Deaf coin

In July 1662, fermentation of minds under the current circumstances happened in the Moscow state. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with the whole family was about this time in his summer residence Kolomenskoye. Looking out the window, he saw that a large excited crowd of people entered the royal court. People shouted the names of the close monarch - Ilya and Ivan Miloslavsky and Fedor Rtishchev. All three were right there, under the king. He ordered them to hide in the female half, and he himself went to the people on the porch.

That was the famous copper rebellion. The Joachimstaler was a single European currency - a silver coin minted in the city of Joachimstal in the north -west of Bohemia (now Yakhimov in the Czech Republic), where there was a large silver deposit. In Rus', a coin was called Efimk. Efimika was walking along with a ruble at a course of 42 to 50 kopecks. Foreign merchants who brought their goods to Russia paid a fee in Efimki, for this money was carried out by trade at fairs in port cities. In Efimki, the international financial obligations of Russia, such as loans and indemnities, were nominated.

The royal treasury of import operations was eager. Ambassador official Grigory Kotoshikhin, who fled to Sweden, wrote in an essay compiled on behalf of King Gustav III:

And they buy all sorts of goods to those royal treasures for those Efimki, or silver change to all kinds of goods, and they take those efimki for their goods, and silver against Efimkov four hryvnias and 14 altyn efimas, and the royal goods put by a high price, and those Efimkov, or Silver Dengi, there is a great profit, because Efimki and Efimki and Ephi Silver comes with a cheap price, and in the case of Moscow money, two dens, one Altyn, comes out of Efimka, and from all Efimka, the tsar arrived for 7 altyn 2 deni and OSMI Altyn.

In other words, calculations with overseas guests were made at a special course - well, it seems like 90 kopecks per dollar, as it was in the Soviet Union after the 1961 monetary reform.

A protracted war with the Commonwealth turned out to be an expensive enterprise. The government, in order to replenish the empty treasury, the beginning of the mass rehearsing of the efimki proceeds from the export operations to the Russian coin - from one Joachimstaler there were about 64 kopecks. However, this seemed a little court financiers seemed to be a little, and an efima with a state stigma appeared in the appeal - an “efim with a sign”, equivalent to a ruble. Efimka walking without a stigma in Russia was prohibited.

But this measure was not enough. The closest adviser to Tsar Kolnichy Rtishchev proposed to mint the copper coin of one dignity with Silver. Nowhere and not studying, Fedor Mikhailovich simply reasoned: if the king ordered copper for silver to count, who dares to argue?

For five years, Medyakov began on an astronomical amount of 20 million rubles at that time. Numerous fakes and natural distrust of the new coin led to a sharp increase in prices. This is what Kotoshikhin wrote about this:

Yes, at that time, the Dengi made fifty dollars of copper and the peasants, and the peasants saw such thin deles, uneven and mixed at one time, did not dare to carry hay and firewood and saw reserves to cities, and took off from those money for all kinds of goods Great. And the serving people of the royal salary were given full, and they bought all sorts of reserves and grunts and goods twice, and from that they did not get a salary in the year, and the scarcity of was shaken. Although there was a cruel decree and executions about those Dengs, so that for them goods and stocks would not overpass any costs, but they don’t look at that.

The counterfeiters were punished in the most ferocious way. Historian Sergey Soloviev says :

The criminals were executed by death, cut off their hands and nailed from the money yards on the walls, houses, the estates were taken to the treasury. But cruelty did not help with the irresistible charms of rapid enrichment; The thieves continued their job, especially since the rich of them bought up from trouble, giving great bribes to Tsarov’s father -in -law - Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky and the Duma nobleman Matyushkin, behind whom there was a native aunt of the king in his mother; In cities, thieves bought off, giving bribes to the governors and ordered people. For consideration, acceptance and expenditure of copper and money in the money courtyards, faithful heads and kissers from guests and trading people were assigned, honest and sufficient people. But they did not defeat the temptations: they bought copper in Moscow and Sweden, brought to money yards with royal copper together, ordered to make money from it and took it to their home.

As a result, by 1662, 800 copper were already given for 100 silver cents, and then silver completely disappeared from the turnover. At the same time, creditors demanded the payment of debt with silver. In newly -made Little Russia, they refused to accept copper from Moscow troops, who received their salary.

In the summer of 1662, excitement began in Moscow. That the king does not understand anything in finances is, of course, to the rebels did not occur to the rebels. The pests were searched among the neighboring boyars who surrendered to an external enemy. Suspicion was immediately confirmed: "The letter is glued to Lubyanka at the pillar!" On a pile of a pile, the names of the traitors, Miloslavsky and the merchant Vasily Shorin - the real oligarch of the 17th century were listed to the pillar of the pile. With a letter about the national traitors, the people touched to Kolomenskoye.

“Go home,” the king said to the people, “and I, as soon as the lunch, will go to Moscow and in that case I will make a detective and decree.” The crowd calmed down and turned back to Moscow.

Meanwhile, in Moscow they plundered Shorin's house. The owner managed to hide, but the rebels captured his 15-year-old son and went to Kolomenskoye with him. The first crowd, meeting with the second, turned back. The king was already sitting in the saddle, about to go to Moscow, as the yard was again filled with rebels. This time they had a witness - the son of Shorin. He was brought to the tsar, and he writes Soloviev, “began to shout out the memorized fairy tale that his father went to Poland with boyar letters. When the boy was finished, screams were heard in the crowd:“ Give the traitors! ”“ I am the sovereign, ”answered Alexei Mikhailovich,“ my case is to find and punish him, to whom he will come to the homes; I won’t leave things like that, my wife and children are bailous. "But the screams did not stop." Do not let us die in vain! " - shouted alone." If you won’t give those boyars, we will take them from you, according to their own custom! " - shouted others, waved sticks."

Then Alexei Mikhailovich could not stand it and gave the archers to disperse the crowd. The rebels began to scatter. The rebellion was suppressed. Almost no one showed resistance. The search was short, and the reprisal of cruel. Kotoshikhin sets out the end of the drama as follows:

And the days of that the village were hung with 150 people, and the rest was a decree, tortured and burned, and the legs were cut off for guilt at the hands and feet of the feet, and the other bees, and the signs were laid on the right side, the iron on the red one, and the “Buki” was put on that gland, the rebel, so that it was recognized before the century; And they repaired them with punishment, they rose everyone in distant cities, in Kazan, and in Astarahan, and on graters, and in Siberia, for eternal life ... And other people, in the night, in the night, was made by the decree, having put their hands back in the bold courts, sank in Moscow.

Whoever wrote a letter glued on the pillar remained unknown. However, the rebellion forced the government to abandon copper money. In 1663, a decree was issued to seize them from the turnover. The copper ruble was exchanged by the treasury for silver at the rate of 1 to 20.

The son of monetary circulation did not understand the son of Alexei Mikhailovich Peter. Completely ruining Russia with endless wars, spending half the revenue of the budget on the land and sixth part of the fleet, he constantly invented new taxes - on coffins, baths, beards, minted a lightweight coin, and yet the budget was reduced with huge deficiency. In search of a panacea, he turned his gaze to the inventor of the paper money of the Scotsman John Lo, who seduced the Duke of Orleans, a regent under the young king of France Louis XV.

In May-June 1717, Peter I was on a visit to Paris and met Luo. Subsequently, he carefully monitored the reforms of the LU on the reports of Russian diplomats. After the project crashed, and Lu fled from France in December 1720, Peter decided to invite him to Russia. The Russian ambassador to Paris Baron Schleinitz informed Peter: "Laus with the allowing and passport from the regent through Geneva to Rome went so that his person would be informed in perfect security." Nevertheless, Peter sent a special messenger to him - the Frenchman in the Russian service, the assessor of the Berg -College of Gabriel de Pressi. De Pressi found Luo in Genoa and showed him the royal order, promising the Scottish, generous goods, from the princely title and 2000 fortress yards to the right to build a city on the Caspian coast and inhabit it with foreign artisans. But John Lo refused the invitation.

Catherine II learned about what an uncontrolled currency was learned from her own experience. She personally engaged in public finances, delving into all the subtleties and inventing cunning operations to replenish the budget, while not wanting to admit to foreigners that the state has significant financial difficulties. After the sculptor Falcone informed her that one Frenchman was taken to indicate the Empress “A simple remedy for four months of 30 million without the slightest burden”, she wrote in a response letter : “I am a habit of responding to the compilers of gold and monetary projects: gentlemen, take advantage of your inventions yourself so as not to ask for alms.”

However, the wars with Turkey and Sweden, the Poland section, the struggle against revolutionary France demanded that the budget extreme tension. In 1769, paper money was introduced in Russia - bank notes. In addition to Russia, in Europe, only Sweden issued unsecured papers at that time. The people of the Empress herself called the one -ruble banknote, the people called the "Katerinka" or "Katenka".

Soon, mother was forced to write the next note to her own office:

With the extreme surprise, I hear that the state banknotes of the Palace Chancellery refuses to accept private people. One man brought paper, and they told him, bring money. Are my establishments invalid in the Palace Office, or barking are naughty for their profitable profit, so that there is no proceeding on the banknote?

Despite these angry shouts, as a result of the huge volumes of the issuance, the banknotes were quickly cheaper, and in 1786 the state stopped paying them with a ringing coin. In the Russian Empire, a double monetary system was actually established - we recall that the heroes of Russian literature pay with each other either outlets or silver, and the amount of banknotes was significantly lower and was subject to constant fluctuations. In 1839, a solid course of a silver ruble was established. Banks began to exchange bank notes for silver at a rate of one to 3.5. The banknotes were removed from the appeal and replaced by state credit tickets - "credit cards".

To the gold standard, Russia officially passed through the efforts of Sergey Witte in 1897, after the USA (1879) and Austria-Hungary (1892) and at the same time with Japan.

It would seem that the difficult story of the ruble in the recent past was supposed to teach something to the President of Russia. However, we hear amazing revelations from him:

Look: earlier we sold the goods that cost the dollar, and received 32 rubles for it. And now we will receive 45 rubles for the same goods at a dollar price. The budget revenues increased, not decreased.

At first I believed that he came up with this argument for internal use. But it turned out that at the Summit of "twenty" in Brisben he said the same thing:

I want to emphasize the budget of Russia again, the reduction in oil prices does not affect - I mean the decision of the Central Bank to transition to a floating rate. What we used to sell for the dollar and received 32 or 35 rubles in response, and now we are selling for the same dollar, but we get - how much is the rate today? - 45, 47 or 48 rubles. Therefore, revenues to the budget even increased.

It is not even clear why today, when the dollar costs sixty rubles, the people do not meet this joyful news by glee, which is why unconscious citizens grow a sense of anxiety and insecurity.

To refute the economic theory of the President is like arguing about God with Ivan homeless. Well, of course, like the row, the enemies of Russia are to blame: "So, of course, the current situation is provoked by external factors, first of all." It remains to find pests that stole the financial authorities and executing orders of the world backstage.