Translated material
Rich Beria from Mozambique
This fall, near Miangaleva, the province of Kabu-Delga, in Mozambique, a detachment of government forces fell into the ambush of militants . Among the 25 dead were five Russian mercenaries from the Wagner PMC. Even earlier, in August, the Portuguese journalist Nuno Felix reported about the appearance of Russian mercenaries in Mozambique. Having passed the path from the Portuguese colony for half a century - through the socialist dictatorship - to neoliberal democracy, Mozambique suddenly returned to the news reports of the Russian media. The whole latest history of the state in the southeast of Africa is associated with the biography of one person. Samizdat tells about Zhasinta a bike, which in many respects created a modern mosambic.
“I don't remember this order.”
- But your order No. 5/80 was an act of illegal political repression.
“Nevertheless, I don’t remember him,” an elderly white man with the appearance of a good -natured European pensioner says gently but persistently.
He is in vain about order No. 5/80 not to recall the investigator, but a journalist, and not in the dock, but during the recording of the interview. In a socialist mosambic, he headed the state security service. In modern times, he became a businessman, founder of Pathfinder Minerals PLC, who is engaged in business consulting in the field of metal production. And once, a long time, at the very beginning, even before socialism, he was an officer of the Portuguese colonial troops, designed to fight against the fighters for the independence of Mozambique. But in the end he went to their side.
This man is called Zhasinta Soaresh Bike. Its biography is a reflection of the main stages of the latest history of mosambic. But if usually history forms a biography, then in this case everything was almost the opposite.
Portugal's stepson: Life in the colony and Lisbon
Zhasinta Soaresh Bike was born in 1937. He was the son of the white Portuguese colonists-farmers who considered Mozambique his homeland, and not by a random shelter, who grew up with a firm conviction that they had no less rights to this land than that of the indigenous black population, which the colonists considered unreasonable children and saw their task in their upbringing to the level of full-fledged “whites”.
Keloz received primary education at the primary Catholic school located in the city of Lorensa-Markish (now the capital of Mozambique Maputo). The school was named after the then Portuguese dictator Antoniu Di Salazar, who, having come to power in 1932, began to build a law -power regime. Salazar believed that without colonies Portugal would lose the status of a world power, so the government made every effort so that the colonies were remembered about the metropolis: in particular, in honor of the ruler, schools, hospitals and stadiums were named after the ruler.
At the end of the primary Catholic school, the cycling went to the private average. Despite the fact that there was no own university in Mozambique, school knowledge was enough for admission to the medical faculty of the University of Lisbon in 1955.
At the University, Kelza will choose a whole year between football and medicine. At first, due to a large educational load, he will not be able to become a junior of the Lisbon Benfica, where he was called by a university coach. Just in the second half of the 1950s, the Golden Age of Benfica will begin when it will turn into one of the best clubs in Europe. Black Mozambics Mariu Koluna and Eseubio Ferreira will play a huge role in the successes of the team (the latter will become the owner of the Golden Ball in 1965). An example of black compatriots who brought the 1962 European Champions Cup and other international trophies inspired the bikes: it turns out that even a simple black man from the colony can achieve a lot in the metropolis. However, successes with successes, but at first it was necessary to break through the dismissive attitude, which he faced immediately upon arrival in Lisbon: “All black are tights and shortcomings; White - rustications and lazy people. ”
As a result, by going to the medical faculty and having studied there for a year, he will leave his studies for the sake of attachment to the military academy, where he will become a cadet of the Faculty of Aviation. The Military Academy was full of young and ambitious people who were crowded in the framework of the Salazarist regime. Cadets loved to talk about politics, and conversations often turned into disputes. The bike was especially lucky. His neighbor in the dormitory of Erico Corvaho was a convinced communist.
“Do you think I'm wrong?” While life is in full swing in Lisbon, in your native Lawrence-Markish there is not even a seedy university, and for the sake of getting an education you had to move through half of the globe from the mosambic ball to Portugal. So it will continue until a revolution occurs, which will put an end to the fascist colonialism of Salazar!
- Erico, you are my friend and the future colleague, and does not fit in my head, how you can conduct communist agitation!
- I am a member of the Communist Party, Zhasinta!
- And you are an officer in Portugal!
- Officer, you say? And so, now I should thank old Salazar for the opportunity to serve the captain somewhere in Indonesia for the opportunity to serve for twenty years? How soon are you going to become a major, Zhasinta?
This was not a rhetorical question at all. One of the features of the service in the army of Salazarist Portugal was expressed in slow advance in ranks. The path of a graduate of the Military Academy from Lieutenant to the captain could stretch for fifteen years, and major epaulets were an unattainable dream. The production of officers in the major was engaged in a special commission under the Ministry of Defense, on which the career of Portuguese officers in Africa, India, Indonesia and China depended on the leisurely work.
Doubts about the fairness of the social structure overcame the cycling before, but everything was finally decided during the summer holidays of Rodney. After the luxury of the imperial capital of Lisbon, his native Lorensa-Markish seemed to the bikes of the absurd pile of old colonial buildings and the slumberry quarters of Favel. He will describe the moment of insight in his memoirs : “The difference between Lisbon and the terrifying conditions in the village where my grandparents lived, led me to the idea of the need to fight fascism in Portugal and eliminate colonialism in that part that was then called“ overseas provinces ”. From this thought to joining the movement for independence, there was one step. ”
After the release from the Academy, Keloz, deceiving the army leadership, returned to Mozambique. The fact is that, according to instructions prohibiting natives of the colonies to serve at home, he was appointed to the Azores. However, he managed to change his appointments with a classmate distributed to the service of the Mozambique Air Force. According to the recollections of the bike, he did this in order to join the ranks of the anti -colonial movement.
From this moment, the further fate of the bike was predetermined. But it turned out a little differently, and he could become a professional football player playing for one of the best European clubs. Or even end up in the ranks of the astronauts: when in 1958 NASA began the program for preparing astronauts for NATO countries, the bike sent his report on joining the space detachment. As a result, neither he nor anyone else from the Portuguese-volunteers never waited for an answer from the United States.
Escape to Tanzania: from an officer to the rebel
Returning home, bike began to look for like -minded people. Much has become clearer after a meeting with school comrade Zhuan Ferreiro, who worked as a trading agent, traveled a lot around the country and well imagined how life in cities and villages arranged.
“Listen, listen, you should not contact this whites who want to snatch more for yourself,” Ferreiro warned a friend from contacts with political activists who wanted to achieve independence following the example of a neighboring British Rhodesia, maintaining all the power in the hands of a white minority. - By the way, did you hear about Samora Mashel?
And he told his friend about the black mosambicz, who advocated the country's independence and the creation of an equal reusable society. From the first words, Keloz understands: this is undoubtedly the person he was looking for. Together, they decide to join Mashel, who lived in a mosambic in an illegal position, - PIDE was actively looking for him. Friends even make plans for how to help Mashall run if they are arrested, but Samora still manages to safely move to neighboring Tanzania.
Then in Tanzania there is a left -and -radical anti -colonial movement of the Frelimo - the front of the liberation of Mozambique. It is created by a native of the Portuguese colony, a black intellectual Eduard Mondlan, after studying at the University of Lisbon University, who received a PhD for sociology in Chicago. In the United States, Mondlan is imbued with the idea of Mozambique's independence, inspired by the struggle of blacks for his rights under the leadership of Martin Luther King.
Mashel and Mondlan in Tanzania, in the same place Folebo. So, the bike has only one path - to a neighboring country.
As we learned to be afraid of the nuclear bomb Yegor Sennikov , Julia Drobova Samizdat and the Sierramadre channel launch a cycle about a nuclear threat. In the first text, we tell how the fear of a nuclear bomb originated and who suffered the first
The American training aircraft North American T-6 Norman could hardly break away from the runway of the field airfield. All the free space inside was forced by boxes with cartridges and grenades, the old German carbines of Mauser 98k were piled on the walls of the cab. “They will like it, they lack weapons,” the cycling about this arsenal thought - a gesture of goodwill and a valuable gift to the receiving side.
Following the plane, an inspector Roch, an employee of the secret police of PIDE, looked thoughtfully. Half an hour ago, he drank beer with two compatriots. Kike and Ferreiro purely symbolically sipped a little alcohol, and the inspector surrendered to this with all the passion. Perhaps it was for this reason that Lieutenant Keloz managed to easily convince him of the need for an intelligence flight near the border with Tanzania. Yes, but why does he need so many weapons? And why did the bike take this civilian with him? Some overturning feeling suggested that the flight would not end with good.
“Ah, do not care,” he thought. - Who said that any intelligence flight should end successfully? " Smiling at this thought, the inspector Roch laid his hands in his pockets and wandered to the headquarters building, whistling under his nose the next hat of the queen of the Portuguese song of the FADU Amalia Rodriguez. Unfortunately, Senor Rodriguez did not wait for him in the headquarters building, but there were still plenty of beer there. Sometimes alcohol in Africa is the only way to reconcile yourself with reality. The inspector also believed in this maximum firmly as in childhood he believed in Virgin Mary, from which classes began in elementary school. When you need friends, you find them in the most unexpected places-once Mussolini and Hitler helped usOn March 12, 1963, the aircraft cycling and Ferreiro is successfully landing in a gift from Es-Salam-a millionaire city and the most important economic center of Tanzania. At first, everything went worse than nowhere: upon arrival, friends were arrested on suspicion of espionage. However, they quickly figured out their business and soon released. Bike and Ferreiro, without delay, join the ranks of the Frelimo and, on behalf of the management of the organization, go to Cairo - to establish ties no more or less with the President of Egypt Naser. The latter not only acts as the main ally of the USSR in Africa, but also very actively supports anti -colonial movements throughout the continent, so one day the cycle receives a call for conversation in Egyptian intelligence.
“You know, Senor Klyuza, when you need friends, you find them in the most unexpected places,” said the Egyptian intelligence officer with a smile. -Once we were helped by Mussolini and Hitler. Unfortunately, Rommel never freed Alexandria. We accepted help from Stalin, and the British left Egypt. And when Britain and France tried to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, it was ridiculous to say that the USSR and the USA helped us. So ... So the Nasser government decided to support you in your struggle for freedom. Know, you can always find friends. How many instructors, weapons, cartridges do you need?
Having received assistance from the Egyptian authorities, the bike through Algeria emigrates to France. Using his knowledge gained at the Military Academy, he sets up to work as an electronic engineer and is waiting for further orders from the leadership of the Frelimo. The bike lives in France under a strange name and does not take an active part in the anti -colonial struggle.
In 1964, the Frelimo began a partisan war against Portugal. Two years after the start of combat operations, Keloz, at the request of the leader of the organization, Mondlan, comes to Tanzania to teach young Mozambiks military affairs in the camp training camps. After Chinese and Egyptian instructors began to arrive there, the bike leaves back to Algeria to help emigrants from Portugal and establish new connections.
There he calmly and thoroughly dealt with these issues, while once in the middle of a hot Algerian night he will not wake a phone call.
“Mondlan is killed,” the voice of the coherent in the telephone tube will say muffledly, after which the connection will be interrupted. An ordinary, unremarkable postal departure in the name of the founder of Frelimo will become the last that he will see in his life: the Portuguese special services put a bomb in the parcel.
Three months later, in June 1970, the Portuguese began the Operation “Gordian Knot”: after a long artillery and airline series, Portuguese Commandos and Hiddle Councils held raids to Frevoi camps in Tanzania. Having lost 130 people, the Portuguese killed about three thousand militants. The combat units of the metropolis actually destroyed Frevoi military terms, so the militants switched to terrorist methods of struggle.
After the death of Mondlan, the head of the Front of Mozambique became the same Samora Mashel, to which in 1962 they wanted to join the cycling and Ferreiro. It is unlikely that Mashal, who was replaced by the murdered head of the organization, who was going through the best of times, could have imagined that in five years he would become the first president of the People’s Republic of Mozambique.
Mozambique Beria: on guard of African socialism
In 1970, the Portuguese dictator Salazar dies, Marseille Kaetan became his successor. Attempts of reforms did not help Kaetan cope with the antisalazarist moods of society. In 1974, the Left-Democratic Underground Army Organization of the Captain Movement, together with the coalition of the left-wing parties, made a bloodless military coup, which went down in history under the name "Revolution of Cloves" . The Salazarist regime in Portugal Pal.
This event caught a bike in Argentina, from where he immediately flew to Algeria to establish a connection with the military revolutionary government of Portugal. Algeria was chosen as a neutral site for negotiations.
The coalition of the military and left, who came to power in Portugal, sent its representatives to negotiations, which were supposed to decide the fate of Mozambique. In June 1974, representatives of Portugal and Frelimo met in the capital of Zambia Lusaka. Among the Portuguese diplomats there was a comrade cycling at the Military Academy Hotel de Carwallo. As Keloz himself later recalled in an interview for the Swedish Institute of Northern Europe, it was precisely due to the fact that his classmates at the Military Academy became the driving force of the antisalazarist coup, Portugal easily recognized the independence of Mozambique.
It is interesting to read
Samora Mashel became the president of the Socialist People's Republic of Mozambique. The bike took the post of head of the National Popular Security Service (Serviço Nacional de Segurança Popular, Snasp). It was not only the peak of his political career, but also just an incredible paradox: the white man never managed to occupy such a high post in any anti -colonial movement of Africa.
Under the leadership of the cycling, Snasp began to actively fight black anti -communists from the national resistance of Mozambique (Renamo), created in 1977 with the support of the special services of South Africa and Rhodesia. At the same time, the bike cleansed the party ranks of dissent. So, in the wake of the protests of the White Mozambics, who went out into the streets after the radio of the former Protestant pastor Uriah Simango about the equality of RAS, Snasp arrested six members of the Central Committee of the Freviation Central Committee, who were accused of organizing disorder. They were wanted, stole from neighboring countries, kept several years in prison, until their leader Simango was executed in 1979, and the rest followed him. And only a year later, the same order No. 5/80 came out, which retroactively ordered the execution of the opposition. The signing of the order after the execution was caused by fears that the open process and subsequent execution could lead to a new wave of riots. The order was issued and signed by the head of Snasp, Major General Klyuza.
According to bitter irony, it was the bike that organized the expulsion of white mosambicians from the country. In order to rid the colony from the white, dissatisfied with the nationalization of the earth, poverty and hunger, the Black Minister of the Interior Armand Gebuz issued an order 24/20, according to which the descendants of the Portuguese colonists were ordered to leave Mozambique within a day. They were allowed to take only 20 kilograms of personal belongings with them. The execution of the order was supervised by Snasp.
In the memoirs, the bike mentions that all his affairs and actions were dictated by the interests of the country. Меж тем жизнь в Мозамбике становилась с каждым годом хуже и хуже, и после отказа СССР от кредитования экономики руководство страны решило пойти на радикальные экономические реформы.
Первым шагом на пути к ним стал прорыв санкций со стороны стран Запада, недовольных социалистическим режимом в Мозамбике: в 1984 году Южно-Африканская Республика, построенная на принципах расовой сегрегации, и социалистический чернокожий Мозамбик подписывают так называемые Соглашения Нкомати. В соответствии с соглашениями, две страны отменяют взаимные санкции и прекращают прокси-войны.
Успех соглашений стал заслугой единственного белого в мозамбикской делегации — Жасинту Велозу. Элегантный мужчина средиземноморской внешности в отлично сидящем костюме со знанием дела обсуждал перспективы торгового сотрудничества ЮАР и Мозамбика, расточая улыбки и обмениваясь рукопожатиями. Воспитанные на расовых стереотипах южноафриканские дипломаты охотно шли на контакт с ним.
Для Велозу это был дебют в роли министра внешнеэкономического сотрудничества. Он занял этот пост в 1983 году, оставив должность главы SNASP. На этом поприще он смог добиться от Португалии, чтобы та возобновила подготовку мозамбикских курсантов — эта практика была прервана в 1974 году. Для этого ему пришлось повстречаться с генералом Мирандой, главой ВВС Португалии, под началом которого Велозу служил в Мозамбике.
На входе в здание Генерального штаба ВВС Португалии стояли курсанты Военной академии в парадной форме. Приветственно подняв шпаги, как если бы министр внешнеэкономического сотрудничества Мозамбика был особой королевской крови, они встречали бывшего выпускника факультета авиации Военной академии.
«Всё же это очень трогательно», — подумал Велозу, на которого нахлынули воспоминания об учёбе в Академии. Поднявшись по лестнице, он зашёл в кабинет генерала Миранды.
— Синьор генерал, я бы хотел объясниться по поводу своего побега, описать причины, которые меня на это сподвигли, — начал говорить Велозу.
— Хватит, — прервал его Миранда, — не надо лишних слов. Тогда, в 1963 году, ваш побег сильно меня огорчил. Понимание причин вашего поступка пришло ко мне со временем. Действительно, это было необходимо ради новой Португалии. Так что давайте закончим с этим и обсудим, как я могу помочь развитию ВВС Мозамбика.
В 1986 году президент Мозамбика Самора Машел погибнет в авиакатастрофе, а его преемником станет Жоаким Чиссано. В 1987 году Чиссано примет программу либеральных экономических реформ, которую составил для Мозамбика МВФ, а в 1992 году положит конец гражданской войне с РЕНАМО. После наступления мира Велозу лишат министерского поста — как человека, слишком прочно ассоциирующегося с репрессиями и госбезопасностью.
Экс-генерал, экс-марксист, предприниматель: перестройка по-мозамбикски
— Мой генерал, вы получили отставку? — задавший вопрос белый мужчина интеллигентного вида погладил свою профессорскую бородку, после чего поправил очки.
— Да, полковник, — ответил Велозу, расправляя складки пиджака, — Боюсь, Серджиу, что тебе надо готовиться к аресту. Жаль, что наша служба во благо Мозамбика оценивается именно так, но ты мой преемник, и тебе тоже придётся отвечать за свои приказы и поступки.
— Я ещё в начале восьмидесятых говорил, что надо арестовать Чиссано. А сейчас он уволил вас, распускает SNASP и будет делать новую спецслужбу, учитывая мнение наших врагов из РЕНАМО! — горькая усмешка пробежала по лицу Виейру. — Но я уже готов к научной деятельности, буду рассказывать потомкам правду о нашей борьбе.
— Что касается нашей борьбы… Серджиу, ты не боишься? Ты помнишь, как мы убили в Лиссабоне главу РЕНАМО Фернандеша?
— Он это заслужил.
— А всех других? Они не снятся тебе по ночам?
— Не снятся, мой генерал. Мы потеряли SNASP, но не потеряли власть. К счастью, ФРЕЛИМО всё ещё управляет Мозамбиком, так что о наших приказах никто не узнает, если только мы сами не расскажем об этом. Кстати, вы уже придумали, чем будете заниматься? Может, наукой?
— Серджиу, ты вот стал историком после отставки в 1984 году. Я, пожалуй, займусь предпринимательством. Мозамбику теперь нужны не только народные, но и иностранные деньги.
В те времена подобные разговоры между бывшими офицерами из руководства SNASP, переживавших за своё будущее, не были большой редкостью.
На этом в жизни Велозу завершилась эпоха социализма и началась его карьера успешного бизнесмена — основателя и держателя контрольного пакета акций компании Pathfinder Minerals PLC, занимающейся бизнес-консультированием в области добычи полезных ископаемых. Впрочем, иногда прошлое нет-нет да и напомнит о себе политическим скандалом. Так, например, британские СМИ обвиняли PM PLC в подкупе бывшего заместителя госсекретаря британского МИДа Генри Беллингхэма. По данным Telegraph, Беллингхэм получал 1300 фунтов стерлингов в час за лоббирование интересов Велозу в Британии.При близком рассмотрении Велозу очень похож на своих постсоветских коллег, которые, рассуждая о безопасности государства и служа ему, не забывают и о личном благосостоянии. Возможно, это объясняет, почему современная путинская Россия и Мозамбик, чью политическую элиту составляют бывшие сопартийцы и коллеги Велозу, активно ищут сотрудничества друг с другом. Так, в этом году министерства обороны России и Мозамбика подписали соглашение о совместной защите секретной информации, а португальский журналист Нуно Феликс сообщил о том, что российский спецназ помогает властям Мозамбика бороться с исламистами .
Параллельно со слухами о строительстве российской военно-морской базы в Мозамбике появились и новости о том, что российские инвесторы вложатся в разработку месторождений полезных ископаемых. В таком случае им не обойтись без бизнес-консультаций компании Pathfinder Minerals PLC.
При близком рассмотрении Велозу очень похож на своих постсоветских коллегУспешность карьеры Жасинту Соареша Велозу объясняется по-разному. Сам он утверждает, что выживал в Мозамбике при любом режиме, потому что его целью было благосостояние страны, а не обслуживание какой-то определённой идеологии. Противники Велозу считают его обычным приспособленцем. Есть даже конспирологическая версия, согласно которой Велозу изначально был агентом влияния португальских властей, отвечавший за возобновление отношений между Португалией и Мозамбиком после обретения им независимости. Во всяком случае, не стоит забывать, что перед полётом, превратившимся в побег, Велозу провожал до самолёта ответственный за безопасность Северного Мозамбика сотрудник ПИДЕ Роха.
Судьба Велозу — это пример причудливого мира португальского постколониализма. Будучи патриотом родной империи, он разочаровался в ней и выступил против неё ради нового будущего, которое началось с построения социализма, а закончилось рыночной демократией. Сегодня самые богатые коммунисты Африки живут в Мозамбике , и бизнесмен-консультант Жасинту Соареш Велозу — один из них. The story of the terrorist Unabober Evgeny Shcherbina , Yegor Mostovshchikov , Galya Polyakova contacted the friend of the terrorist Unabober and learned how Hitler, Harvard, Timothy lyrics and progress are associated with 16 bombs, 3 dead and 23 wounded