Remember ...

On October 25, 2014, Sandro Vasilievich Kodzasov , Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of Moscow State University named after MV Lomonosova, member of the International Phonetic Association. We publish an article by Alexander Arkhipov , dedicated to the memory of this wonderful scientist.

Sandro Vasilievich Kodzasov was born in 1938 in Moscow, graduated from the department of the Russian language and literature of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. He did not know his father-Ossetian-he was repressed a few months before the birth of his son-and was brought up in a purely Moscow environment. After graduation, S.V. Kodzasov taught Russian for some time at the University of Friendship of Peoples, and since 1964 he began working at the Moscow State University at the Department of Structural and Applied Linguistics, where his closest friend from his student years Alexander Evgenievich Kibrik (just these days has been performed two years since his death; see about him TRV-hunger, No. 116 [1] ).

Since then, scientific life S.V. Kodzasov was inextricably linked with the separation of structural and applied linguistics (Osilom), although it was possible to formalize it with a full -time employee of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University only in 2001; The label of “unreliable” prevented this - his signature stood under one of the letters in defense of A. Ginzburg. Since 1989 S.V. Kodzasov worked as a senior researcher at the Russian Language Institute named after V.V. Vinogradova. Since the beginning of the 1990s S.V. Kodzasov, along with his permanent co -author O.F. Krinnova taught a course of general phonetics on Osipla, on the material of which a fundamental textbook was later written [2] , and after the formation of the faculty of linguistics at the RSUSU, he also led a similar course there.

His two constant linguistic interests are Russian phonetics (especially intonation, in its widest sense, which is more accurately consistent with the term “prosodium”) and the phonet of Caucasian languages. In both areas, he investigated the most complex and difficult to vibrant phenomena. Having seen enough, hesitated by Dagestan exotic, he again and again with more closely, he turned to the Russian language - and much of what he discovered in his native language, for most domestic phonetists, still looks like an overseas curiosity.

A huge place in the life of S.V. Kodzasov was occupied by linguistic expeditions in which he was an unchanged satellite A.E. Cybric. “Cybrik and Sandro”, “Sandro and Cybrik” - it seemed impossible to introduce one of them without the other. Together, they implemented a colossal draft of the comparative dictionary of Dagestan languages ​​[3] , according to the materials of their expeditions, several detailed and advanced grammar for their time were previously poorly studied (Khinalugsky, Archinsky, Tabasaran, Godberinsky, Tsahur, Bagvalinsky; in addition to the languages ​​of the Caucasus, the Alterine language of the Chukchi-Kamcetsky group). Sandro invariably was responsible for the sound side of the description; It can be said without exaggeration that he repeatedly listened to each of several hundred words in more than thirty languages ​​and dialects and posted his phonetic recording.

The Caucasus as a whole, and especially Dagestan, the place of many years of "pilgrimage" of the expeditions of Osipl since 1967, is a real phonetic reserve; In the local languages, sounds are represented in many, few still found. One of the record holders is the same -alucular Archinsky, in which it speaks a little more than a thousand people: in terms of the number of consonants of vonem (70) it is inferior only to “click” languages ​​of South Africa, and taking into account the additional sign of pharyngalization of them even more (for comparison, no more than 37 is distinguished in the modern Russian language).

Dagestan languages, in particular, are rich in various “deep” articulations, with the participation of a pharynx and larynx. This is one of the areas in which Sandro Vasilyevich’s contribution was especially valuable. Having traveled through the years of expeditions, three dozen Dagestan languages ​​and dialects, he managed to systematize this diversity and propose its harmonious description, stated in a number of articles (for example, “pharyngolangal narrowing in the Dagestan languages”, 1986) and entered the phonetic section of the comparable dictionary. In one of the dialects of the Agul language, a unique sound was found, then introduced into the international phonetic alphabet (MFA) under the sign ʢ, taken from the description of S.V. Kodzasov.

Remember

Remember the blue
Cloudless sky
Remember the whiteness
Unconquered mountains,
Remember the noise of the stream
And the taste of rye bread
Solitude rest
And the heights are delighted.

Remember the measured move
Free movement,
Remember the hidden call
Silent beauty,
Remember cleanliness
Mutual service,
Stunning of love
And the joy of kindness.

S.V. Kodzasov
Svaneti, 1988

In these classes, the rare phonetic hearing of Sandro Vasilyevich, his linguistic flair and the ability to imitate imitation served. The larynx is an extremely complex mechanism formed by several cartilage, many muscles and tendons; What is happening during speech in the larynx and around it is hard to describe to observation, to describe these processes much more difficult than, for example, the movement of the tip of the tongue,

Which a person realizes and feels much better. In recent years, to researchers (and not everyone) has become available to videolaryngoscopes with high -resolution cameras, which allow you to directly observe the work of the vocal cords with various types of voice, the articulation of various laryngeal sounds (by the way, this is what the current president of the international phonetic association John Eshling). And in the 70-80s and a high-quality imported tape recorder on the expedition was a rarity, it was necessary to rely mainly on his own hearing and language intuition (his own and native speakers). As usual, Sandro Vasilievich chose his informant, whose intuition he could trust and work with whom he went most productively. Then he spent a long time, listening and observing the pronunciation of various sounds, imitating them, trying to “get used to” into the speech gestures of another language, until he reached the approval of the informant. After that, he could already qualifyly describe phonetic features used in this language, comparing with what was known about the languages ​​of neighboring villages.

The causing puzzles of Dagestan sounds, however, only strengthened the interest of S.V. Kodzasov to the Russian language. In 1977, his wonderful article was published in collaboration with O.F. Krinova “The phonetic capabilities of the larynx and their use in Russian speech”, in which one of the important areas of his further research is predetermined - the study of various types of voice, or background (tense, relaxed, stinking, creaky, etc.), and after them and other prosodic signs, including the movement of tones, the pace of pronunciation, various articulatory timbres (“symboling”, “symboling”, "General", etc.). Observations of lively speech, not only spoken, but also acting and television, formed in the original combinatorial model of phrasal prosodia, and an order of magnitude expanding the idea of ​​the wealth of Russian intonation, which from the mid-50s and is still customary to lay into seven classic IRs (intonation constructions).

A distinctive feature of the Kodzasov-phonetist was the desire not to limit himself to the sound, physical side of speech. He always searched for meanings hidden after one or another sound, loved to emphasize the original nature of various means of intonation design of speech as a kind of symbolic “gestures”, deeply rooted in a person (“man is a prosodic being”, “man constantly gestures,” he said). The main project of the latter at least ten years of his life was the compilation of the “prosodic dictionary of the Russian language”, in which he noted inherent in different words - often contrary to the similar sound composition - thin prosodic features, which he called the “second phonetics”. It is extremely difficult to fix and describe such signs - not every native speaker uses all these possibilities (in the words of S.V., there are “actors” and, conversely, “silence”). In addition, the implementation of these signs in each specific phrase depends on the huge number of factors that the task of which is not easy to manage in the experiment. Not all phonetists, in principle, were ready to recognize their existence (and materiality) in the Russian language. Unfortunately, due to illness S.V. The "prosodic dictionary" remained incomplete.

* * *

It is worth covering his eyes, his velvet voice sounds, then well done is-cornfield, then lyrical-smelling. Here he is with an unchanging good -natured playfulness answers the twenty -fifth question like “Sandro Vasilievich, how can it be pronounced?!” - “Well, how, Marinochka, you lower the dummier, and ...” - and shows how to lower the dummier and what should come of it. Naturally, like him, no one immediately succeeds (and many do not immediately), but also in the twenty -sixth and one hundred and twenty -sixth times he shows, explains, teaches.

So he excitingly talks about how a terrible drought was in the Archinsky expedition and the Archintsy ultimately conducted a rite of causing rain, after which the heavens opened and poured such rains for several days that all the earthen roofs flowed, the air mattress literally swam, and in the whole district the bridges brought out of the shores of the river. And of course, in the evening he sings his songs, without which no expedition is unthinkable: “Andei Waltz”, in which the mountain kingdoms of distant Andie and the Dagestan village of Andi, “Kamchatka” with its unrelecting ocean, are interwoven, “on the ship of hope” - an expedition hymns written during the trip through the thresholds of the Yenisei.

Sandro Vasilievich was one of the guardians of the spirit of Osipla, moreover, one of its creators. We will always be painful to feel his absence and with gratitude to fate to remember that he was once next to us. In these difficult October days, I am not leaving the feeling that now Sandro Vasilievich and Alexander Evgenievich are together again - and only this is reconciled with bitterness of loss.

Bright memory.

1. Memory of A.E. Cybric . TRV-hobby. November 6. No. 116.

2. Krivnova O.F., Kodzasov S.V. General phonetics. M., 2001.

3. Kibrik A.E., Kodzasov S.V. Comparative study of Dagestan languages. Verb. M., 1988; Kibrik A.E., Kodzasov S.V. Comparative study of Dagestan languages. Name. Phonetics. M., 1990.