

At the end of July, NB-Novosibirsk was held in Novosibirsk. Its organizer Ilya Kabanov has been successfully holding the Newblogic festival for five years. About the most interesting, heard there this summer, says Julia Cherny , a scientific journalist, leading the scientific cafe Eureka (Novosibirsk).
“ Today, almost every participant in social networks can call himself a blogger, ” Ilya explained to us. “ Therefore, blogging conferences are already irrelevant.” Accordingly, the transcript of NB also changed. Now it is not “newbogram”, but Nomoreblogs or Nobullshit - to choose from participants. The theme of the conference of this year was fathers and children. Naturally, the problem that the youth is no longer the same, morality falls, the language loses its purity is failed to get around. The report of the first lecturer - the philologist, the author of the book “There was Rome”, the laureate of the “Enlightener” Prize Viktor Sonkin - was called “Where the world is rolling: dissatisfaction with the youth from Romulus to the present day”.

The speaker cited curious data. In the USA, for several years (from 1989 to 2011), they found out how the crime situation is changing compared to last year. And always more than 50% of respondents were sure that the situation became worse. At the same time, Victor showed the listeners another schedule - official data on the number of crimes in the United States. Since the mid-1990s, their number has been steadily declining. “People always and at all times said that everything is bad. You need to keep this in mind, ”said Sonkin.
As proof, the lecturer cited the words that are very relevant today: “Nowadays, the portrait is written in seven minutes, they teach to draw in three days, they are echoing English for forty lessons, eight languages are simultaneously taught with the help of several engravings, which depict various subjects and names in these eight languages. In a word, if it were possible to bring together all the pleasures, feelings and thoughts that a whole life has yet been spent on, and accommodate them in one day, would probably have done it. You would have put a pill in your mouth and announced: “Swallow and fail!” . But this was written in the 18th century by the Frenchman Nicolas de Shamfor.
Not today there was an dissatisfaction with the press. Moreover, over the past hundred years, the reasons for this hostility have not changed significantly: “The managers of sensational newspapers are not trying to enlighten their readers, but are trying to create perverted tastes and develop vicious trends. The media owners, apparently, have only one goal-to increase the circulation, ” the“ medical notes ”complained in 1898.
But in a special place - the attitude to the youth: they were dissatisfied with it at all times. “Where did the courageous power and athletic appearance of our ancestors disappear? Can this be their legal heirs? Of course, no - a tribe of wife -like, smug loafers cannot be a direct offspring of Poitier and Azencur, ” said Town and Country reader in 1771.
“I know from the sad experience that hails and streets are full of depraved bad children and many children playing on the streets sometimes scold and swear, call each other nicknames. It becomes sick of the heart if you hear ... ” - Robert Russell was indignant in 1695. “The youth has never been more depraved, more fiercely depraved ... They neglect the elderly, worthy, are not afraid of the rulers,” said Priest Thomas Barnes in 1624. “The decline of morals” is what young people are most often accused of. “Every time you hear about depraved Europe or the fall of customs in America, think about the audience,” the lecturer called on the audience, “most often this means that people live more richly and, possibly, more happily. No wonder all emigration flows are directed to countries with the fall of morals. ”
The morals of youth were worried even in the times of ancient Rome ... Then it seemed that the youth was not the same and the times are difficult.
The Romans really had to be tight ... "The history of their civilization accounted for several" ends of the world, "said Sonkin. - Several large wars, including the invasion of Hannibal troops into the territory of Italy, lasted almost a hundred years a civil war ... In traditional history textbooks, 476 was described as the year of the fall of the Western Roman Empire - the leader of the Germans Odoacr forced the last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustus to refuse from the throne. But the most amazing thing is that the Romans did not notice the present end! Nothing in their life has changed: the emperors have long been puppets from the German commanders, the consuls were still elected, the games were held. ”
Which of this is a lesson? Viktor Sonkin believes that if it seems to you that the world rolls into the abyss and the end of the world is close, then this is most likely not so. But the present end of the world, you are very likely not to notice ...

Sofya Panteleeva, Novosibirsk ethologist, Art. scientific. sore. Laboratory of behavioral ecology of animal communities of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology SB RAS, spoke about behavioral stereotypes in the world of people and in the world of animals.
The behavioral stereotype is a sequence of elements of behavior constant in composition. Sometimes it is found only in a particular individual, sometimes in a whole population, and sometimes in the whole species. Sophia led the example of an innate stereotype, which is also in ps and feline, and even piglets. It is called Milkhtritt - the massage of the mammary glands of the mother. This stereotype is well known to all dog owners. It is thanks to him that four -legged friends are so easily learning to give a paw: for that, the pet receives a reward - praise or treats from the owner or mother's milk.
Naturally, different acquired behavioral stereotypes are characterized not only by animals, but also by people. Today, the whole world is involved in migration flows, and the question is, how quickly a person can change behavioral stereotypes, having got into a new environment, is relevant.
“Despite the fact that many acquired behavioral stereotypes are based on innate, nevertheless, this is still the result of training. Therefore, the acquisition of new stereotypes depends on the learning of a particular person. This sign is very variable in all populations. There are examples of genetic predisposition. For example, the Jews of Ashkenazi on the speed of cultural adaptation depended on their survival. There was a natural selection, accompanied by a number of genetic changes. The population has a very high level of intelligence, which, however, is accompanied by a number of unique genetic diseases. ”
Sometimes behavioral stereotypes “break”. One of the most famous examples of “breakdown” is the Tourette syndrome, which is characterized by many ticks, including vocal and mechanical. “A special part of the brain is responsible for motor stereotypes,” Sofya explains. - In people with a tourist syndrome, the braking of the shell signals are very worsened. Since actions do not cause “satisfaction”, they are repeated again and again. ”
Similar nature and at obsessive-compulsive disorders. Only there the problem is hidden in the signals from the tail of the body, which is not responsible for the motor stereotypes, but for the mental. The tail nucleus is closely connected with the tonsils (which are responsible for anxiety) and the orbital departments of the frontal lobes (they are excited if something extraordinary happens nearby - explosion, fire, flood). Accordingly, in people with an obsessive-compulsive disorder, the tail core is “overheated” and sends signals again and again, without receiving the necessary satisfaction.
How does the connection usually work between desire and its satisfaction? Suppose we want to eat. The desire forces us to certain actions: to take the food seen or cook ourselves food. Eve, we get satisfaction. Dopamine is responsible for satisfaction in our body. As a result, not the desire itself is encouraged, but the action.
In our example, the promotion of action can be realized in passion for cooking, or maybe in a regular check of the refrigerator. In the latter case, the production of dopamine occurs too quickly and with too low energy costs. “This is the trouble of modern society. Many pleasures are given to us too easily, and a modern person very often suffers from a lack of satisfaction, ”summarizes Panteleeva.
Alexandra Borisova, the head of the project “TASS-NAUKA (Portal“ attic ”), at the request of the organizers looked into the future and told what waits for our children and what will save our cities.
Of course, in order to figure out what awaits the city of the future, you need to figure out what is happening to the cities of the present. One of the main problems that our cities face is their rapid growth. In 2009, the urban and rural population of the planet was equal. Since then, the rural population has stabilized, and the urban year has been increasing from year to year. Moreover, it is most intensively growing in the cities of Africa, Asia and South America. Not the most prosperous areas. It is not surprising that we observe the fastest growth due to slums. So with the natural development of the situation, the city of the future is slums. Alexandra is sure that this can be avoided if we consciously build and plan automatic, energy -efficient and comfortable cities.
“Do not count on the natural urban environment,” said Borisova. “The more it is artificial, specially planned and calculated, the better.”
Hard planning of the urban environment and active participation in such projects of the state, according to many foreign leaders, does not at all contradict the market economy. The will of the market can be given where it is about profit, and in matters of ecology, beauty and comfort of the urban environment, you need to be guided by completely different priorities.
In addition, we are waiting for all more automation. The human factor is the most common cause of accidents. In addition, any production can be improved, reduced to reduce it at the expense of scale, but it will not work to reduce the reduction of human labor. So recently, engineers have been advancing for the fact that any laying between the steering wheel and the seat of excess.
Great attention to modern urban builders pay energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. In Europe, there are already houses that not only fully provide themselves with energy, but also neighbors. The trend applies not only to houses, but also to transport: cars and bicycles. Moreover, if five years ago, great hopes were laid on biofuel, as a more environmentally friendly, renewable resource, today they say that for residents of the city of car on biofuel there are no different from ordinary cars: they are also noisy, they throw out equally harmful exhaust gases, etc. Therefore, today they pay special attention to electric cars and electric cycles.
Of course, the described technologies are not suitable for all cities. For example, in Russia, there are not so many sunny days, the batteries do not work very well in the frosts, etc. But Alexandra is sure that this is not a reason to abandon these technologies. We just will not be able to use other people's developments and we will have to come up with something of our own.

The engineer, designer and a popularizer of astronautics, co -author of the Almanach “I want to know everything” Alexander Khokhlov told the audience about what closest events in the astronautics to wait for us and our children.
But Alexander began his report, as expected, from his fathers. Having paid tribute to the founding fathers, he noticed that almost all the projects that we can implement in the 21st century were invented in the last century by our fathers. “We cannot come up with anything new,” the speaker disappointed the audience. - This is physics. Only by implementing the already invented projects, we will be able to go further. ”
Another disappointment awaited the audience about the implementation of planned plans in the development of space - the terms of the missions are constantly tolerated. “When I was 9 years old, President George Bush Sr. promised my generation of American schoolchildren that they would fly to Mars. Almost 30 years have passed. So far, no one flies to Mars and, at best, our children are implementing it. Moreover, with the son of that president, George Boucher Jr., they decided to prepare an expedition to the moon. After 8 years, spent on the flight program on the moon, the new President of Barack Obama again directed efforts to prepare the flight to Mars. ” As a result, from 1961 to 1969, the Americans actually managed to prepare the Apollo mission and land on the moon.
The flight to Mars is planned no earlier than 2030. “These tasks are not so different in complexity,” Khokhlov assures. “The problem is goal -setting and financing.”
However, there are no problems in modern cosmonautics with goals. The last few decades in space are constantly located from 2 to 6 people. And most of the experiments that they conduct are aimed at preparing expeditions to Mars and the Moon. “If humanity does not fly, billions of dollars will be wasted,” Alexander explained.
But about our hopes for the private cosmonautics of the audience, again, disappointment was waiting. “In a sense, the cosmonautics around the world today is private today,” said Alexander Khokhlov. - A significant part of space products: missiles, ships, devices, etc. - Make private enterprises, but with the money of the state. Of course, there is a large segment of the market associated with remote sensing of the Earth, satellite connection, translators for TV and the Internet and other regions that bring considerable income. This market segment will develop and modernize for private money. But only the state can give money to the manned astronautics. Even if all the billionaires throw off, this will not be enough for serious space development. ”
The pace of development of astronautics in China is impressive. This is the third country, after the USSR and the USA, which brought a person into outer space. China has its own space station, which will soon be sunk. In return, it is planned to build a new station "Heavenly Damn". There are plans to master the moon. More recently, they conducted a joint experiment with the Krasnoyarsk scientists “Lunar Palace”, during which systems were tested on Earth, including bioregenerative, intended for the moon.
Today, the open spaces of the solar system are plowing interplanetary spacecraft of the United States, EU, Japan, India and the already mentioned China. Unfortunately, Russia launched the last similar device in the 80s. Two of our last devices, Mars-96 and phobos-group, burned in the dense layers of the atmosphere and drowned in the ocean.
A large jerk in the vision of horizons of the development of astronautics gave the launch of the Kepler space telescope. Thanks to him, land -like exoplanets are open. But even more hopes gives the space telescope James Webb. In addition to scientific discoveries, it is from him that the most beautiful “space pictures” are expected.
“Of course, neither we nor our children will fly to the stars. But maybe great -grandchildren? The future is not predetermined, it depends on us. The future of astronautics is also, ”Alexander optimistically finished.

The scientific secretary of the Institute of Biophysics of the SB RAS Egor Egor Zvezheev pleased the listeners with a comparison of office and lake plankton. As a person who devoted his life to the study of the latter, Egor, perhaps, was not objective. In all compared parameters, the lake plankton went far ahead. In total, the speaker compared these two types of plankton by 10 signs.
Неудивительно, что после всего перечисленного докладчик сделал вывод, что «планктон» звучит гордо!
Популяризатор науки, главный редактор журнала «За науку» Московского физико-технического института Алексей Паевский решил разобраться в наследии отцов и составил свой собственный рейтинг нобелевских премий. Он отбирал тех, чьи открытия, на его взгляд, принесли реальную пользу человечеству, те, что «можно пощупать». Именно за такие открытия предлагал вручать премию сам Нобель согласно его завещанию.
В «рейтинге настоящих (полезных) нобелевских премий» почетное 10 место занял американский биохимик Пол Берг. Именно его можно назвать отцом генно-модифицированных продуктов. Этому американцу первым удалось получить организм со встроенным геном.
На девятом месте — Альберт Эйнштейн. Как отметил докладчик, без его теории относительности на наших телефонах не работал бы GPS. Но, как известно, нобелевский комитет присудил премию гениальному физику не за теорию относительности, а за открытие второго закона фотоэффекта. Впрочем, по мнению лектора, это только увеличивает право Эйнштейна находиться в его рейтинге. Ибо именно благодаря фотоэлементам мы можем проходить в метро, а солнечные батареи позволяют работать международной космической станции.
На 8 месте Уиллард Бойл и Джордж Смит. Им досталось место в рейтинге за ПЗС-матрицу, которая и легла в основу работы цифрового аппарата.
Петер Грюнберг и Альберт Ферт получили 7 место в рейтинге Алексея. Нобелевскую премию они получили в 2007 году «за открытие в области влияния магнетизма на электропроводимость». Именно благодаря этому открытию мы можем пользоваться жесткой памятью наших компьютеров.
6 место Паевский без колебаний отдал Полу Лотербуру, Питеру Мэнсфилду и Микаелю Нобелю. Из-за родственных связей с Альфредом Нобелем последний в свое время нобелевской премии не получил. Но благодаря открытию этих ученых в арсенале доктора Хауса появился такой необходимый инструмент, как МРТ.
На 5 месте оказались Александр Флеминг, Эрнст Чейн и Хоуард Флори. «Александр Флеминг открыл пенициллин, причем совершенно случайно. А вот Чейн и Флори смогли выделить пенициллин в нормальных количествах, чем спасли множество жизней», — замечает спикер.
Следом идут японские ученые Исама Акасаки, Хироси Амано и Судзи Накамура за казалось бы незначительное открытие — синий светодиод. Но только благодаря наличию светодиода этого цвета удалось получить белый светодиод и «похоронить лампочки накаливания».
Тройку лидеров замыкают Уильям Шокли, Джон Бардин и Уолтер Браттейн. Как отметил докладчик, благодаря этим ученым у нас есть все: компьютеры, сотовые телефоны и т. д. Благодаря их действующей модели биполярного транзистора работает вся современная электроника.
На втором месте известный любому, кто когда-либо посещал поликлиники, Вильгельм Конрад Рентген. Благодаря этому первому лауреату Нобелевской премии по физике мы не только можем проверять переломы, но и видим черные дыры.
А вот первое место Алексей Паевский отдал создателям лазера — Александру Прохорову, Николаю Басову и Чарльзу Таунсу.
«Конечно, применений Нобелевских премий в нашей жизни гораздо больше», — признается Алексей. Он отмечает, что этот рейтинг во многом субъективный. Каждый может составить свой рейтинг сам.
Еще один доклад, посвященный наследию отцов прочел профессор, историк, издатель Атас.инфо Виктор Козодой.
Со времен русских революций начала ХХ века прошло почти сто лет. Но наше общество до сих пор не пришло к консенсусу: свергли царя или он сам отрекся, кто захватил Зимний и кто стоял за этими революциями.
«Историю пишут победители, — напоминает спикер. — Так что февральскую революцию с 30-ых годов до 90-ых в нашей стране рассматривали как стихию, всколыхнувшуюся по напором рабочего класса. Но еще с 18 года в эмигрантской среде, а после 90-ых и у нас стали появляться другие версии». Так по одной из версий, за революцией стояли англичане, которые, чувствуя приближение победы в Первой мировой, не хотели делиться. Озвучиваются даже конкретные потраченные Англией суммы на организацию революции — 21 миллион. Широко известна в России версия о том, что Ленин был немецким шпионом. Опять же известна сумма, затраченная Германией — 2 миллиона. Но сам спикер уверен: февральская революция — результат глубочайших внутренних противоречий. А один из самых главных факторов — раскол общества, в том числе раскол элиты.
«В школе нам говорили, что революция вспыхнула по всей стране одновременно. Это не так, — замечает Виктор. — Основные события происходили в столице Санкт-Петербурге, отчасти в Могилеве, где была ставка генерала Алексеева и на железнодорожной станции Пскова, где в момент отречения находился Николай II». Провинция о революционных событиях, как уверяет лектор, узнала с большим опозданием.
А вот основными операторами революции лектору видятся не рабочий или буржуазный классы, а самодеятельные организации. С началом войны в России появилось три таких крупных организации: Земский союз, Городской союз и Центральный военно-промышленный комитет. Денежный оборот первых двух организаций с 1914 по 1917 год составлял 1,5 миллиарда рублей. Третья организация по сути являлась посредником между правительством и предприятиями по реализации военного заказа. Организация имела 221-местное отделение по всей стране, выпускало свою бесплатную газету. Ежегодный оборот этой общественной организации — 450 миллионов. Для сравнения, казна большевиков составляла 1100 рублей. По мнению Козодоя, кроме этой организации вывести людей на улицы в феврале 17 года было просто некому.
Руководил этой организацией депутат Госдумы, участник четырех войн Александр Гучков. По уверениям спикера, у Гучкова не была задачи ликвидировать царя. Он хотел вынудить самодержца желательно добровольно передать власть другому органу. Чего добиться удалось.
Борис Дьяконов, старший вице-президент банка «Открытие» поведал слушателям, как использовать морские практики в бизнесе и жизни.
«Однажды один знакомый турок сказал мне, что хороший капитан — это тот, кто потопил свой корабль. Во-первых, этому человеку удалось выжить в такой непростой ситуации. Он везучий, умный и хитрый. Это фраза очень утешала меня, когда у банка, который я возглавлял, отозвали лицензию», — вспоминает Борис.
Кроме того, бывалый яхтсмен признался слушателям, что хорошие капитаны до начала путешествия всегда готовятся к катастрофе: люди должны знать, что и как делать, если «все пропало», заранее должны быть проверены все сигнальные ракеты, шлюпки, спасательные жилеты и прочее. Но если кораблекрушение произошло, то многое зависит не только от физической готовности, но и от стойкости.
Известны случаи, когда человек смог выжить, проведя в открытом море больше 100 дней без еды, воды, удочки и лески. Но при этом известен случай, когда корабль медленно тонул в штиль (команда успела сгрузить достаточное количество еды, питья, медикаментов и даже вино) в теплом море у берегов островов «а-ля Баунти». Но когда их подобрали через сутки — половины не было в живых! Кто-то не выдержав, прыгал в море и утонул, на отдельных шлюпках произошли драки с фатальным исходом. «Выживаемость очень часто определяется не внешней средой. Внутренним настроем, желанием жить, спасаться и бороться. Один паникер может сгубить половину команды», — резюмирует Борис.
Опасны на борту и мучающиеся от безделья. «На суше скучающая бухгалтер может пойти и сделать маникюр, в море она идет развлекаться за счет других». Поэтому безопаснее занять всех работой, приоткрыл тайны управления Дьяконов.
Надо отметить, что в жаркий день в середине лета в Академпарке, где конференция проходила, собралось не очень много местных. Жаль, что, несмотря на звездный состав лекторов, далеко не все смогли добраться до Новосибирска. Но лекции доступны онлайн на сайте https://nb.in/ .
Фото Ю. Поздняковой