The main problem for the inhabitants of Crimea, and the same for officials who came from Russia, full legal chaos and information vacuum. Employees of the FMS of Russia accept applications for the refusal to recognize citizenship of the Russian Federation and to acquire it, but they themselves do not know what to based their decisions on. While passports were issued by civil servants, they, according to the law on the civil service, had to abandon the citizenship of Ukraine. Next in line - state employees

On April 19, I returned from Crimea. Olga Zeitlina traveled with me - our lawyer of the Migration and Law network from St. Petersburg and Zhenya Bobrov, like Andrei Yurov, a member of the Presidential Council of Civil Society and Human Rights, I left by me. At departure from Moscow and then, upon arrival in Moscow, we passed passport control. But there was no control in Simferopol.

Andrei Yurov helped us, gave the car with the driver, but I had the contacts mainly my own, received from different, far from only human rights circles. Many civilian activists left Crimea to mainland Ukraine. Others sent the children there so that they studied at a school in Ukrainian in a calm atmosphere.

We are Zhenya, Olya and I lived in the small village of Crimean Tatars near Simferopol in a hospitable house, whose mistress, my old acquaintance, used to work with the UN UNKB. From where in the car to the city center it was 10 minutes.

We spent two and a half day in Simferopol for one day went to Sevastopol. For three and a half days we had 20 meetings.

The main problem for the inhabitants of Crimea, and the same for officials who came from Russia, full legal chaos and information vacuum.

Employees of the FMS of Russia accept applications for the refusal to recognize citizenship of the Russian Federation and to acquire it, but they themselves do not know what to based their decisions on.

There are huge lines to submit documents for both. While passports were issued by civil servants, they, according to the law on the civil service, had to abandon the citizenship of Ukraine. The “Federal Migration Service” without the word “Russia” and without indicating its territorial authority that issued the passport is indicated as the authority of the body.

It is advised to abandon citizenship of Ukraine and employees of budget spheres, university teachers, educational institutions.

Registration in the Russian passport is indicated by the Crimean place of residence. We have not seen neither Murmansk nor Magadan, about which rumors in Moscow. In the FMS, where I was ordered by the director of the FMS of Russia Konstantin Romodanovsky on a call of the Chairman of the Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights Mikhail Fedotov, I was asked to say about it, they were tired of refuting this rumor and fake about the eviction of Crimean Tatars.

In Ukraine, unlike Russia, there is no mandatory registration at the place of residence. FMS employees say that they are ready to establish the fact of permanent residence and issue an opinion on the submitted documents. How - apparently, they themselves do not really understand. What date should a person constantly live in the Crimea to get a Russian passport? No one knows the answer to this question. There was one case of going to court, but the court found that a person had just arrived in the Crimea. There are a lot of such, according to the FMS.

Filed applications for the Russian passport, according to the FMS on April 15, 250 thousand, received a passport of 170 thousand people. ( And on April 19, Romodanovsky said that the FMS has already adopted 350 thousand materials for the acquisition of Russian citizenship. This is not true: one of these figures is incorrect. )

From the total number of residents of Crimea, which is 2 million people, they managed to submit documents no more than 20% of the population.

The place in the queue is already traded, someone is held in line. Employees of migration bodies do not give people any information.

In line, we were told that people without registration in the Ukrainian passport would stop taking documents from April 19. What is based on this, no one explains, but people are very worried. We could not check this rumor.

It is still not clear whether people can get a Russian passport and maintain citizenship of Ukraine. Oral residents of the Crimea say that this is possible. However, the application for the refusal to receive citizenship of the Russian Federation sounds like this:

Thus, the intention to preserve the citizenship of Ukraine is the need to abandon Russian citizenship. In addition, people sign in the fact that they are familiar with their future legal position, which in reality does not happen. On the contrary, they are completely not aware of either the situation of foreign citizens in Russia, or the documents they need.

Zhenya Bobrov spoke three times on Crimean television, explaining Russian legislation. In his speeches, he spoke about the legal status of foreign citizens in Russia, about the legal consequences of non -compliance by foreign citizens of the regime of stay and residence that entail administrative liability in accordance with the norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, up to administrative expulsion and prohibition of entry into the country for five years, as well as premises to the centers of detention (for a period of up to two years).

Of course, it is difficult to imagine that the same provisions will be extended to the inhabitants of Crimea who did not want to become Russian citizens. This would mean that the Crimeans who were born and all their lives who lived in the Crimea, having a house and property here, will begin to expel from the territory of Crimea in an administrative order. It sounds too absurd to be true, but the law does not imply other.

Nobody bother to develop other laws and the order of the “foreign” residents of Crimea.

On April 18, the deadline for submitting applications for the preservation of citizenship of Ukraine and a possible rejection of citizenship of the Russian Federation ended, which will be with the rest - it is not known ( see applications at the end of the text ).

The lines in Simferopol were huge. People spent the night near the FMS departments, led lists so that they would not start the score again. At first, the reaction was negative at us: well, satisfied?

But then people realized that we did not represent Mr. Putin, began to ask questions about Russian legislation. If it will be applied to them in today's form as foreigners, then their position will be unbearable. Refuseniks are a category of special risk. In Crimea, 3000 people already, according to the FMS. The FMS does not know what to give them - a residence permit or a temporary residence permit. There is no answer to this key question, no by -laws or regulations on this subject are accepted. They also mentioned that migration cards would give citizens of Ukraine as newly arrived.

There is another category - citizens who are not going to abandon the citizenship of the Russian Federation or receive a passport of the Russian Federation. Their behavior is quite logical: we do not recognize the new authorities and do not play according to their rules. There was such a formula: we will live as they live during the occupation. This is also a risk group, since they are recognized by citizens of the Russian Federation by default, we can say that today they have already been recognized. At the same time, many of them see their future and future for their children in Ukraine, which is associated not only with the fundamental position of non -recognition of the annexation, but also with the urgent need to continue training, treatment, and doing business both in Ukraine and in the countries of the European Union and the USA. In Russian passports issued in the Crimea, they hardly put a Schengen visa.

There are those who simply believe that there is nowhere to rush, the deadline for obtaining a passport of the Russian Federation is not limited: we will live - we will see.

And, finally, some people in villages or hospitals may not be informed about the need to make a choice. Everything happens with an unacceptable haste.

The refuseniks, of course, are the most active part of the inhabitants of Crimea. They do this consciously, understanding what they risk, and preparing for resistance. Among them there are Russians and Tatars, people defend their dignity and the right to decide their fate. Among those activists with whom we talked, there were a majority. They need maximum attention from human rights activists. There are those who intend to take the passport of the Russian Federation, but do not lose hope of the return of Crimea to the jurisdiction of Ukraine.

On the other hand, some of citizens who do not have registration at the place of residence in the Crimea and Sevastopol want to obtain Russian citizenship. I was addressed by a man who has been living in Crimea for 10 years, but has no registration, once he came from Latvia. To his house, he put the family of his comrade, also a resident of Latvia. In this family, the husband is an Armenian, his wife is Ukrainian, they say that they could not live in her homeland in Vinnitsa, because he was not hired, they called Moskal for ignorance of the Ukrainian language. They heard about the possibility of obtaining Russian citizenship and recently arrived in Crimea. What will the new authorities do in such cases is also unclear. Perhaps they will be ready to provide such a family with Russian citizenship. Or maybe they will provide them with asylum. These issues remain open.

I can assume that the procedure for refusing the citizenship of the Russian Federation is copied with the one that was determined by the Law on Russian citizenship immediately after the collapse of the USSR. Then the inhabitants of Russia became its default citizens if they did not abandon Russian citizenship during the year. Only this time, the rejection of citizenship of the Russian Federation has been given a month, and even then not complete. The first four points where you can abandon Russian citizenship appeared only on April 6, and four more points were opened on April 10. They are located in Simferopol, Sevastopol, Belogorsk, Bakhchisarai, Saki, Evpatoria and Feodosia. From Kerch, for example, the nearest point is located at a distance of 70 km. It is clear that many residents of Crimea not only do not have time to go through the procedure, but simply make a thoughtful choice.

In the course of the case, new rules were introduced in the refusal procedure. For refusal, children began to demand the arrival of both parents. This led to comic situations: the woman who came without her husband went out into the street and asked the man passing by to go with her and introduce herself to her husband. In a hurry to receive materials, this got away with her. In one of the points, for some reason, the refuseniks began to ask to bring two photos.

In Simferopol, there is the only Ukrainian gymnasium in the city with a very high level of training and teaching all subjects in Ukrainian. There are Ukrainian classes in terms of schools, but subjects are taught in Russian. Some rapidly oriented residents of Simferopol decided to close the gymnasium. There were parents who require the translation of learning into Russian. There is an assumption that this is done under pressure. For the gymnasium there is a fierce struggle, issued outside the problems of one educational institution.

In schools, relations between students of different nationalities have worsened . The boy came in the embroidered shirt - his guys called Bandera and beat him. The girl said that she did not want to sit with the boy - the Crimean Tatar.

The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate is also anxiety for the opportunity to conduct religious services in Ukrainian , whose lord we met. We were told about the difficulties with the extension of the rental contract, where the church is located, which can lead to the closure of the arrival in Simferopol.

These examples illustrate the obvious inequality and discrimination of the Ukrainian language and religion, in respect of which special care and balanced decisions are now required.

On April 17, there was a television survey during the transfer of the growth of xenophobia. The result of the survey: interethnic relations deteriorated - 93%, 5%improved, 2%did not change.

The paralysis of the law enforcement system is noted by lawyer Olga Zeitlina, especially excited by the position of colleagues. Judges can neither free from the guard, nor extend the preventive measure, it is impossible to draw up protocols. The legal force of court decisions now made is doubtful. All lawyers are trained in special courses, well -known Russian lawyers give lectures. Lawyers will keep the exam to confirm their status. But they were promised that they would cost an interview. Of the two lawyers with whom we talked, one abandoned Russian citizenship. Generally speaking, this does not contradict our law on the lawyer, but he is afraid of addiction to him at an interview.

Now cases in the production of courts will be considered in accordance with the provisions of Russian legislation. But here there is a fundamental problem on the implementation of the principle of “prohibition of turning to the worst”: on cases where the legislation of the Russian Federation aggravates or introduces new liability compared to the legislation of Ukraine, introduces new corpus delicti or offenses. It is also unclear what will happen to the decisions of the courts in the appeal procedure. Violation of what legislation - Ukrainian or Russian should lead to their cancellation? Problems with the extension of the terms of detention, the election of preventive measures, recognition by citizens of Russia as persons serving a sentence in prisons in the Crimea.

A full collapse in the banking system , banks cannot carry out operations in the territory of Crimea and Sevastopol due to international penalties. Residents are worried about deposits to the banks of Ukraine, whether deposits will be returned to them if they are recognized by Russian citizens, whether Crimea and Sevastopol will fully meet the obligations of Ukraine’s deposits or are limited to the payment of the minimum insurance amount in rubles.

People believe that all their savings and deposits can be lost in general, seeing closed doors of banks and cash issuing terminals. The problem is also repaying loans and mortgages, payment of state fees.

Questions that there are no answer in today's realities is a continuation of medical treatment and postoperative observation in the clinics of mainland Ukraine residents of Crimea and Sevastopol, will they be able to continue treatment, for example, in Kiev in the presence of Russian citizenship?

Will the medical policy be issued under the same conditions as the citizens of Russia, to persons who wish to preserve citizenship of Ukraine? Whether they will be provided with pensions and other benefits.

An extremely difficult situation with freedom of speech and the media , covering the point of view that is different from the official policy of the Russian authorities, providing alternative information. A number of Internet portals, printed publications of different directions (“An-Crime”, “Events of Crimea”, “Crimean Time”, “Republic”) have already closed. According to the Center for Journalistic Investigations, the legislation of Russia, which regulates the activities of journalists, is less liberal than in Ukraine, which in today's conditions will create an obstacle to the work of independent journalists and free media.

All registers of registration of real estate rights and land are blocked , and accesses to the information base of technical accounting of real estate were blocked.

No transactions for real estate and land are carried out, sell, buy, bequeathed, present, residential building, apartment, or to receive a certificate of inheritance. Civil law does not work in this part, and it is not clear which passport to conduct a transaction: the new Russian or Ukrainian. The lack of information threatens the criminal redistribution of ownership, for this there are all conditions.

About moods . They differ in Simferopol and Sevastopol. A street survey (of course, not representative, but rather impressive!) Shows that Sevastopol is calm and satisfied with what happened. There, people are more optimistic regarding the future. There is more order, the turn is only to receive Russian passports, it is maintained by the FMS employee, he also gives consultations on various legal issues. With us, in one of the points, the queue number exceeded 30 thousand.

Along the coast of the bays of Sevastopol, along which we rolled on a boat, there are Russian ships. One of them is a huge sixteen -ruble monster. A number of berths are empty, there were ships of the Ukrainian Sea Fleet. Some of them remained, the rest went to Balaklava. The guide talks about recent events as if it were the same story as the events of two hundred years ago.

In Simferopol, intonation sounds more: what happened - that happened. Although there, too, many people hope for a better life. Many are seriously talking about the restoration of the Soviet Union.

The brains were powdered to them, as they say now, specifically.

- In Russia, order, and we have a complete collapse here: around the Makeevsky (Yanukovych people), terrible corruption, everything is collapsed.

(Massandra concern, the head enterprise and 9 units - factories and state farms nationalized by Ukraine, is now seizing new power.)

Conversation in a pharmacy. I buy a medicine and amazed at its little price.

- Only 22 rubles?

- Cheap? - asks the elderly woman standing behind me.

- We have seven times more.

“But you have 10 times more pension.”

- What is your pension?

- 1600 hryvnias, in rubles 4800.

- Do you think that we have a pension of 48 thousand?

- And how much?

- In the regions about 6 thousand, in Moscow more.

Doesn't believe.

The price list of cheap dining room No. 1 in Sevastopol was accidentally preserved in my bag:

Salad-4-00 UAH.

Borsch-8-00 UAH.

Tefteli-5-00 UAH.

Home dumplings-10-00 UAH.

Bitter chicken-12-00 UAH. etc.

It is necessary to multiply now by three.

I confirm that everything is delicious, the portions are large.

В дорогом месте в Симферополе цены раза в два выше.

По улицам ходят люди с автоматами в камуфляже, действительно вежливые. I ask:

— Вы из России?

- From Russia.

— А почему без знаков отличия и подразделения?

— По приказу начальства.

— Можно вас сфотографировать.

- It is forbidden.

- Why?

— По приказу.

Один из наших водителей сказал, что эти люди не дали противостоянию перейти в насилие. Когда в марте они появились, то он впервые за месяц вышел погулять с внуками в парк.

Молодые женщины:

— У нас такой менталитет — нам нужны рамки. Свекровь записалась в очередь на паспорт 917-я. Пришла через несколько дней — идет номер 901. Через три часа снова номер 901. Говорят, что проходят опоздавшие семисотые номера. Предложили заплатить, но она отказалась и сдала документы через несколько дней.

— Мы пока потерпим, а дети получат хорошее образование и будут жить нормально.

— Наша учительница видела школьную программу — она много ниже, чем в Украине.

— Банки закрыты, потому что это филиалы международных банков. Кредит погасить предлагают через Сбербанк России. Куда пойдут деньги, уверенности нет. Некоторые обрадовались, решили, что совсем платить не надо. А взять деньги с вклада вообще невозможно.

— Историю пишут победители. Если Путин был сильнее, то и хорошо, что он так просто взял Крым. Сильный пожирает слабого — закон природы.

— Надо было нашим сопротивляться. Ни одного приказа из Киева не было. Мы голосовали против паралича власти. Народ обнищал, все развалено.

— Мы боимся за детей в школе. Дети повторяют то, что дома говорят взрослые. Отношения между детьми портятся. И все-таки сейчас началась новая жизнь. We will live.

Что касается крымских татар , то они больше заняты проблемами своего народа и хотели бы добиться от новой власти того, чего не удалось им в прежние годы: повышения статуса языка, регистрации «самозахваченных» земель, признания права на возвращение тех, кто сейчас проживает в Центральной Азии. Только в Узбекистане таких 120 тыс., и 90% из них хочет вернуться в Крым.

— В любом случае все свои страдания крымские татары связывают с Россией. На Украине им было неплохо. Но Верховная Рада Украины только 17 апреля 2014 года приняла закон «Об обеспечении прав лиц, депортированных по национальному признаку», касающийся в первую очередь крымских татар. Путин немедленно заявил, что вскоре будет издан Указ о крымских татарах. Ющенко, за которого татары стояли горой, ничего для них не сделал, спецслужбы боялись, что татары будут выступать за отделение Крыма. Нравится или нет то, что произошло, чтобы решать проблемы сегодняшнего дня, надо идти во власть, — говорит один из лидеров Меджлиса.

Последний эпизод. Мы улетаем в Москву. В аэропорту подходим к ларьку с сувенирами, там продаются российские флажки. Я говорю, не обращаясь ни к кому:

— Флажки-то только российские?

Продавщица молча достает из-под прилавка украинский флажок и протягивает мне.

— Сколько он стоит?

- Nothing. Это подарок.

Что касается наших с Евгением Бобровым и Ольгой Цейтлиной предложений российской власти, этот вопрос ставит каждого из нас в двойственное положение. С одной стороны, требуя чего-то от власти России, мы как будто признаем ее легитимность в Крыму.

С другой стороны, людям необходимо помочь выжить в той ситуации, в которой они неожиданно для себя оказались. Никто не продумал, каким должен быть переходный период. Как быть с банками, которые перестали работать. По каким законам, хотя бы тем, украинским, которые не противоречат российской правовой системе, могут работать правоохранительные органы и суд. Создается впечатление, что все решения принимались спонтанно, не было никакого четкого плана, кроме амбиций.

Исходя из этих соображений, я присоединяюсь к предложениям, разработанным нашей группой.

При этом остается неизменным мое убеждение в том, что присоединение Крыма к России незаконно, поскольку нарушает все возможные международные соглашения, в первую очередь Меморандум 5 декабря 1994 года (см. ниже) .

Applications

Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов (Москва, 18 марта 2014 г.)

Article 5

Со дня принятия в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образования в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов граждане Украины и лица без гражданства, постоянно проживающие на этот день на территории Республики Крым или на территории города федерального значения Севастополя, признаются гражданами Российской Федерации, за исключением лиц, которые в течение одного месяца после этого дня заявят о своем желании сохранить имеющееся у них и (или) их несовершеннолетних детей иное гражданство либо остаться лицами без гражданства.

Конституционный закон РФ «О принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов — Республики Крым и города федерального значения Севастополя». 20 марта 2014 г.

Article 4

Признание гражданства Российской Федерации у граждан Украины и лиц без гражданства, постоянно проживающих на территории Республики Крым или на территории города федерального значения Севастополя.

1. Со дня принятия в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образования в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов граждане Украины и лица без гражданства, постоянно проживающие на этот день на территории Республики Крым или на территории города федерального значения Севастополя, признаются гражданами Российской Федерации, за исключением лиц, которые в течение одного месяца после этого дня заявят о своем желании сохранить имеющееся у них и (или) их несовершеннолетних детей иное гражданство либо остаться лицами без гражданства.

2. Документы, удостоверяющие личность гражданина Российской Федерации, выдаются в течение трех месяцев со дня принятия в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образования в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов.

3. Ограничения на замещение государственных и муниципальных должностей, должностей государственной и муниципальной службы, предусмотренные законодательством Российской Федерации в отношении граждан Российской Федерации, имеющих гражданство иностранного государства либо вид на жительство или иной документ, подтверждающий право на постоянное проживание гражданина Российской Федерации на территории иностранного государства, действуют на территориях Республики Крым и города федерального значения Севастополя по истечении месяца со дня принятия в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образования в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов.

Международный договор

Меморандум от 5 декабря 1994 года

Меморандум о гарантиях безопасности в связи с присоединением Украины к Договору о нераспространении ядерного оружия

Accepted

Правительством Российской Федерации,

Правительством Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии,

Правительством Соединенных Штатов Америки,

Правительством Украины

Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, Соединенные Штаты Америки и Украина, приветствуя присоединение Украины к Договору о нераспространении ядерного оружия в качестве государства, не обладающего ядерным оружием, учитывая обязательство Украины об удалении всех ядерных вооружений с ее территории в установленные сроки, отмечая перемены в мире в области безопасности, в том числе окончание «холодной войны», создавшие условия для глубоких сокращений ядерных сил, подтверждают следующее:

1. Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии и Соединенные Штаты Америки подтверждают Украине свое обязательство в соответствии с принципами Заключительного акта СБСЕ уважать независимость, суверенитет и существующие границы Украины.

2. Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии и Соединенные Штаты Америки подтверждают свое обязательство воздерживаться от угрозы силой или ее применения против территориальной целостности или политической независимости Украины и что никакие их вооружения никогда не будут применены против Украины, кроме как в целях самообороны или каким-либо иным образом в соответствии с Уставом Организации Объединенных Наций.

3. Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии и Соединенные Штаты Америки подтверждают Украине свое обязательство в соответствии с принципами Заключительного акта СБСЕ воздерживаться от экономического принуждения, направленного на то, чтобы подчинить своим собственным интересам осуществление Украиной прав, присущих ее суверенитету, и таким образом обеспечить себе преимущества любого рода.

4. Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии и Соединенные Штаты Америки подтверждают свое обязательство добиваться незамедлительных действий Совета Безопасности ООН по оказанию помощи Украине как государству — участнику Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия, не обладающему ядерным оружием, в случае если Украина станет жертвой акта агрессии или объектом угрозы агрессии с применением ядерного оружия.

5. Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии и Соединенные Штаты Америки подтверждают в отношении Украины свое обязательство не применять ядерное оружие против любого государства — участника Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия, не обладающего ядерным оружием, кроме как в случае нападения на них, их территории или зависимые территории, на их вооруженные силы или их союзников таким государством, действующим вместе с государством, обладающим ядерным оружием или связанным с ним союзным соглашением.

6. Российская Федерация, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, Соединенные Штаты Америки и Украина будут консультироваться в случае возникновения ситуации, затрагивающей вопрос относительно этих обязательств.

Настоящий Меморандум будет применимым с момента подписания. Подписано в четырех экземплярах, имеющих одинаковую силу на английском, русском и украинском языках.

г. Будапешт, 5 декабря 1994 г.

Подписали Леонид Кучма, Борис Ельцин, Джон Мейджор, Билл Клинтон