go to Kiti.

This is what Levin should do, it directly comes out of his beliefs and from all that he says.*

Dostoevsky wrote this in the summer, but already in November, with the appearance of the first draft peace agreements, he spoke differently :

... By my inner conviction, the most complete and insurmountable - Russia will not have, and there will never have such haters, envious people, slanderers and even obvious enemies, like all these Slavic tribes, only Russia will free them, and Europe will agree to recognize them as liberated! And let them not object to me, do not dispute, do not shout at me that I am exaggerating and that I am a hater of the Slavs!

There was enough chapco -absorbing propaganda in 1904 - when declaring the war of Japan. She seemed to everyone a frivolous adversary. Vladimir Gilyarovsky, who sniffed gunpowder in the Balkans in his youth, composed such purchases:

*Hey, Mikado, will be bad

We will kill you the dishes

We will smash to the ground.

It's hard for you to fight with us

Whatever day, the ship is dying,

Glorious affairs.

You part with dreams

Joke with our ports,

You yourself will be without them.

You go out to Port Arthur,

Bathered your skin

We are in a single moment.

Be smarter as soon as possible

Get out of Korea,

Take care of your fleet!

Learn how crayfish go

Eat in Nagasaki

Backwards!

Ashamed with your yellow mug

And God seem to be in the light.

Well, and side!

Quit Russia to Russia,

After all, it turns out - like a moska

Barking at the elephant.

Friend you are a sincere New York

And from us, brother, there will be flogging

With a whip of a Cossack.

You climb the firing to Port Arthur -

There, brother, yellow skin

Sailors will go.*

The first months of World War II were marked by German pogroms in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Subsequently, many public figures in Russia, who gave a generous tribute to anti -German propaganda, could not understand how they picked up this virus. All disagreements of the Duma and Government on internal issues were pushed into a long box. The newspapers yelled about the "German dominance". The Petrograd mayor Prince Obolensky wrote in a private letter: “You write that I in vain I am fine Suvorin (editor of the New Time.” - V.A.), but he is waging a blackmail struggle, demanding money from different Germans and generals with German surnames. In general, the newspaper is all a bastard ... ”.

In St. Petersburg, the German embassy was subjected to barbaric defeat. The commander of a separate corps of the gendarmes, General Dzhunkovsky, writes with the greatest amazement that "many people even from high society took part in the defeat, not excluding titled ladies." Subralya of the Council of Ministers for atrocities, the Minister of Internal Affairs Shcherbatov, said: "Wonderful to disperse the crowd, which goes with tsarist portraits and national flags to demand the eradication of the German sunka."

But the description of events in Moscow :

At this time, a polysmaster Mitkevich arrived at the goal of the enterprise. “With the appointment of a new chief,” he said in front of the crowd, “a long struggle began with German dominance ...” In the morning, the pharmacy “Ferrein V.K., T -VO” on Nikolskaya Street was defeated in the morning. The pogroms removed all the reserves of alcohol (five pounds) from the basements and saw it. By the middle of the day, the crowd of thousands gathered on Red Square, chanting the requirements for the abdication of the emperor and transferring the throne to Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, as well as the tonsure of the empress in the nun. Having plentyed us to do it, the crowd began to disperse in different directions ... Valentine, the son of Gross, handed over to the pogroms through an employee of his mother and his own, who certified that the mistress was a merchant of the second guild and a Russian citizen. However, the documents were no longer interested in anyone ... Even “decent dressed people”, ladies, and, which seem to be completely egregious, police officers, were seen in mass robberies. One of the victims said: "My brother’s servant Tatyana saw how the city was dragging things from my apartment after the pogrom."

“What is patriotism?” Saltykov -Shchedrin asked and explained the reason for his bewilderment: “Almost every step has to listen to the judgments like the following:“ True that N robbed the treasury, but what a patriot! ”Or:“ True, that n launched a lot of people around the world, but what a Christian! ”... therefore, the inconsistency of such phenomena as treasury and treasury and treasury and treasury and heart Patriotism is not so clear at all that the questions posed above can be considered finally abolished. "

And Stanislav Jerzy Lets put it like this: "Love for the Motherland does not know other people's boundaries." Как сегодня сказано.