How did they do in the USSR

About the romance and brilliant work of Stalin, Blat, psychoanalysis of dolphins and games "for life"

Russian universities were stuck in timelessness, in any case, there are most of them. To fit into the Bologna process, despite the introduced undergraduate, did not work. The 5-100 project, designed to bring Russian education to the global market, is moving quite slowly, and the rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichi, just in case, announced the creation in 2017 of the Moscow International Rating "Three Mission of Universities", which has already agreed to participate universities in China, India, the countries of BRICS, Iran and Turkey. This, of course, is not the former socialist camp, as in Soviet times, but the meaning is similar.

On the other hand, state support for especially advanced Russian universities will turn into financial investigations, since such measures, as, indeed, much more in education, give the result a very delayed result, and opponents of reforms do not want to wait. At the same time, enlargement, the merger of universities, instead of enriching the teaching experience, leads to the destruction of entire schools and educational practices, and the change of negligent leadership only multiplying the number of highly paid administrators.

The recent proposal of the Minister of Education and Science to return university entrance exams caused an ambiguous reaction. So, the rector of the Adyghe State University Rashid Khunagov believes that this will help to better evaluate the abilities of applicants. And the rector of the Kuban State University Mikhail Astapov believes that the mass return of the written exam will contribute to the growth of corruption.

In general, a return to the Soviet education system will not solve the urgent problems of higher education, but it can provoke old processes. The tutors, of course, will remain, but they will add the need to give bribes and look for blat, for example. Mandatory distribution after graduation, perhaps guarantees a young specialist work, but not a worthy salary and a metropolitan place of residence.

Psychologist Alexander Asmolov , sociologist David Konstantinovsky , translator, theatrical critic Irina Irina , and teacher Alexander Ershova , said about the pros and cons of obtaining a profession in the Soviet Union, based on their own experience, based on their own experience.

Psychoanalysis of dolphins. Story Alexandra Asmolov

I was going to submit documents to the Gorky Literary Institute. At that time, I wrote a lot of poems and was in the Smas, the Union of Young Geniuses, we were sixteen years old. In addition, we, me and Denis Dragunsky, went to a circle to Leonid Zhukhovitsky. But my poems were also watched by Oleg Chukhonsky and Bella Akhmadulina, who, in fact, was dedicated to the whole cycle of love. And both said: "You can try." I was already going to submit documents, but I was stopped by Chukhontsev and Tendryakov: "First you get a profession, and then you will go to the Literary Institute. You will still have time to become a poet or writer."

And then I was frantically fond of the study of animal behavior, worked in zooles. And he hit the biological faculty of the Krupskaya Institute, where he studied for about two years, until Alexey Nikolaevich Leontyev met on my life path. It was in the country, and to my question, what he was doing, the great psychologist began to tell me about psychology, and asked what I want to do. When you are 18 years old, you want to deal with many, and my answer was completely absurd: "I want to engage in psychoanalysis Dolphin." Since I read two books at the same time - the “psychopathology of the everyday life” of Sigmund Freud and “Man and Dolphin” by Joe Lily, they merged in my mind. Alexey Nikolaevich looked at me for a long time and carefully, then said: "I would like you to study with me." So the faculty of psychology of Moscow State University became my homeland.

People struck by beach philosophy looked at us

Since 1969 and still I have been working at this faculty. At first he was a laboratory assistant, he was engaged in brain bios. And here happiness was poured in the stream, because my teachers became Alexey Nikolaevich Leontyev, Alexander Romanovich Lurie, Pyotr Yakovlevich Halperin, Daniil Borisovich Elkonin. It was such a powerful galaxy of people that I really wanted to be like them, and the mechanism of reaching the master triggered .. Therefore, I literally lived and grew up on a mental hospital.

My leaders, including the supervisor, Alexei Nikolaevich Leontyev, and the other leader, Alexander Romanovich Lurie, gave me so much that whatever I do, no matter what educational standards I create, I think that they laid it all.

We had a brilliant atmosphere! Summer psychological schools were held, in Pitsunda and Dzhemet. When Vladimir Petrovich Zinchenko and Alexei Nikolaevich Leontyev was discussed on the beach, the Descartes was right or not right, other people, struck by beach philosophy, looked at us in a peculiar way, but it gave us so much that it was difficult to even convey. We were lucky as few people!

In the fourth year, to read the course of psychology methodology, Leontyev invited a man who set us a vector of thinking - Miraba Mamardashvili. Mamardashvili showed a different culture of thinking, and those who touched the magic of communication with him fell ill with this forever. Leontyev, Lurie, Mamardashvili, frantic bully Vladimir Petrovich Zinchenko, Vaska-Partizan Vasily Vasilievich Davydov, who loves jokes Alexander Vladimirovich Zaporozhets, without whom I could not make a new standard for preschool education. It was an amazing atmosphere!

Time is changing. When Leontyev passed away, the faculty fell under the alert of the Central Committee of the CPSU. We have always been under it, Leontiev called the secretary of the party committee of the Moscow State University Yagodkin and said that very strange teachers at the Faculty of Psychology - Lurie, Halperin ... Do not you think that there should be less cosmopolitan teachers? ...

This atmosphere poured when Ivan Georgievich Petrovsky, the rector of Moscow State University, left. Leontyev did everything to create a greenhouse effect for our wonderful teachers, and defended them. But time was changing, other deans came, from other schools and other directions. This was done on purpose, because the freemen of the psychiatric facility prevented the life. Although given by Leontyev, Lurie, Elkonin, the charge helps us to exhibit in many situations.

Shame on my life. The story of Alexandra Ershova

When I expressed a desire to enter the theater, my dad, Peter Mikhailovich, said: "In no case! Theater is such a terrible place! Wherever you want, just not to the theater!" And then I decided to enter the Pedagogical Institute. It would seem that I am a humanitarian young lady reading, with a home library, with conversations, but dad again for his own: "Not literature and Russian language." In order not to lie! In order not to tell about Akhmatov what is not necessary, well, and so on. It was 1956 in the yard, I entered the physical education and became a teacher of mathematics.

They distributed me almost to the Omsk region, but since I was engaged in the theater studio, and we carried out the chief work from the Lenin Komsomol Theater, and we had ties with the city committee of the Komsomol, in general, some miserable letters were redistributed to Moscow. In the first school, a scandal with the director was waiting for me very soon. He found cards from one of the girls and with me arranged a variety, said that "first cards, and then prostitution." My girlish heart could not stand this, I decided that he was a boor and a fool, and that this could not be said, and filed a statement about leaving. I went to another school and said: "I had a fight with the director there. Take me to my school." And they didn’t take me twice until I stopped saying that I had a quarrel with the former director. So I ended up at school in Starokonyunny Lane, where the children of Zhdanov and Alliluyeva studied.

ruthlessness, disrespect is the worst thing that the Soviet school carried

Well, the same story. I am some kind of Soviet, not their, but they are not mine. Once a glorious, good teacher says to me: "I did not sleep for two nights to understand why the party organization voted for this. It was impossible to vote for it." And so she did not sleep for two nights to agree that it would be right. And then it dawned on me: this is what the party members spend their brains on - to persuade themselves, that when they made muck, this is good. This was the first discovery in the teacher's team.

But an interesting situation ran into me. We studied at our school Volodya Batshev, one of the first dissidents, 1963-64. He was ready to despise me for the fact that I was a teacher, a school for everything that she does, and parents ... his parents called a head teacher, director, however, they did not invite me to a conversation, because it was clear that I was not a player, although a class teacher. But at the classroom, this is the shame of my life - I told the children that if you adhere to such views, then do not take food from the hands of those you hate. And the conversation was about the fact that Volodya would come home, he would eat everything, clean and leave, and then their parents are called to the police. So, he did not recognize his parents for people, but he took food. And I did this muck, so told the children. Well, there was a fool, young. Because when a person is very bad, it is still unknown where and what he can take, now I understand it better. And when I then heard that Batshev was either sitting or in exile, I realized that this was the same boy, and of course, I thought that I was wrong.

Well, now I’m telling all the teachers who teach the correct pedagogical work that the administration should not love you, it will not love you and will not be, because you are engaged in children, you are against formalism. When the children come to the first grade, and the teacher begins to be taldy about what a proposal is, because only 10 people out of 30, I determined this for a long time, they can repeat this abracadabra, and everyone else cannot digest in principle. For such 10, any system is suitable, they will survive.

Now it is customary to say: what generation has grown, how many crooks! .. I want to say: but their Soviet school has grown! For new children, not a Soviet school, they are only 25, but all who more came from the Soviet school. Therefore, all lies, scam, deception - everything from there! But who are these children - those 10 that could repeat, or those 20 that could not, and the school did not affect them, did not run into a rink?

The teacher perceives the student as such a semi -finished product that he was given to him to do his procedure - fry or threw in boiling water. And this is a living person come! I think in the pre -revolutionary school of such ruthlessness that began in a Soviet school, which can be withstanded, if only you are well supported at home. And if you are not supported at home, you just smear into a cake. This ruthlessness, disrespect is the worst thing that the Soviet school carried.

About blat and rock. The story of Irina soft

I loved to study, and realized that I could not enter the institute with my father's affairs (he was repressed) if I did not have a medal. But I did not enter the medal where I wanted - at Moscow State University to the French branch. I don’t know where, but I could not hear French without tears, just some crazy passion was to the French language. However, I did not know the French language well enough, since there was no money for the tutor, and at school a foreign school was taught from the fifth grade and somehow.

It went to a pedagogical university because there was a blat, without a blat it was impossible. I hardly have managed to just enter somewhere, even with the medal-such a competition is huge. And so went to the faculty of historical and philological. We had wonderful teachers, and I studied with pleasure. But the most interesting, of course, is joint holiday evenings.

Since the pedagogical is a female university, we arranged joint evenings. And somewhere in 1957, when I studied in my second year, after the end of the concert program, two young people approached me. They decided that I was very advanced, once I sing in French, and asked: "Can you know?" I say: "No." - "Let's go, show." They had a tape recorder with them, they started me in a free audience, cut off this tape recorder and showed the main PA. Then this tape recorder was carried into the hall, and we reduced rock. The audience was completely taken aback, especially our girls, such girls, for them it was, of course, a strong stress. The next day the article “Semi -Counters have fun” appeared the next day, and there I was denounced as a carrier of a western lifestyle alien to us.

As for the distribution, it was a very scary moment. Those who had the necessary acquaintances had, they brought paper, the so-called requirement, from some institution that "we hire such and such." And he was given the so -called free distribution. Those who did not have such an opportunity, but I did not have, they sent them, where they considered it necessary. And I was forced to sign me then, I remembered for a lifetime - the village of Zavnikovo, the Yeltsovsky district, the Altai Territory.

I was the best student on the course, received a Lenin scholarship, Stalin, and I was accidentally met at the institute, a teacher who read the state and right to us and was surprised-“Do you live together with my mother? ..” She turned on some laws that did not allow us to take the only breadwinner, and the village was converted to the newly opened Moscow boarding school for children from unfavorable families, that is, for young criminals.

They played who will fire to whom, "for life"

This school was very difficult. We went around the families of our students, met their parents, watched how they live. And it made such a painful, depressing impression ... Such a musty poverty and dysfunction! And everything is like a selection - as if you were going to the same apartment, to the same room, since everyone lived in communal services. Heavy children, they knew nothing, did not want to know anything. In the morning I came and immediately lifted all the mattresses, who has a Finnish, who has something.

Somehow the children asked them to be built a dovecote, and they would build them, let them be engaged in leisure at least something. And they gathered in this dovecote and played cards. And once, on May 9, when everyone was at a concert, on a solemn line at school, four guys went quietly to play cards. And one boy beat the three, and they played on who would fire to whom, "for life." And he calmly left them in this dovecote, pushed the bolt, closed and set fire to the nail, and they burned. It was such a horror! They put a teacher, the director was taken away ... So this is such a terrible dream I have a boarding school.

Romantic mood. The story of David Konstantinovsky

Chelyabinsk is an industrial city, so most of my classmates, of course, wanted to go to engineers. Well, I dreamed of becoming a journalist at all costs. This is from my father, he worked as a special commander of the Komsomolskaya Pravda, and fortunately for us, he ended up on a business trip at the moment when the Komsomol truth was arrested, the whole editorial office. And then he had all sorts of troubles. He told me: "Buy any normal specialty so that you have a piece of bread, and then do what you want." But I rested here. I had a silver medal, and I went to Moscow to enter the journalism department of Moscow State University. He came to an interview, a young man sits there and asks the first question: “Tell us the main content of the ideal work of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin“ On Linguistics ”. I was not a dissident or freethinker, I will not attribute to myself, I just thought that I was not there. Therefore, I got up and left.

In Chelyabinsk, just a new faculty was opened, because by this time it became clear that completely new technologies related to weapons. They brought very good shots from St. Petersburg, from Kyiv, people were given the best apartments in the center, you want the Volga - here are the Volga, and the institute began to be built with terrible force. We had two extremely strong teachers-in higher mathematics and on the theoretical foundations of electrical engineering, two just super-monsters! They came to the institute in windings from the hospital, after the front.

Of course, youth - everything is perceived easily, although there were tragic events and very tragic. For example, the accident at the Mayak enterprise with great radioactive infection, when a lot of people were injured. And no one knew what to do. And at the institute we had a sanitary post, there were not enough doctors, so two medical students were sitting there. I say: "Guys, look at my hands. What to do?" - "We do not know." One says: "Listen, let's try the wedge with a wedge." And they gave me a dose of radioactivity! And everything has passed.

I could then stay at the institute, but I had a very romantic mood, and my bosom friend also had, and we found that there are two directions to the city of Novosibirsk. Then some of our people, including excellent students, also found directions to Novosibirsk and went there, but they didn’t succeed. Now they say that there used to be a distribution system, and where you were sent, they accepted you there ... Nothing of the kind - in those sectors where you really need to work, it was very tough. You came to work, and you got an exam, gave tasks. I could not cope with the task - no matter how much you have paid lifting and so on, go back, that's it.

In those sectors where you really need to work, it was very tough

So I started working in a "mailbox". I had a wonderful boss who taught me all the time, carried me around the country, on business trips, and explained something all the time, showed. Человек совершенно незаурядный, а жил в коммуналке в маленькой комнатке, прошел лагеря, туберкулезник. Жена у него была красавица, каких мало, это она его вылечила, и был он какой-то очень известный человек. Во всяком случае, когда мы с ним приходили в Москве в министерства, он, что называется, двери ногой открывал, и все его безумно любили. И весь коллектив был замечательный! Небольшое бюро, человек семь, и при нас целый цех. Мы, бывало, сидели без работы – и цех сидел без работы. Но когда возникала какая-то нестандартная задача, то ее давали нам, и надо было быстро сделать, а в цехе изготовить из железа.

Все было замечательно, и все-таки я проявил слабость и сбежал оттуда в Академгородок, в Институт ядерной физики. Однажды, уже не помню, по какому поводу, собралась обычная тусовка, поговорили, выпили. И стою я у окна с Владимиром Николаевичем Шубкиным, тогда еще достаточно молодым, но уже войну прошедшим, и он мне рассказывает, чем он занимается. И тут меня пронзает, поскольку я в душе все-таки гуманитарий, что частицы и античастицы – это очень здорово, конечно, и чувствовать, что ты на переднем крае науки, но Шубкин занимается тем, что отслеживает судьбы людей. А судьбы людей – что может быть интереснее? И это меня совершенно зажгло. Шубкин сказал: "Если хотите, походите к нам, может, понравится". Я походил и стал социологом.