Warm tube Freud

Everyone knows the image of a bearded uncle with a cigar and a strict look: one of the textbooks, some from the pages of public psychology, some of the stupid memes. Many who know that Borodach’s name is Sigmund Freud, some even gave his work - lectures on psychoanalysis or “interpretation of dreams”, but very few know how the life of the first psychoanalyst developed. That is why today Sergei Zhdanov focused on the personalities and circumstances of the everyday life of a person who gave us child sexuality, the ability to recognize anal and oral types, as well as a joke, “sometimes a banana is just a banana”.

1.

Sigismund Shlomo Freud was born in a poor family of Galician Jews. Jacob Freud, the father of the future doctor, traded fabrics with varying success and married for forty years for the second time. Amalia Freud at the time of marriage was nineteen. Sigmund, whom she subsequently called Zigi Golden, became her first -born, after which she gave birth to seven children. On the rights of the original son, Sigmund was a favorite of his parents, but he was never conceived and was closely friends with all his brothers and sisters all his life. At school, Sigmund studied perfectly, but was an outcast because of his Jewish nationality. In Vienna, in which Zigi lived most of his life, at the end of the 19th century, moderately anti -Semitic views reigned. Jews were accepted for all positions on certain quotas, and higher education could be obtained only in a few directions. Sigmund chose between a lawyer and a doctor and eventually went to study at a doctor. At the institute, he studied enthusiastically and tried to cover as many directions as possible at once, so that after graduating he opened his own practice. Most of all he was interested in psychiatry - one of the most progressive, however, the least profitable sciences of that time. At twenty -five years old, he successfully passed the exams and received the scientific degree of the professor, but still continued to poor. Zigmund managed to leave his father at the age of twenty -seven: he moved from his parental apartment to the backbone of the crazy house in which he worked.

2.

During the first years of medical practice, Freud managed to work as a surgeon, neurologist, histologist, dermatologist and psychiatrist. He studied the methods of treating children with paralysis and invented the term “cerebral palsy” (cerebral palsy); He wrote work with comparative anatomy and studied the effect of syphilis on the nervous system. Freud loved to put up experiments on himself and carefully watched the course of his own depression, which he began to suffer while working in the hospital. In 1884, at twenty -eight years old, he read a series of articles by a German military doctor about a new drug - Kokain. They argued that cocaine increases endurance and reduces fatigue - just what a young practitioner who works overtime needs. First of all, Freud began to conduct successful experiments on himself, then he began to write articles about the positive effects of cocaine in the treatment of patients and considered painkillers of cocaine an intelligent alternative to morphine. He was sure that cocaine was harmless and not causing dependence, and recommended him to all his friends, who successfully treated headaches, cough and spleen with miraculous powder. However, a year after Vienna with Kokain, the scientific community began to report cases of severe physical dependencies, overdoses and psychoses caused by powder. At first, Freud argued fiercely with his colleagues, but he soon admitted that cocaine causes dependence, stopped studying and prescribing it to friends and patients and limited himself to private use. Freud destroyed his works on the benefits of cocaine.

3.

At twenty -nine years old, Freud won a competition among younger doctors by hook or by crook and hit France for an internship of Dr. Sharko, who successfully used hypnosis and treated patients from hysteria. Freud studied people with paralysis caused by hysteria, and found that there was a clear connection between hysteria and sexual life. Having mastered the technique of hypnosis, a year later Freud returned to Vienna and, together with his like -minded person, Dr. Breer, began to develop a “catharsical method” of the treatment of neurosis. Patients with obsessive phobias and hallucinations, a loss of physical sensitivity and a bifurcation of personality were the first thing to be hypnosis. In a hypnotic state, they were asked to recall the events with which the appearance of the symptoms of the disease is associated. In the best layout, the woman managed to recall one or more traumatic experiences from the past and speak out. Then the patient was removed from a state of hypnosis, and for some time the symptoms of her disease disappeared. Over time, Freud began to notice serious shortcomings in the hypnosis method and began to try to turn to the patient’s consciousness directly. Once Sigmund read the essay Ludwig Burn, who promised to teach in three days to become an original writer, and stumbled upon the advice: “Write everything you think about yourself, about your successes, about the Turkish war, about Goethe, about the criminal process and its judges, about your bosses - and three days later you will am amazed in you completely new, unknown ideas for you.” This thought formed the basis of the method of free associations: Freud began to ask his patients to pronounce everything that happens in their heads, carefully analyzed what was said, associated this with their personality and problem, asked leading questions and sometimes made conclusions from what was said by the patient. Analyzing the data obtained from working with Breerer, Freud again began to insist that the main driving force of hysteria and neurosis is sexual life, which caused criticism of the colleague and the entire scientific community of Vienna.

4.

At thirty, Freud felt that he could finally provide his family, and married March Bernays: four years have passed since the wedding before the wedding. The Bernays family had an impressive genealogy, included many outstanding rabbis and adhered to strict morality. Freudy, on the contrary, represented more liberal -minded Jews and did not attach much importance to religious rites. Martha wrote to his cousin that Zigi forbade her to light candles on the first shabbat after their wedding, and for her it became a serious drama. For fifty -three years of marriage, the couple gave birth and raised six children who raised dozens of grandchildren and great -grandchildren to the joy of Dr. Zigmund. The youngest daughter of the Patriarch, Anna Freud, became the main student, the support and support of the doctor in old age. From childhood, passing psychoanalytic studies with her father, Anna later became a scientist herself and founded a child psychoanalysis. When the elderly Freud was discovered by the palate tumor, and because of the jaw prosthesis, it became difficult for him to talk artisticly, Anna read his speeches for him and lectured on his behalf while he was sitting in the hall. As a child, Zigi shared small apartments that his parents could afford with a whole brothers and sisters. Upon reaching the thirty years and his house also became crowded with children who left the parental nest one by one, then to bring new grandchildren. In Freud’s old age, five generations of his family were surrounded at once: an old mother, wife and sisters, children, grandchildren, great -grandchildren. His life was divided into two parts, like his house: on the ground floor there was an office in which he took patients and wrote scientific works, and a family lived on the second floor, in which something constantly happened and required his participation.

5.

Freud considered the book “Interpretation of dreams” to his Magnum Opus, his Magnum Opus. She became a kind of Bible of psychoanalysis, his cornerstone, and allowed Freud to rally around her a circle of students and followers, and also set up most of the medical community of that time against him, making it an outcast in Viennese scientific circles for many years. The book begins with a detailed analysis of the entire literature written on the topic of dreams - from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scientists. Then, on the basis of the analysis of our own dreams, Freud proves that the main content of our dreams is the supplanted desires contained in our unconscious. In a dream, as with hypnosis, the dictatorship of consciousness subsides from a person, and then the other, irrational, part of our nature takes the reins of government into his own hands and shows us symbolic films. Analyzing the contents of these “sleepy” films, we are able to better understand what we really want, in which our conscious life attitude diverges from life needs. In all subsequent works, Freud develops this duality: each coin has two sides, our personality, like the moon, has a dark side - unconscious, with its desires and needs that should always be taken into account. If we ignore the impulses of the other side of the personality, they unfold underground terrorist activities: they seep into consciousness and pushing reckless acts, force us to make reservations and descriptions, immerse us in a state of chaos, panic and fear. In the best case, terrorist thoughts from the unconscious capture the central power, our “I”, and we turn into a neurotic, obsessed with phobias and mania, and in the worst case - in a non -combat crazy. Freud believed that a dream was a necessary measure of the psyche, which at least somehow restores the balance between consciousness and the unconscious: at eight hours the reins of the psyche rejects fall into the hands of the unconscious, and it can fully recoup. Analyzing our dreams, we can associate the unconscious with the conscious, understand that in real life we ​​are most concerned about, and draw the appropriate conclusions. The “interpretation of dreams” not only caused noisy disputes among scientists, but also became a source of inspiration and compass for many artists. For example, Salvador Dali considered an acquaintance with this book the key to his work, drew inspiration from dreams and unconscious, and subsequently developed his own teaching based on Freudian theories-the paranoid-critical method. In general, the whole direction of surrealism can be considered a manifestation of Freudism in art. Freud himself wrote: “The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious ... When they ask me how to become a psychoanalyst, I always answer: by studying my own dreams.”

6.

In addition to the “interpretation of dreams” the main works on psychoanalysis were the descriptions of five clinical cases from Freud’s practice, released from 1901 to 1918. The case of Dora describes the work of psychoanalysis with hysteria; The case of little Hans, afraid of horses, with phobias and fears; The case of a person with a rat - with neurosis of obsessive states; Schreber case - with paranoia and schizophrenia; The case of a person with wolves is with psychoses and borderline disorders. In the course of developing theory, Freud came to the three -part mental model. “It” is a collection of our instincts and primitive animals of drives, which manifests itself as much as possible in childhood and makes a child, and subsequently an adult, an egoist concentrated on satisfying his needs, desires and whims. In the worst case, the unsatisfied “it” becomes a source of neurosis, obsessive states and all kinds of deviations. “Super-I” is the sum of our social attitudes, principles and ideals. “Super-I” communicates with us through a conscience, which tells us what is right and what is wrong, and in case of disobedience causes depression and depression. “I” is the only real player in this trinity scheme, our personality and individuality, balancing the influence of “it” and “super-I”. Healthy "I" can balance animal instincts with the requirements of conscience. The sore “I” violates the balance and is inclined either towards instincts, or towards unfulfilled principles and, as a result, falls into a neurotic state. Freud claimed that in his modern man, super-I painfully dominates it, suppressing, in fact, healthy impulses with moral dogmas.

7.

“Read your father and your mother, as the Lord commanded you, your God, so that your days will last, and so that it is good for you on the land that the Lord, your God, gives you”

When Freud was thirty years old, his father died in the first year, and he called this event the most significant event in his life, as in the life of any person. Freud's mother all her life was the object of her son’s son, she lived ninety -five years and died when her Golden Ziga was sixty -four years old. Freud was a diligent son, and he himself was the main object of his research. One of the cornerstones of his teachings - Oedipus complex - is based on hatred of his father and the desire to possess a mother. This idea causes enormous resistance from the public to this day. Rivalry with his father, the desire to take his place and, ultimately, the desire to kill him is a direct violation of the commandments of Moses about the veneration of his parents and a ban on murder. The desire to possess the mother, the wife of his father, is a violation of another commandment prohibiting his neighbor's wife, not to mention that incest was repeatedly mentioned and condemned in the Old Testament. For the first time, Freud brought the concept of “Oedipus complex” in 1910: “A boy who begins to wish his mother again and hate his father as an opponent ... we say, as we say, under the influence of the Oedipus complex. He does not forgive his mother that she did the service of sexual intercourse not to him, but to his father, and regards this as an act of infidelity. ” The discovery of a painful background of relations between children with parents, as well as emphasizing and studying children's sexuality aggravated the split between Freud and the scientific community. In general, it was difficult for a respectable society to accept the idea that a person is driven by irrational forces, the main of which is sexuality; that these forces are in a person from early childhood and are the cause of all the misfortunes and diseases of an adult; that the dark aspects of the personality must not be denied and discard, but to accept and analyze; that our sometimes terrible dreams and sometimes crazy fantasies are the same part of us as conscious desires and life principles; that there are no “extra and unnecessary” ideas in the head, and the most domestic thoughts lead into the depths of our essence. If Freud appeared a couple of centuries earlier, he would, without hesitation, were burned at the stake at the beginning of his career, as Jordano Bruno was burned for the fact that he claimed that the land was round.

8.

In addition to opponents and ill -wishers with his publications, Freud won wide glory in narrow circles. A number of aristocrats, politicians, writers and poets were interested in the ideas of a bearded doctor who invited them to their psychoanalysis sessions in their office on the couch. The patient laid down on the sofa removed by Persian carpets, the doctor sat behind his head so that he was not visible, and long and expensive travels began along the back streets of the client’s consciousness. Freud did not guarantee a cure for all ailments, however, a person who passed the course of psychoanalysis was guaranteed to change and in some cases himself could play the role of a psychoanalyst for his friends. Rich and extraordinary patients fed and entertained Dr. Freud, but he formed a real army of education from sympathetic doctors who believed in psychoanalysis and became peculiar apostles of the founding father. Each Wednesday in the apartment of Dr. Freud was gathered by practicing psychoanalysts, discussed their patients, shared discoveries and insights and listened to each other's reports. The backbone of the “Psychological Club on Wednesdays” became the subsequently known psychoanalysts by Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon and Sandor Ferenci. Soon the club grew into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and seriously engaged in the spread of teaching throughout Europe. Freud’s main student, whom he was going to appoint his successor, was Karl Gustav Jung. The young Swiss doctor read the “Interpretation of Dreams” and saw in Freud the Prophet and the teacher. Between them, their father-and-salty relations developed. In 1909, Freud and Jung sailed to America, where they gave a lecture cycle, touring throughout the country, and sowed the ideas of psychoanalysis on the most fertile ground. Psychoanalysis and its emphasis on sexual life became the cornerstone of the liberalization of American society in the twentieth century. The equality of sexes, sexual revolution, same -sex love - at the end of the 19th century, all this was difficult to imagine in Puritan America, crowded with religious sects and spiritualistic mediums. Freud's nephew, who lived in America, Edward Bernis, is considered one of the ancestors of PR and modern science of mass suggestion. Based on the theory of Freud about the unconscious, Bernis developed a system that allowed a large number of people to control their minds, but manipulating them with subconscious impulses and feelings through advertising, the media and cinema. Со временем ученики Фрейда набрались сил и стали постепенно покидать родительское гнездо Венского психоаналитического объединения. В большинстве случаев расставание с учителем проходило крайне болезненно, а драматический уход Юнга, решившего разрабатывать собственное учение вместо того, чтобы правоверно следовать учению Фрейда, стал окончательным ударом для стареющего патриарха. В 1913 году Фрейд создал общество внутри общества — кружок психоаналитиков, отстаивавших исконные идеи Фрейда, олдскульный психоанализ. Почти каждый из его учеников-отщепенцев создал собственную версию учения Фрейда, расходившуюся с оригиналом в нескольких ключевых местах. Совокупность этих учений впоследствии стала называться неофрейдизмом.

9.

Старость Зигмунда Фрейда прошла под несчастливой звездой. Мало того что его выдающиеся ученики отреклись от него. Однажды он обнаружил странное образование у себя на верхнем нёбе — оказалось, что это рак в запущенной форме. С двадцати четырёх лет он курил по двадцать сигар в день, а в старости перенёс тридцать две болезненных операции на ротовой полости. Челюстной протез доставлял перманентный дискомфорт, во рту у Фрейда часто сочилась кровь. Однако злоключения его телесной оболочки имели не только соматический характер. В 30-х годах в Германии стремительно набирали обороты национал-социалисты во главе с Гитлером. Фрейд всегда испытывал давление со стороны общества из-за того, что он еврей, поэтому ещё со школьных лет привык быть в оппозиции к большинству. Книги Фрейда вместе с книгами других еврейских авторов вроде Альберта Эйнштейна, Эриха Ремарка, Карла Маркса и Бертольда Брехта сжигались нацистами на площадях — он иронизировал, что горит в хорошей компании. А в марте 1938 года произошёл Аншлюс: нацистская Германия аннексировала Австрию и в кратчайшие сроки установила там свою диктатуру. Евреи попали в опалу, докторскую практику Фрейда резко оборвали, членов его семьи и его самого не раз возили на допросы в венское отделение Гестапо. Сразу несколько стран во главе с США пообещали учёному политическое убежище, однако сначала нужно было заплатить нацистской партии значительную сумму денег в качестве выкупа, чтобы Фрейда и некоторых его близких выпустили из Австрии. В итоге выкуп за учёного внесла принцесса Греческая и Датская Мари Бонапарт, преданная ученица Фрейда. В 1938 году он бежал из Вены через Париж в Лондон, и уже во Франции его встречали красной дорожкой, по которой когда-то ходил сам Наполеон. Четыре сестры Зигмунда погибли в концлагерях, в тюрьмах оказались многие ученики Фрейда. Последний год учёный провёл в физических и душевных мучениях: во рту снова появилась опухоль, и он практически перестал разговаривать. Фрейд попросил своего врача ввести ему летальную дозу морфия и 23 сентября 1939 года, через три недели после начала Второй мировой войны и многих лет борьбы с раком, Фрейд покинул этот мир.

10.

Религиозная тема не покидала доктора Зигмунда до конца дней, и если его первая научная работа касалась темы половых органов угрей, то последняя работа в его жизни называлась «Человек по имени Моисей» и анализировала жизнь еврейского пророка и законодателя. В этой книге Фрейд пытается доказать, что создатель еврейского народа сам был не евреем, а египтянином, с помощью полученных знаний построившим новый народ. В Израиль, Землю обетованную, Моисей не дошёл потому, что его ученики убили его из ревности. Следующие несколько поколений осевших евреев мучились коллективными укорами совести за убийство отца народа — и именно поэтому со временем с такой ревностью стали соблюдать его заветы. Свою литературную деятельность Фрейд завершает словами: «Наше исследование, видимо, пролило свет на вопрос, как еврейский народ приобрёл характерные для него качества. Менее объяснена проблема, как он сумел сохранить себя как индивидуальность вплоть до сегодняшнего дня. Но несправедливо было бы требовать исчерпывающий ответ на такую загадку. Помощь в рассуждениях в соответствии с ранее упомянутыми ограничениями — это всё, что я могу предложить».