3 videos of the week from the Postnuka project

The ninth issue of the heading of the posttnouka project on Slon is not released on Friday, on Monday: we are confused at the weekend. As always, however, this is a selection of the most interesting videos of the week with small comments from the postnayuki specialists. In today's issue: what is German classical philosophy and which of the philosophers did not fall into the classics, genetic therapy of blood diseases and transplantation of hematopoly cells of the bone marrow, and why was Russian liberalism essentially etiquette?

German classical philosophy as a concept

German classical philosophy is several key figures. The works of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gotlib Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel accumulate the main content of the philosophical process of the first half of the XIX century. It is these four figures that form the backbone of the direction, which is usually called German classical philosophy.

However, many important trends that determined the intellectual climate of the first quarter of the 19th century both in Germany and other European countries do not fall into it: neither the romantic movement, nor the philosophical work of members of the Jenan circle, nor the philosophical searches of such characters as Schleiermacher or Joseph Gerres.

At the beginning of the 20th century, intensive work began on the development of the manuscript heritage of German philosophers. It was quite quickly found that the texts considered before the classic are actually a working Process, that is, the structure continues to be modified, to be processed further. In relation to Kant, this became clear thanks to the publication of the so -called OPUS Postum - an extensive body of handwritten notes, in which Kant continues to critically rethink both the problems of these works and the reactions of various critics and opponents to the arguments brought to them.

Video on the site - http://postnauka.ru/video/26234

Holy stem cells

All cells of our blood do not live very long: from several hours to weeks. Therefore, in the bone marrow, billions of new cells arise every day. The hematopoietic stem cells, hemocytoblasts living there, are responsible for blood reproduction, so their function is difficult to overestimate - there is no blood, no life.

Work in the field of transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow began in the fifties. In the next decade, many scientific groups appeared, including a team in Seattle, which successfully carried out such operations. Patients with leukemia, who otherwise prescribed an intensive course of chemotherapy, is potentially strong enough to kill leukemia, but also killing healthy hematopoietic cells (that is, this did not completely heal the patients), got the opportunity to choose an operation to transplant bone marrow.

Today, genetic therapy appears. Suppose there is a patient suffering from a genetic defect who leads to hemophilia, problems with blood coagulation, or to the absence of immune cells, or to sickle cell anemia, or to talassemia. All this is due to red blood cells, and such genetic diseases can be cured by transplanting bone marrow from the donor. But it is more efficient to take hemocytoblasts from the bone marrow of this patient and introduce the right gene into them.

Video on the site - http://postnauka.ru/video/27414

Features of liberalism in Russia

Liberalism transforms throughout its history, but the invariant nucleus, which constitutes its essence, remains unchanged regardless of the geographical area or time when liberalism originated. It can be determined as follows: for liberalism, a person, a person is a goal, and everything else is mechanisms for obtaining guarantees of human rights.

Classic Russian liberalism is not at all like English. It will arise in the Russian environment and focus on Russian realities. In our view, the liberal is a person inclined to limit state power, and Russian liberals, on the contrary, are all the ethists, convinced supporters of strong state power. In our view, liberal is a supporter of the constitution and restrictions on the supreme power, presidential today or imperial at the beginning of the 20th century. But for Russia this is also not so. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin or Konstantin Dmitrievich Kavelin were convinced by the supporters of the preservation of the autocracy for that historical period. It turns out a unique picture: Russian liberals are opponents of the Constitution and supporters of iron state power.

In the period from the end of the XIX - early XX centuries, we see the appearance of political parties, which rethink the liberal doctrine in a completely different way. They suggest that the future is a wide social reform. That is, for the need to alienate the land, its nationalization, for a significant restriction of the supreme power, the creation of a constitution, which involves the expansion of personality rights, and regardless of national, confessional, estate affiliation. They proceed from the inevitability of broad political, social and economic transformations. We are talking about the synthesis of socialist and liberal doctrines. The most striking example is the Cadet Party and its political program.

Video on the site - http://postnauka.ru/video/26242