Business, parking and other ingredients

Is it necessary to save the school from borrowing

A fresh reason for panic: Minister of Education of Russia Olga Vasilieva said that foreign words would be removed from school textbooks.

What exactly happened? At the All -Russian Parental Assembly of 2017, the Minister was read out the issue of “Russian Radio”: “Why are there any words such as parking, ingredients, shopping, business , etc. in the textbooks and other school literature and in the everyday life of teachers? This is the degeneration of the Russian language! " [1].

Vasilyeva’s answer: “This is a very important question. When I spoke, answering about the examination of textbooks ... We will do everything possible so that these words are rarely found in the texts. This is a really unacceptable thing. ” Further, mentioning that “there were the same problems“ and 100, 100, and 120 years ago, ”Vasilieva quoted, as it seemed to her, Turgenev: “ to use a foreign word when there is an equal Russian word, it means to insult both common sense and common sense. ”

The statement is uncompromising. Will the term ingredients disappear from chemistry textbooks?

... As you know, borrowings are an integral part of the life of languages. And in some areas there are noticeably larger than in others. For example, in the names of clothing: from an old hat to a new Labutena . And also - in the dictionary of science. Scientific communication seeks to minimize barriers, gravitates, if not to the general language (although the dissertations were written in Latin back in the 18th century), then at least to international terminology.

And school disciplines are simplified models of science. Imagine what will happen if the dream of an unknown employee of the Russian Radio will be fulfilled. To begin with, there will be no names of disciplines - mathematics, geometry, algebra, physics, chemistry, literature, history, biology, geography, anatomy, - dating back to ancient Greek, Latin, Arabic words. Important terms will disappear. Well, at least literary: the genre from the French Genre - genus; lyrics from the ancient lira ; Verse , a distant relative of “our” stitches and paths , ascending through the Greek source to the great -European * steight - walk ...

The simplest minus with a plus (from Latin minus - less and Plus - more) will share the fate of the terms of higher mathematics - integral , differential , matrix . Of course, geometry with squares , chords , spheres will go into the same steppe.

But there are much more borrowings in the scientific, and therefore school dictionary than it seems - after all, there are still tracing paper. This is, firstly, translations of words in parts, like na-roche- tracing paper of the Latin AD-RERB-IUM . Secondly, translations of the initial terms of terms. For example, in the Russian mathematical literature of the 18th century, the Latin Radix was translated as a root , in its direct meaning (from where our radishes are the root in the literal sense of the word).

The ill -fated ingredients are the same part of the international terminology. It also dates back to the Latin basis: Ingredi - to enter, to enter, from Gradī - to walk, to step, advance, the upcoming Slavic future . There are similar terms in French ( Ingrédents ), German, English, Spanish, Italian and other languages. Incidentally, the true author of the quote given by the Minister - the critic Vissarion Belinsky - spoke about the subject of the conversation mainly positively: “Many foreign words were included in the Russian language, because many foreign concepts and ideas entered Russian life. Such a phenomenon is not new ... <...> an unsuccessfully invented Russian word for expressing a concept is not only no better, but decisively worse than a foreign word. "

Vasiliev’s rights are that even a hundred years ago by borrowings they were indignant - including highly educated native speakers. For example, a friend of Pushkin Poltoratsky-by the magazine innovations of the 1830-1840s popular , subjective , patient , style , civilization . And Admiral Shishkov - tracing paper with French, created by Karamzin at the turn of the XVIII - XIX centuries: taste , influence ... And they all took root, which suggests that there were no Russian words "tantamount". And the anxiety of Poltoratsky did not justify: "What will become with the Russian language in 20 years?"

The legendary shadow of conservative Shishkov, by the way, was disturbed by Yuri Vyazemsky, who read out the question, the head of the world literature and culture of MGIMO: “But do not fall to another extreme, the word“ business ”is difficult to replace ... So we will come that galoshes will be called“ wet ”...”

Vasilieva agreed with the difficulty of replacing the word business , united about the “good shoes” of the galoshes and slightly changed the rhetoric: “Well ... we won’t reach such perfection ... The middle ground is what we must strive for.” So it is unlikely that borrowings in school textbooks are facing a crusade. Although individual body movements are possible, which is evidenced by renaming half a century ago, in the midst of the struggle against cosmopolitanism, the French roll into the “city”.

Actually, the word business , bred from the blow to Vyazemsky, of course, had an essential analogue. Here is the transfer text of the still XVIII century: “A private loan that interviews trading citizens a place of cash, leads the lender to continue its company and without money ...” But in the 20th century, the word enterprise narrowed and changed its value, and as a result with the revival of the market, it was easier to use the borrowing in the Russian language since the 1920s.

For the first time - in quotation marks, as exoticism - with Mayakovsky: “Everything is “ business ”, the matter is everything that raises the dollar” (V.V. Mayakovsky. “My discovery of America”, 1925–1926). Well, do not forget about linguistic economy. Two syllables against five are a serious success factor. However, ultimately the reasons for the success of the English term are extralinguistic: it is enough to see the translations of the word Business in different languages ​​of the world. In languages ​​that have not passed through a ban on entrepreneurship, there is a native word. For example, Portuguese Negócio . In most languages ​​of the former social camp - Bulgarian, Armenian, Kazakh, Latvian - borrowing from English, as in Russian. The label of the socialist past.

Parking with shopping in textbooks is difficult to present. Apparently, the author of the question dreams of prohibiting them in the "House of Teachers." In general, Anglicisms on -ing cause special irritation . Maybe due to the fact that not only individual words, but also a suffix are seeping, that is, a whole word-formation model? True, while it gives us only playful occasionalisms such as barbecue or puns like Puting. In principle, the suffixes of foreign -language origin in the Russian language are: for example, -yz, -Ist; They are used to them, and they do not bother anyone. But for the "enemies of parking" there is good news. The word parking , which seems to be not annoying anyone, despite the origin of the same verb to park, is more common in search engines. And, for example, parking as a process denotes monopoline. The usual design may well contribute to this: parking as a stop , wintering , etc. - is more understandable.

Well, and shopping ? Of course, there is no Russian counterpart to Englishism, but the attitude towards it can affect the attitude to it itself. As Boris Nemtsov wrote, carefully trying in 1999 then neologism: “I would not say that this is a pleasure for me. There is such a Western concept - shopping . It just means: to enjoy the fact that you go shopping and buying something ” (“ Provincial in Moscow ”). Purists may be comforted by the fact that the field of trade has been full of borrowings. A store, a market, a fair ... However, these borrowings are no longer perceived by such, this is a natural trend: the older borrowing, especially “its own” it seems. As in a joke of the 1990s: “Why do we need an alien“ realtor ”, if there is an excellent Russian word“ Mclar ”.”

Irina Fufaeva,
scientific. sore. Institute of Linguistics of the RSUSU

Video recording of the all -Russian parent meeting:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kinoo_qjmwq (episode with a dominance of foreign words, see 1 h 35 min. ).