Translated material
Memory of A.A. Abrikosov
The last six months have become mournful for the world community of theoretic physicists: one after another such vivid representatives of physics of the twentieth century as L. V. Keldysh, L. P. Gorkov, S. T. Belyaev, L. D. Faddeev and, last week, A. A. Abrikosov passed away.
A huge scientific heritage of an outstanding theoretical physicist, laureate of the Nobel, Lenin, state and many other awards, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, an honorary doctor of a dozen universities of the world can be discussed for a long time. Many discoveries of the theory of condensed media, quantum electrodynamics are associated with his name, however, A. A. Abrikosov entered the history of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind. As for the details, I have preserved the autobiography of A. A. with the list of the tasks that he himself considered the most important of the completed in his life.
Almost half a century of my life are connected with apricot. In the fourth year of Fiztekh, I was lucky to become his student. Then there was a graduate school, after the protection of the candidate, I became his employee, then the co -author and, I hope, a friend. I studied theoretical physics in his books, on them I taught and teach students today; Repeating the calculations from the classic works of Alexei Alekseevich, he studied skill, he taught me to write scientific articles. In addition to the strictly defined structure of the presentation, A. A. demanded that the article end in a formula that could be tested experimentally. At the same time, references to the coincidence of theoretical results with experimental data for him were not an argument in favor of their correctness: theoretical work should have been strictly verified according to the canons of the Landau school.
In the 1970-1980s, appearing at a meeting of the Department of Theoretical Physics on the seventh floor of the main building of Misis, Alexei Alekseevich quickly versed in current affairs, and the most interesting began-he went into stories. Abrikosov was a brilliant storyteller who could be listened to for hours. It seemed that the world of large physics opened outside the dusty window, where Leninsky Prospekt had just noisy. Talking about physics was an integral part of our communication with Alexei Alekseevich and in the lobby of the Institute of Physical Problems, where he traditionally made meetings for his students, and with skiing in his hands in line for a lift in Bakuriani, where winter symposiums in low temperatures were held, and on the beach during the Odessa conferences in theoretical physics. From these conversations, new tasks were born from the listened reports.
Alexey Alekseevich was always extremely attentive to the experiment and had an amazing instinct for new phenomena. So, after the report of the French experimenter Denis Jerome about the amazing properties of the newly synthesized organic superconductors, Aleksey Alekseevich advised me to study the nature of the pseudo -shows observed in them. This served as the basis for the cycle of work, which later came in handy in the study of the properties of the VTSP. After a report at the Ba-Kurian symposium of the experimenter from the institute named after I.V. Kurchatov Valery Egorova, dedicated to the abnormal transport properties of Li1xmgx alloys at low temperatures, he drew my attention to the contradictions in the existing theoretical understanding of these phenomena. As a result, the theory of Lifshitsa transitions in alloy at final temperatures was developed. Interest in this activity in connection with the research of new superconducting materials, systems of heavy farmions, graphene modifications are not drying today. It should be noted that Alexey Alekseevich himself, if he personally did not do the relevant computing, never signed the work done according to his idea.
In 1993, A. I. Buzdin and I worked in the theoretical department of the Argon National Laboratory, which at that time headed the apricots. It was a time of intensive research of high -temperature superconductors, in which we all actively took part. A. A. Often went to our office and began to discuss their unusual, contradicting the prevailing ideas of the traditional theory of superconductivity. And again, the whole surrounding us, military model of the years of atomic project, furniture, illuminated by neon lamps of the walls- went into the distance: thanks to the power of the talent and eloquence of Alexei Alekseevich, we fell into the world of vortex of his name and merchants, resonant tunneling of electrons and the characteristics of Van Khov, in which he lived and was happy.
The monument to the father of Alexei Alekseevich - Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov - stands at the beginning of the lane named after him on Pirogovka in Moscow. The monument to A. A. Abrikosov itself will be every MRI installation in hospitals around the world that uses a superconducting magnet, each train on the “pillow” induced by such a magnet, its books, which for half a century serve as table formers for physicists around the world.
Bright memory to him.
Andrey Varlamov,
Professor, DOK. physical. Sciences, Vedas. scientific. sore. Institute
superconductivity and innovative materials (Italy)
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov
Autobiography 1I was born on June 25, 1928 in the USSR (now Russia) in Moscow. My parents were doctors. In 1943, I graduated from school and entered the Moscow Energy Institute, in 1945 I switched to the Physics Department of Moscow State University, which I graduated in 1948. At the end of the university, I was accepted into graduate school of the Institute of Physical Problems, which now bears the name of P. L. Kapitsa. My supervisor was L. D. Landau. In 1951, after the defense of the candidate dissertation devoted to the study of thermalmodifusion in fully or partially ionized plasma, I began to work at the aforementioned institute as a junior researcher.
In 1951-1952, N.V. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the same institute, began to check the predictions of the recently published superconductivity of Ginzburg-Landau in relation to critical magnetic fields for thin films. The result of this work was the opening of the “superconductors of the second group” (now known as superconductors of the second kind ). After that, I moved to the study of the magnetic properties of the massive superconductors of the second kind and came to the conclusion that with an increase in the field, the transition from superconducting to normal state occurs gradually, and the field has two critical values. Between these critical values, the external magnetic field gradually penetrates into the superconductor in the form of thin threads of the magnetic flow surrounded by vortex currents. These quantum vortices form a regular structure (now known as the apricot vortex grate ). Comparing their results with the experimental curves of magnetization of superconducting alloys obtained in the 30s, I found a wonderful coincidence. The authors explained their data by the heterogeneity of samples. My article saw the light in 1957, but the experimenters believed in a vortex grilly only ten years later, after direct observations by magnetic decoration.
In the mid -50s, I also studied the phase transition of hydrogen from the dielectric molecular to the metal atomic phase, and also was engaged in the structure of hydrogen planets. In addition, I managed to resolve some contradictions that existed at that time in quantum electrodynamics. The relevant works compiled the content of my doctoral dissertation, defended in 1955.
In the late 50s and early 60s, L.P. Gorkov and I began research in the field of microscopic theory of superconductivity. Thus, we built the theory of superconductors in a high -frequency field (this work was done together with I. M. Khalatnikov), and then the theory of superconductors with magnetic impurities and predicted the so -called Bunding superconductivity. We decided the mystery of the final Night shift observed in superconductors at zero temperature. It turned out that it is necessary to take into account the spin-orbital scattering of electrons. In parallel, together with I. M. Khalatnikov, we developed the theory of the impregnated He3: its thermodynamics, kinetics, the dispersion of sound, the dispersion of light and G-ra rays were studied . The Fermi-Fermatism Theory created by Landau was based on these works. In addition, during this period, I was engaged in the theory of a strongly compressed substance.
In 1961, L.P. Gorkov and I. E. Dzyaloshinsky published the book “Methods of Quantum Theory of Fields in Statistical Physics”, which was translated from Russian into English, German, Chinese and Japanese and became (and still remains) the main benefit in this area.
In 1962-1963, together with my graduate student L. Falkovsky, I built half -metals like Wismuth. These substances are extremely poor in the carriers of the charge (there are about 10-5 are an atom in Wismut) and have a very peculiar crystalline lattice, which differs from the simple cubic presence of two small deformations. As a result, there are two atoms on an elementary cell of such a lattice, and, in principle, the substance could be an insulator. At the same time, in a simple cubic lattice, each elementary cell contains one atom, which corresponds to the “good” metal with the density of carriers of the unit order on the atom, and small deformations cannot turn such a substance into an insulator. This paradox can be allowed if you build an artificial phase, which, in the absence of deformations, has energy higher than the usual metal. With deformation, its energy decreases, and, in the end, this phase becomes energetically advantageous. Thus, it is possible to go to (practically) an insulating state in a continuous way. In this series of work, the energy spectrum was calculated and the transition of a metal-insulator with the disappearance of the energy gap was predicted. An analysis of infrared properties was performed and the thresholds of transparency in frequency were found. All these results found experimental confirmation in the future.
In 1962, our favorite teacher L.D. Landau got into a car accident and was badly injured. His life managed to save, but the damage to the brain was irreparable, and Landau no longer returned to science. He died in 1968, without recovering the accident. After the tragedy that happened to Landau, the attitude to theorists at the Institute of Physical Problems gradually changed, and in the Landau group thought about leaving.
In 1964, I was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences). In 1966, the Lenin Prize “for the theory of superconductivity in strong magnetic fields” was awarded to us with V. L. Ginzburg and L. P. Gorkov.
In 1965, I headed the cojector of the theory of solid body in the newly formed institute of theoretical physics (later he was given the name of L. D. Landau). Among the organizers of the new institute was me.
In 1965-1968, I published several works on the effect of Kondo at low temperatures. These works indicated the existence of resonance in the amplitude of the dispersion of the electron on the atom of the magnetic impurity (now the resonance of apricot - Sula ).
In 1971, I published the book “Introduction to the theory of normal metals”, which was translated into English. In 1972, I was awarded the international Fritz London International Prize for work in low temperatures.
In 1970-1975, I built the theory of Bonnial semiconductors, where I showed that in substances of the HGTE type near the point of contact of zones there is a area of strong interselectronic interaction. As a result of this, the dependence of various physical quantities on temperature and magnetic fields are described by non -trivial steppe laws. At the same time, I studied the theory of an exciton transition in Bismuth in strong magnetic fields. The predictions made were in full agreement with the experimental data.
In 1975, I was awarded the degree of Dr. Honoris Kauz, Lausanne University (Switzerland).
In 1977-1981, together with my graduate student I.A. Ryzhkin, I created the theory of one -dimensional and quasi -dimensional metals. Her main results were:
a) the function of probability distribution we found for the resistance of one -dimensional wire, where, as it turned out, due to mesoscopic effects, there is no self -mediation;
b) the conclusion that suppression of superconductivity (TMTSF) 2PF6 with non -magnetic defects indicates triplet mating.
This was later confirmed. At the same time, I was engaged in the theory of spin glasses with close interaction, including spin glasses based on semiconductors.
In 1982, the State Prize of the USSR was awarded to work on half -metals and best -west semi -conductors with a group of experimenters. In 1987, I was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1988, I published the book “Fundamentals of the theory of metals”, which took three years work. She was translated into English and Japanese. In the same year, I was elected director of the Institute of Physics of High Pressures in Troitsk, the Moscow Region. In 1989, for the book “Methods of Quantum Theory in Statistical Physics” by L.P. Gorkov, I. E. Dzyaloshinsky and I were awarded the L. D. Landau Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
In 1991, I accepted the proposal of the Argon National Laboratory (USA) and became a leading researcher at the Argon Laboratory; I hold this position to the present. In the same year, together with V. L. Ginzburg and L.P. Gorkov, we received the John Bardin International Prize. In 1991, I was elected an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts, and in 1992 a member of the American Physical Society.
Being in Argonn, I became interested in the properties of layered kuprates with a high temperature of a superconducting transition. The result was the theory that was based on the approach of Bardin - Cooper - the fonder, but taking into account the specifics of the electronic spectrum of these substances. It is distinguished by quasi-aurorality, as well as the existence of the so-called “long saddle features”-“flat regions” of the Fermi-tops corresponding to the quasi-dimensional movement of quasi-players. At the same time in these areas, the maximum density of states. The second idea concerned the role of a resonant tunneling mechanism in the processes of electron transport between the CuO2 planes. Based on these ideas, I managed to explain almost all the features of the behavior of layered kuprates with a high critical temperature, including the isotopic effect, neutron scattering, pseudo-shows and the transition of metal-insulator.
In 1998, in connection with the experiments performed in Argon and the University of Chicago, I pointed out the possibility of the existence of a new phenomenon: the so -called “quantum linear magneto -resistance”. An analysis of experimental data showed that for the first time it was experimentally discovered back in 1928 by P. L. Kapitsa, who took it over another effect. In the same years, I, as well as in connection with experiments, studied the influence of quantum interference on magneto -resistance of layered substances and built the S -type super -conductivity theory of Uge2.
In 1999, I received American citizenship. In 2000, he was elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and in 2001 - a member of the London Royal Society. In 2003, I received the title of Doctor of "Honoriskauz" University Bordeaux (France) and, together with V.L. Ginzburg and A. Leggett, was awarded the Nobel Prize "For Pioneer Work on the theory of Supervision Protection and Super Text."
In addition to scientific work, I taught almost my whole life. I went from an assistant to a professor at Moscow State University in 1950-1969, in 1970-1972 he was a professor in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) and, finally, headed the department of theoretical physics of the Moscow Institute of Steel and Legislatives during the 1976-1991. Currently, in the United States, I hold the positions of the Adjunct Professor University of Chicago and the University of Utah. In addition, I am an adjunct professor at the University of Lafbors of Great Britain.
I am married, I have two sons and a daughter.
1 Translation by A. A. Abrikosov (ml.) And A. A. Varlamov. January 2004.