His name was Koliberd

About who saved dozens of people from the fire and is left in obscurity. Features of collective amnesia

In the coming year on June 2, there will be 60 years of an unknown and not processed national memory of disaster: at the Minino station near Krasnoyarsk, a loaded goods at a speed of 60 km/h entered the stood oil composition. 50-ton tanks with fuel, lumbaging at each other, folding in an accordion and coming off the rails, overturned the last cars of the passenger train Krasnoyarsk-Abakan. The fuel spilled and flashed, then the tanks went to explode. Eyewitnesses talk about two, three, and even four wagons with people who fell to one side and burned down. The doors in them were closed: stops in Minin were not provided.

Inside - in addition to ordinary passengers, summer residents, a large detachment of pioneers who returned to Khakassia from Krasnoyarsk from a rally and a holiday on the occasion of International Children's Day.

The disaster was classified, the dead were quickly buried, their lists were not found in the archives. The tickets were not registered then. Starting from the 90s, the mass grave came into desolation. While the parents of the burnt were alive - they came (from all over the country, the minins told me - from Ufa, Vladivostok, etc.), but the specifics of this tragedy, the children's, such that there is no one to extend the memory. Signs with names, screwed by relatives to the grave fence, unscrewed, handed over to scrap.

“New” wrote about a civil initiative to offend the grave and restore the picture of the disaster, the names of its victims (they are found out of the darkness one by one). Mikhail Afanasyev gathered like -minded people, while still a journalist, continued with new resources and capabilities, becoming an adviser to the head of Khakassia on Human Rights. As much as possible, the "new" helps.

As usual, both scoundrels and heroes pop up from eyewitnesses. About the latter. Information about the young man, which, without hesitation, broke the window of the ninth wagon, helped the people to run through it, and died, burned, confirmed half. The man survived. And he really saved dozens of people: those who specifically jumped were found, dived into the embankment of his head forward from the table near the side seats and through rays from broken glass - it was. In the ninth car, only a young couple died. In another tumbled car (or even two or three), such a person was not found.

In the Winter Cherry, the first and third cinema halls came out and escaped. Those 13 people who could not go down and climbed to the roof. The second cinema was waiting for help for about 15 minutes. Only one who decided to get out of it survived. His two daughters and 34 more people, remaining in place, died. They acted according to state instructions: they were waiting for firefighters and rescuers. I recall the main tragedy of the outgoing year, not because the auditorium or car - in this regard - are similar; Minino-1959 and Kemerovo-2018-classic fire traps. Not due to the coincidence of the number of victims (the smallest estimated number of those killed in Minin is 65, mostly children). But - much more clearly: there is a person who is ready to take responsibility and act, while - act correctly, or there is no such person.

The name of the man, on June 2, 1959, who took responsibility for saving the car and his saved, is Gennady Koliberd.

Taboo

The survivors in the disaster are always half -sitting, it is not in vain that they say “lies like an eyewitness” - after the shock experienced, the memory works discretely. Neutralizes, camouflages the traumatic experience, protecting a person from overload and insanity. Compensatory mechanisms. “You only, please, remember, comrade memory” is a desire for the past nightmare is unfulfilled, the memory is deserting himself so that its carrier does not move. In the fractional reality, there are simply amazing moments reproduced by eyewitnesses of the disaster - how something inside us or someone outside the psyche. One of the Borisov sisters, she was 6 years old then, recalls: when they, those who were saved from the fire, reached the driven squad, and the train started again, there was no light, and people stood like herring in a barrel. The younger sister, then four years old, is about the same moment:

“When they got into the car back, it seems that my mother had been in her arms all this time. She fell asleep and woke up from her own scream, and fell asleep again. "

Children are burned, and her mother’s hands are continuous meat, she would not be able to hold them a daughter. But someone pressed the girl and Baykal, reassured his maternal voice.

Sisters are divided by this with outsiders for the first time in 60 years. What is not surprising. But, it turns out, they have never spoke among themselves about that day that determined in many ways. In their homes, in the houses of other victims - they were silent. Why, too,, in general, it is clear: there were three Borisov sisters. The oldest - a few days after the disaster turned 8 - could tell the most (yes, probably the fact of the fact that she remembered very well), but received the problems with the psyche that was not eliminated, now she is no longer alive. Therefore, in this family and in others - a taboo on internal destruction, secrets, prohibitions. Concealment, self -censorship, like anesthesia, was required to live.

And now, now, after 60 years, to speak out - despite the fact that all these years of their memory were avoided, removed from it - causes analogy and oliteration to help. For example, speaking of themselves, they recall the same “winter cherry”: “Like us, bought a ticket to the hellish bee, for three hundred rubles”, “hot breath of death”. It is impossible to check some things, we must calculate when they say that the fire rose by 500 meters, that a mushroom -shaped cloud has grown over the station ... Now, of course, the depth of mini horror is already unimaginable, no matter how much you peer.

The son of Gennady Koliberda Alexander survived this disaster in two and a half years. There was something-the vague knowledge of this was always with him, but only now he learned that it was, the details and role of his father. After the appearance of the first evidence in the press, the sisters began to ask - by the time of the disaster they were older and remembered more. They said first that his father saved everyone. Everyone knew about this in their families, but never talked about that. And then there were other saved passengers of the ninth wagon.

Overcoming

On that day, they went on a summer vacation to their parents with a large team: Gennady Alexandrovich with his wife Raisa Abramovna and son Alexander, their daughter -in -law Elizaveta Mikheevna with three daughters - Tamara (she was preparing to celebrate her grandmother’s house for 8 years), Natasha (6), Nina (4). She rode with them and nursed with the youngest - Sasha - his cousin Valentine. By age, she was like aunt, at the time of the accident, she and Sasha in her arms were in the vestibule.

Alexander Gennadievich Koliberd:

Yesterday I spoke with my cousin Natalia, she lives near Moscow. I thought we’ll lay down at 10 minutes, talked for an hour. People who went through this are strangling with spasms, tears and after 60 years. Memories cause deep stress: you are definitely worried about that day. I don’t remember the details, only that, apparently, the maximum that at this age is able to perceive, horror was imprinted inside: something red, terrible, uncontrollable. Then my mother had single attempts to talk about it, but she, starting, immediately got down, broke into tears and could not appreciate what had happened. Emotions strangled. Everything burns, everyone runs, father saves. Well, it was postponed to me, which, probably, should be so. And my father never said. And their parents never spoke with the sisters. Some kind of unspoken understanding that it is difficult to survive, and therefore-it is not worth it. I have until forty years with chaotic large events from the inside, some troubles were approaching from children's layers in the soul, this is not diagnosed. And then, in childhood, they wanted to expel from the kindergarten-the incontinence appeared, but over time, by the age of five to six, it improved.

By education, I am a fertelee engineer, studied the theory of combustion, based on it and from those facts that are now being clarified, I understand that there were 3-4 minutes to evacuate. In fact, the napalm attack was already going on: the fuel and most scattered, sprayed, and oil burned on glass, all surfaces of the wagons. Everything moved, turned over, swept. Wild panic. Judging by what eyewitnesses say, the car fell to the right onto an embankment of slag at an angle of degrees 20 to the surface of the earth. That is, under it turned out a hole somewhere a meter from the ground to the windows. The door in the vestibule and so open-you need to make efforts, but then it had to be pulled up. Apparently, it did not work. Maybe skewed. Or maybe they didn’t try, because the father, according to all the testimonies, was instantly orientated and broke the window, and the whole evacuation went through it. It was about 9 pm, everyone was preparing for bed, his father was barefoot, and he immediately, not looking for anything heavy and strong, broke glass with bare heels. Natasha remembers that his legs were cut.

The sisters were already at the age when they perceived the world more meaningful than I am, and now they are at the age when they can explain everything. They tell how people, all this uncontrollable mass by an avalanche right for them, for young children, poured here - there was a window to life from hellish heat, from the other world. The father got out and helped everyone to get out. And he managed until the trap slammed: when people ran to the hillock, turned around - there was no wagon, there was a continuous wall of fire with a height of 30 to 50 meters. You can calculate the level of prohibitive thermal tension: the rails bend, the sleepers in the ground burned out - the pits remained in their place.

Natalya Fedorovna Borisova:

I remember how I was sitting on the side, how the car overturned on this side, the right one, on us, how they climbed on us with bags, how they ran from the train-and all the canvas burned behind us, the wall of the fire is very dense and bright orange ... Don’t ask about time, there was no time ... When they entered the expelled wagons, people stood there. I remember stood, cried - both hands from the hands to the shoulders are burned. Nina has a hand only, the least affected. And my mother is most in our family, oil came to her, burned on the body. Then she never wore open dresses. For many years I was persecuted. When the bus was rolled up at a bend, horror covered, recalled how she fell in the car, returned to that situation ... the memory of the vestibular apparatus. Gennady Aleksandrovich is a cream man. And his character came in handy in life - a lot saved the people. Mobilized, concentrated, the only man who did not succumb to panic and did everything right.

Nina Fedorovna Balabanova (Borisova):

Sunny day was, we went to a grandmother with bright emotions, excited. I remember how the wagon overturned, we were thrown, and how people were distraught at the moment and swept in a locked space. Everyone solved a fraction of a second. Uncle Gene immediately broke the window, showed the path to salvation, and the spontaneous evacuation began. All through our window. Uncle Gene pulled out Tamara and helped others get out. And Natasha and I hesitated, and people ran right over us, they did not remember themselves. Bags, suitcases ... without brains, like horses, rams. This is the most terrible, I will never forget. The right side of my body was apparently more. Because the right eye immediately began to see badly that evening, and all the organs that are on the right, sick all their lives. Tamara with other people who had chosen the first rushed into the forest, and they ran away very far, then they were sought deep in the taiga. They were not guided at all, did not understand what was happening.

The second of us was pulled out from under the feet of Natasha. And my mother was not allowed to pull out, pressed against the side wall. They trampled and burned out if not mom. And if she and she was distraught, like everything around, and ran away? Mom was treated for a long time. For several months they removed the skin from the feet, implanted into the upper body. Daliy’s disability, especially the right hand with which she got me, was mutilated, continuous meat, they wanted to cut off, and developed it for several years.

And we got out to the slope, fled to the wagons that went forward along it. We planted us, there was no light. And we went again. It seems that my mother was in her arms all the time. But she couldn’t hold me already?! I remember how I will begin to fall asleep, and then the wall of fire is approaching me, and I screamed “Fire! fire!" And I woke up, and again - I fall asleep, fire, and I scream. The next thing I remember, the hospital is already - first Achinskaya railway, then in Krasnoyarsk, the dressings are endless. The commission came - they gave us a doll and chocolate.

While the mother was treated, after the hospital we were distributed to relatives, by aunts and grandmothers. At Tamara, the psyche suffered, it was treated for many years, but this did not give results. Natasha Lunatily for several years. At the door she was caught at night more than once. Therefore, adults have never mentioned that misfortune. How further has life? She graduated from the Polytech, Faculty of Heating, two children. Natasha also has two. And Tamara, since she suffered the most of the children, her personal life did not work out in any way. And she was the most intelligent, she studied for the top five, but this shift was not stopped, then there was no psychotherapeutic treatment, and the psyche degraded.

The one who took the wagons, and the uncle of Gene are heroes. I have two saviors - mom and uncle Gene. And he saved us all. Very kind - the main thing in it. And a man was very beautiful. Our parents talked closely, often went to visit. There were no of us if Uncle Gene did not break the window. And there would be not only Sasha, but also his six children, grandchildren. We must talk about this. And perpetuate the memory of the dead. After all, those pioneers from Abakan were the best children, they were sent to a rally for nothing. And what would their children be good, grandchildren? This cannot be soaked. And children need to be taught how to behave in such an emergency, so that it is deposited in their heads. I remember that the whole slope by which we fled was strewn with frying ( the local name of the Asian swimsuit, a bright orange flower. - A.T .). I have never seen more such continuous flowering. And if about the monument ... I see a stele, a bird above, and the children run around the frying of burning wagons and turn into birds.

Roots

G.A. Koliberd was born in 1932, his ancestors from the ancient village of Keleberd on the Dnieper Cape, in the Baikalia were exiled to the king. In the summer they was stupefied, giant rafts were collected in winter, which was fused in the spring on Yakutsk. When the Gene was six years old, his father, by the sentence of the Troika under the UNKVD of the Irkutsk region, was shot. The peasant was charged with "treason to the homeland" and "organizational counter -revolutionary activity." They also shot a brother, another gave another 10 years of camps. From the book of memory of the Irkutsk region: Kaliberdo Alexander Egorovich (born in 1886, Zhigalovsky district, village Novopashino), shot on July 3, 1938 in Irkutsk, the prosecution-Art. 58-1 "A", 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, rehabilitated on October 1, 1957; Koliberdo Vasily Egorovich (born in 1894, Zhigalovsky district, village of Novopashino), shot on February 27, 1938 in Irkutsk, the prosecution-Art. 58-10, 58-11, rehabilitated on May 10, 1958; Koliberdo Peter Georgievich (born in 1900, Zhigalovsky district, village of Rudovka), arrested on June 23, 1938, the charge-Art. 58-7, 58-11, sentence-10 years of ITL, rehabilitated on January 19, 1957

(The letters “O” and “A” in this surname in the metrics walked the whole story along the whim of clerks; Gennady also had “Koliberdo” in the documents.)

Another brother escaped - learning about the arrests, grabbed his family and went to Bodaibo in a boat. His daughter later said: "They fled like Jews from the Egyptians." It is verified: when they get both in Siberia and in the north, we must go even further north and east.

Gene is the 11th child in the family, there were 14 of them, three died in infancy. The elder served in the army (“served the authorities” - they say here), when they took his father, asked him to give him a short vacation - to go sort out, the commander said: I can let go, but I won’t let you go. Then, when Gene served (1950–1953, Kyakhta, the border with Mongolia), the mother died, they did not give them to the funeral. After many years, he will nevertheless tell his grandson this secret-where did he get the tattoo "I will not forget his mother's mother."

Four older brothers went to war. Mikhail, born in 1925, died in the Baltic states, Nikolai and Vasily returned, Alexander was called to an end, in 1945, and hit the Pacific Fleet. Gene from the age of 13 plowed on a tractor in his native village Novopashino.

The rest of his life - both to Minin, and after - drove trucks. Tong -ty, throughout the region, north, in winter roads, MAZ-200 caravans at minus 50 went to gold mining mines.

And the wife of Raisa Abramovna, who still strengthened this steel character, from Bondareva (130 miles from Abakan to the south-west), went there on June 2, 1959. Borisov’s maiden name Borisov. This is one of the nine clans of the peasants-weeded, which moved here to the edge of the empire, with the permission of the Khakass steppes in 1830 from Voronezh. All of them, 82 souls, were subbotniks that had fallen from Orthodoxy (celebrated Saturday, not Sunday, hence the name; in the house of Alexander in the kitchen I saw just such a wall calendar - weeks ending on Saturday). The Russian Orthodox Church called them Jewish or Judaizers.

В переизданном в этом году труде богослова, протоиерея Тимофея Буткевича (1854–1925) показано, как быстро распространилось это учение к 1825 году, когда Святой Синод издал указ «о мерах к отвращению распространения жидовской секты под названием субботников», а светское правительство начало высылать субботников на Кавказ. У ереси разные толки; те субботники, что жили в Бондареве, по Буткевичу, «отвергают Талмуд, обрезываются, признают только Иегову, считают Христа пророком, ожидают Мессию, подразумевая под этим именем водворение правды на земле, царство духа, разума и свободы; смеются над евреями, ожидающими Мессию — земного царя». Сюда же позже начали ссылать молокан (те в пост употребляли молоко; отвергали многие догмы: иконы, мощи, церковные обряды, не признавали царя помазанником Божьим). Бондаревцы, люди фронтира — и географического, и духовного, первыми в Минусинской котловине создали систему ирригации, собирали рекордные урожаи.

Субботники назвали свое селение Обетованным. Енисейский губернатор, узнав о том только в 1851-м, пришел в ярость и переименовал Обетованку в Иудино. За год до катастрофы в Минине село вновь переименовали. В Бондарево — в честь ересиарха (в трактовке РПЦ) и гения (по отзывам Льва Толстого), крестьянского мыслителя и писателя Тимофея Бондарева, сосланного сюда в 1867 году и 31 год здесь учительствовавшего.

К 1929-му, коллективизации, здесь жили 3945 человек. Свиней, само собой, почти не держали (15 голов), зато 3184 лошади, 3658 коров, 4988 овец. (Сейчас хозяйство «Бондаревское» обанкротилось, а народу втрое меньше.) Для организации колхозного движения сюда, по архивным справкам, прибыли ленинградские рабочие Голощенко и Голод; «в течение короткого времени» с помощью войск ОГПУ 124 семьи кулаков и зажиточных крестьян из деревни убраны. Из архивов же: с августа 1941 года до 1945-го деревня принимает 63 воспитанников ленинградского детского интерната. Делились тем немногим, что осталось после Голощенко и Голода. Ленинградцы возвращались с благодарностями в 1980 году и 1985-м.

У Борисовых отобрали дом — в семье тогда было шестеро детей, Раисе полтора года, всех, как щенят, выкинули в 1932-м. Дом справный, стоит и сейчас. А твердые нравственные устои, трудолюбие позволили выстоять и прожить достойную жизнь всем этим советским-несоветским (их еще сейчас называют «архаичными») людям.

A.G. Колиберда : «Я только поэтому, благодаря родительскому стержню, выстоял на окраине Ленинского района».

В двухкомнатную квартиру в новом и более благополучном микрорайоне семья Геннадия Колиберды переехала лишь в 1994-м, ему оставалось еще три года жизни.

Долги

Внук Геннадия Колиберды Александр, ему 42 года, они много общались с дедом:

Простой и цельный. Monolith. Выгодно ему, не выгодно — дед брал и делал. Характер такой, а значит, думаю, это не единственный его мужественный поступок. Он, его братья, его отец, по рассказам, — прямые, как стрела. И наверное, чужие были этому времени и строю… Мы не знали ничего ни о мининских событиях, ни о его роли, но, думаю, если б с ним заговорить, он бы тему закрыл… Такие были люди.

A.G. Колиберда:

Я не удивился тому, что узнал в последние дни про отца. Просто в пиковой ситуации он смог реализовать себя, такого, каким был воспитан, проявил себя. Не удивлен я и его молчанию. Это тоже — от воспитания, скромности. И от опасения, что и с ним, с семьей, может произойти то же, что произошло с его отцом, дядями в 1937–38 годах. Система-то одна, и она жива, и кто знает, как повернется завтра. На мой вопрос о деде он всегда говорил, что не знает о его судьбе — забрали, дали 10 лет без права переписки, и — никаких больше сведений. А в 1996-м мы получили ответ прокуратуры, и известие о расстреле его отца, моего деда Александра Егоровича, сильно на него подействовало. В 97-м он умер. 65 лет ему было.

На днях разговаривал с двоюродной сестрой (по отцу) Галиной. Она помнит, как наша семья вернулась в Красноярск, после Минина уже, не доехав до Абакана. Почему-то отец с мамой не домой пошли, а к старшему брату отца Николаю. И их семью поразило, что отец пришел к ним в одних трусах. Только то, что было на нем в момент опрокидывания вагона. Это подтверждает, что отец сразу после падения вагона одномоментно разбил окно, и пошла стихийная эвакуация. По моим расчетам, около трех секунд на человека. С учетом пространственного положения вагона — очень быстро.

Но в самой передовой стране быть такого не могло, а раз случилось, всем была дана команда все забыть. И мы до сих пор не знаем даже, сколько вагонов сгорело. Мы ехали в девятом, наш спасся, убежал. А к пионерам никто на помощь не пришел. Быстро всех в братскую могилу уложили, и все. Этот ужас неподъемен для психики, тем более детской, поэтому никто из его испытавших ничего не обсуждал. Чтобы не переживать стресс повторно. И это было на руку властям.

Но замалчивание — неправильная госполитика. Из трагедий надо извлекать уроки. Иначе — бесконечное повторение. Пример отца — о чем? Он ни на кого не надеялся. Можно было сидеть и ждать помощи. Он выбрал действие. В Кемерове та же огненная ловушка была. Там понадеялись на спасателей, на государство. Детей надо учить, как быть в такой ситуации, когда решают все первые секунды. Огненные ловушки случаются периодически во всем мире, и наша страна не исключение.

Вина на нас, на взрослых. Это национальные трагедии — в Минине, Кемерове, где вот сейчас снесли «Зимнюю вишню», и всё, снова никаких выводов. После Минина откупились куклами и шоколадками, после Кемерова — денежными суммами. Но деньги не возвращают погибших детей. И это — нарушение основополагающих человеческих прав. Прав детей на безопасное детство. А мы разводим руками. Отец свой долг выполнил по совести, послужил обществу, а мы нет, даже не увековечили память — в назидание. Урок Минина не усвоен. Посмотрите новости. Люди регулярно заживо сгорают. Например, в автобусах. Минувшей зимой в Казахстане — автобус вез граждан Узбекистана на заработки в Казань. Вспыхнул. Выскочили только пятеро, а 52 погибли…

Катастрофа в Минине не сочеталась с хрониками построения коммунизма — тогда красноярцы воздвигали крупнейшие в мире алюминиевый завод (КрАЗ) и ГЭС для него, перекрывали Енисей. Но почему дети во тьме сейчас, спустя 60 лет? Почему они безымянны?

Можно ли сравнивать эффекты, защищающие психику отдельного человека, с тем, что происходит с коллективной памятью в России? А чем еще, кроме механизмов вытеснения, объяснить ее дробность и ущербность, абсолютную пустоту и неупоминание там, где должны стоять хотя бы памятные камни и проходить школьные уроки отечественной истории? Например, у проходной КрАЗа или в богатом красноярском жилмассиве Взлетка — и то, и это воздвигнуто на месте расстрельных рвов и полигонов времен Большого террора.

A.G. Колиберда : «Молчали в конце 30-х, с чего бы заговорили в конце 50-х? Власти получили дивиденды с уже воспитанной новой исторической общности. Да еще и подписки о неразглашении наверняка собрали».

Чем, действительно, объяснить отсутствие в Красноярске мемориала жертвам политрепрессий и перманентные попытки установить бюст Сталина? Мининская, детская катастрофа — тоже психотравма, к чему о ней помнить? К чему ворошить прошлое — это реальный вопрос многих, с кем приходится иметь дело при выяснении событий 2 июня 1959-го.

Стоит ли искать словесное выражение для пережитого ужаса и делиться им? Зачем эксгумировать шок и травмы? Вспоминать панику, озверение, умопомешательство? Выяснять, скольких же похоронили в ящиках, опущенных в братскую могилу, если запекшиеся тела съежились в разы, если кости и черепа рассыпались, когда их поднимали?

Ну, во-первых, может, детей все-таки начнут учить не бросать гранаты, а спасать себя и других в ситуациях, от которых не застрахован никто. Во-вторых, с чего вообще мы должны соглашаться с тем, что люди, не очень удобно для государства погибшие, не достойны поименного упоминания даже на кладбище? А примерить это на себя и своих близких?

A.A. Колиберда : «Это просто бессовестно, что погибших детей забыли».

And the last. Коллективные наши бесконечные фрустрации, неадекватные оценки и представления, комплексы, неверные цели — оттуда во многом, из дырявой памяти о прошлом страны: тут помню, тут нет. В вынужденных семейных тайнах, выученном беспамятстве бывает смысл, надо жить дальше. Это право молчать и не думать. Но какой толк в национальной амнезии?

Понятно, почему архивы, приоткрытые в 90-х, захлопнулись. И почему мы еще долго не узнаем всей правды о сталинских репрессиях. Но зачем отфутболивать запросы о мининской катастрофе?

Эти документы следует предать гласности. А машиниста Владимира Вырвича, отогнавшего уцелевшую часть состава, затем вернувшегося бегом к горящим вагонам, умершего через несколько часов от ожогов, и Геннадия Колиберду, спасшего девятый вагон, надо бы, как мне кажется, посмертно наградить. Поклониться хотя бы сейчас, спустя 60 лет.