Below the lower

The UN reports a decrease in poverty in our country. We tell how people who are behind poverty live, see good food only on holidays, but, despite this, they grow children and hope for the best

In July, in Russia they talked a lot about poverty. The national goal is to reduce the poverty level by double, from 13.3 to 6.6%, set by President Vladimir Putin in 2018, moved by six years, from 2024 by 2030. Behind the poverty line, according to official figures , 18.6 million Russians live. Their income is below the subsistence minimum. In parallel, Russia reported to the UN on the elimination of extreme poverty.

Behind the numbers of dry statistics are the fate of ordinary people. They work, grow children and often do not even realize how deplorable their financial situation is.

The worst of all lives large families. More than half of them, admits the Ministry of Labor, live behind the poverty line. “Such things” simply went to visit. We did not look for stories worse. They did not choose people with addictions. They did not climb into remote regions. All our heroes live near Moscow, 200-400 kilometers from the Moscow Ring Road.

The salary of most of our interlocutors does not exceed the minimum wage, the so -called minimum wage - 12,130 rubles. TD interlocutors say that almost all of their acquaintances and relatives, who do not leave watchmen in megacities, earn the same.

"Mom, we live like homeless people"

On the birthday of Svetlana, the brother gave two large beds: digging, treated the earth, planted seeds. He regularly brings fish to children for soup and cutlets from fishing. It cannot help anything more significant - it earns about fifteen thousand. Three sons and an old house with a rickety extension - all Svetlanino wealth. The fence fell by the wind. On wood in the yard, a thin black cat is warming in the sun. Public utilities hastily saw a large tree in the middle of the street.

The day before, a thunderstorm with a squalled wind was raging, and the mistress of the old house, putting the icons with the sleeping sons under the pillows, listened to the old tree outside the window, and prayed: “Not to the house.” The tree, having torn the wires, with a fireworks of sparks fell nearby. There was.

Svetlana bought this house for maternity capital when she escaped with her husband. Two rooms, a kitchen, a stove, an extension with a cold cesspool and a porch. I bought the house in the winter in a hurry, if only there was where to leave and had enough money. In the spring I saw his true state and gasped. The extension from the inside is trimmed not with plywood, but simply a cardboard from old boxes, tightly painted with dark green paint. The extension moved away from the house and pulls the supporting wall. The porch was distorted. The windows fall apart.

At home at Svetlana photo: Rimma Avshalumov

For three years now, she slowly puts her home in order. First I took a loan for three windows - paid for two years. I took another window and a gas stove. So that the children are not ashamed and comfortable. “And then the senior son sometimes says:“ Mom, we live like homeless people . Why didn't you buy an apartment? ” But the uterus would be enough for a small “odnushka” without amenities. I can’t pull the mortgage at all, ”the hostess justifies. She pays a thousand rubles per month for a loan for windows. Sometimes money-retirement helps with money for food. “The main thing for me is to purchase products and pay for the kindergarten. I get cereals with a margin, then it turns out to save, so that in the next month, instead of products, buy firewood or shoes and clothes. I bought pants - a thousand rubles, sneakers - another thousand. Those that I bought a year ago, Sasha is already small. I try to save, but what will you save from such income? " - shrugs Svetlana.

The stable part of the budget of this family out of four people is 13,400 rubles. Svetina Pension on disability 12 thousand and 1400 - benefits for three children. Sasha is 12 years old, Pasha is nine years old, and the youngest Arseny was only seven. Sveta was worried about whether there was enough money to buy at least some treats for all the children in the Senina group of kindergarten or again would have to take sweets in the store on credit. But it was lucky: the birthday fell on the weekend announced in the middle of the week, and they decided not to wear sweets in the garden, they bought a small cake home. Father pays alimony for boys, but when and how much he considers necessary.

Svetlana has a second group of disability. So for her the student ended. After school, she arrived from the village where she grew up, in the city-to study at the cashier-seller, but did not study long. In the first winter, I hung a towel to dry on an electric heater, not suspecting that this could cause a fire. The troubles with the fire did not happen, but the vigilant neighbors on the hostel so briskly with fists and kicks taught the village ignorant of safety, which spent the next seven months of the world in the hospital. Severe traumatic brain injury is still aking. She could no longer return to her studies.

Svetlana's house. The fence fell by the wind. The extension is about to collapse the photo itself: Rimma Avshalumov

Svetlana met her children's father 15 years ago. Light the young man liked the fact that "he did not drink and worked." And I wanted children. That's just never married. They lived in his apartment, raised children. And he did not appear at home for months, he went to work. He came without warning, arranged scenes of jealousy. He drank, raised his hand to her. Everyone got it. Middle, Pashka, more than once approached his father with the question: “Why do you offend mom? She is crying later. ” When there was no strength left at all, Svetlana bought a house. But he can still come to them at any time. Sometimes he makes plans in a good mood, promises to build a barn and a bathhouse, but does nothing. Periodically arranges tantrums and requires a DNA test and evidence that his children. Sveta says that it was so unbearable to endure it that she agreed that she would pay half of the 15 thousand cost of the dough, but only on the condition that the ex -husband would leave them alone on this. Paternity was confirmed, but his father did not calm down, shouts that the test is linden, and on a drunken bench continues to compare the noses ...

"Penalized rogues"

Families with children, according to the Ministry of Labor, make up almost 80% of all low -income households. The most difficult situation in large families - there are poor 51%. Among incomplete families, the poverty level is 28%. In 2018, almost 23% of Russian children lived in families with income level below the subsistence minimum, such data are given by Rosstat.

The main reproach that all large families hear in your address: "Why gave birth?" Svetlana only sighs tiredly. She allows you to photograph her house and son, but she refuses to take pictures herself. "Don't want. I don’t wish anyone such a life, ”this fragile, quiet and modest woman categorically shakes his head. “Disrupted poverty”, “poverty”, “since you are disabled and fool, why are you giving birth to fools?” - Only part of the insults that she heard in her address. “And Sasha, by the way, is studying well at school. He is praised. It is said that the head in mathematics thinks well, ”she says about the eldest son, who ended the sixth grade. “Did I give birth to them for you?” For me, children are happiness. And the time you spend with them is the best. And they will grow no worse than others. ”

Socedagogue Larisa Karpova at home at wards photo: Rimma Avshalumov

On one of the districts of the Tver region, the social worker Larisa Karpova went to me. While the car, grunting with a suspension, overcame traditional Russian pods and pits, we wondered what per capita income in the families of its wards. These are mainly large families. Then Larisa fell silent and said: “I thought, how much money does it go to my family in my family? Counted: five thousand rubles. It turns out that we are also behind the line ... ”Larisa Karpova, unlike most of her wards, higher education. She works in a stable budget sphere. But this does not affect labor wages. The salary of a social teacher in the SRC is twelve thousand with a penny. She has two of her children and one adoptive. She took a ten -year -old boy withdrawn from a dysfunctional family from her own SRC when they had to send him to the orphanage, grabbed. The ex -husband does not help. “From eight to five I as a social teacher, then I come home, prepare, I am engaged with my daughter and by nine in the evening I go for a night shift as a teacher, so that at least another five thousand more. We have a good director, she, as it can, tries to pay us something. ”

There is nothing to pay off with something. In the SRC, which is quarantine because of the coronavirus, children have not gone beyond the territory since the end of March. There is no playground. This is so far a pipe dream of all employees. Of all the activities in a closed territory - one trampoline, a gift of the governor. They write requests to help equip the playground to local entrepreneurs and the administration. But perhaps it is worthwhile to write higher.

Women President

“A friend went to Moscow, tells me:“ Write a letter to Putin. ” And why, we are naive here, we sit, really believe. Suddenly they will show my letter to him? I rolled four pages. She told her all her life. About the problems of large families. I asked not for myself. This is the same problems throughout Russia. They also offered to write a letter on television, in “Let them talk” or Gordon. Well, it's a shame, ”one mother -in -law tells me.

The vertical works so bizarre that often a “letter to Putin” is the only chance to draw attention to his misfortune. They say that complaints are still being triggered by the prosecutor’s office, but the letter to the Kremlin is more reliable. Of course, a letter with requests or complaints immediately put down the local level to the authorities, where letters are probably already lying from the same petitioner. But only now local officials will not be able to ignore them.

After such letters, people sometimes receive the necessary or assigned help, but more often it ends with an unsubscription or something absurd. Once, one mother from orphans wrote to the Kremlin that she was not given an apartment laid by law. And renting the smallest apartment in her city (district center of the Yaroslavl region) is only three thousand rubles less than its salary, they are not enough for food. A month after sending a letter to her home almost in full force, a commission of the social protection department appeared: they offered to give children toys, Putin was asked not to write anymore.

Ten thousand rubles, which in Russia are paid in the summer months for each child under the age of 16, are popularly called "Putin". Coronavirus spilled on large families with golden rain. True, food expenses for closed kindergartens, educational institutions and organizations increased. But many of them have never received such money at once. “And for“ Putin’s money ”I bought firewood for the next winter and paid off a loan on a gas stove,” says our first heroine Svetlana. Many, as a social worker says in the Yaroslavl region, they simply lost the money: they lowered it to the nonsense and drank, someone started repairs, bought a lawn mower. “Payments in general will not affect their lives. The holes that need to be patching are too deep, ”she said.

"Putin"

Having received the first thirty thousand rubles for three children, Olga realized that this was her chance to start a new life. She rented an apartment, gathered children and left her husband. At first I found one job - a younger teacher in a social center, then also for half a way a cleaner in a store. For many years, Olga sighed for the first time in full breast. She has five children. Two senior daughters, although also minors, did not fall under payments anymore. One is studying at college for a co-confectioner, the second this year enters the medical for nursing. Three sons are eleven, ten and five years old. On the third day, as they moved, the cat brought five kittens. “So we live,” Olga laughs, “five children, five kittens. Funny".

Olga photo: Rimma Avshalumova

The house where the husband remained is a tiny two -room apartment of 28 square meters in an old emergency hut in the city of Bezhetsk. In the terrible wooden temporary ears, still built by captured Germans, dozens of families still live. In the barracks, stove heating, there is no sewage and water supply. In Olgin Barack, not only wooden floors, but also common house lags rotted. And after the floor, the wall “swam”.

Once Olina's husband had another apartment and a house. But everything burned in the furnace of his entrepreneurial adventurism. I laid housing, bought an alcohol. The case burned out. “In 20 years, it has changed a lot. Maybe tired, of course. The large family always lacks everything. He has a very complex character. He raised his hand more than once. Does not deal with children. It doesn't help around the house. ” Even before leaving, Olga filed for alimony, because her husband had not brought a penny for many months at all. Did not work. I thought it stimulates him to do something. But the husband was sitting all day at the computer and on Olgins reproaches that he was looking for, how to earn money. She said: "Go even to the watchmen for 15 thousand, sit there, think." The husband invented a new nonsense business.

Olga with sons photo: Rimma Avshalumova

“I came up with an announcement in the newspaper:“ A large family will accept unnecessary equipment, furniture, things as a gift. ” Many responsive people. They call, offer. And he will resell it, ”Olya says with contempt. “If at least something brought us ... We, when we moved to a rented apartment, we ourselves bought everything for the money.”

In revenge for alimony, Olga believes, the husband issued a patent of an individual entrepreneur. Especially in order to pay alimony from a fixed amount. In the patent, he indicates that he earned a living wage - eleven thousand rubles. He must give half of this amount as alimony. On everyone.

Olga thought to leave for a long time. In recent years, according to her, life has been unbearable. There was simply no financial opportunity at all. You need to immediately rent a house: after all, there are too many of them to just ask someone to live. And how the first time the "Putin" came, I realized: "It's time."

Leshka, the most shabby youngest son of Olga Photo: Rimma Avshalumov

Submitted for divorce. The husband said that he would oppose the court against. She bargained her refusal to claim alimony for three years in exchange for consent. "God is with him, let him pay five thousand, and all, if only from us behind."

February minced meat

It is even more difficult to survive those who are powerless in Russia and cannot even count on minimal social payments, although they work and pay taxes.

On Wednesday, Ivan received a salary. He paid the hostess for renting an apartment and a communal apartment, bought products. At home, his wife Lilia and three boys are waiting for him - 11, nine and five years. He had two thousand rubles left before the advance. Half of this amount will go on a trip to a neighboring district center for paperwork. “How to live a thousand rubles for a thousand rubles for two weeks? In no way, ”Ivan answers my question in an even, calm voice. The last time they bought meat in the winter. For the New Year - a pork blade, and in February the minced meat. An ordinary product set: rice, buckwheat, pasta, potatoes, cabbage, beets, tea, a little coffee, margarine, sugar, bread, sometimes canned food, chicken, liver.

Ivan with his wife Lilia and the youngest son Artem in the kitchen in their rented apartment photo: Rimma Avshalumov

For six years, Ivan and his family have been living in the district center in the north of the Tver region. In August 2014, they fled from the Luhansk region, from the epicenter of military operations in the southeast of Ukraine. To the Tver region, where Ivan’s mother has been living for many years, they got to the crossroads for two days. On checkpoints, all men were shaken out of the bus, searched and examined with special addiction, looking for traces of wounds, found out whether a peaceful citizen in military operations participated in appearance. Lily froze in horror each time and pressed her tightly tired frightened sons, watching how Ivan was looking for another person with a gun.

Before the war, even in terrible dreams they never dreamed that they would need it. They lived well. Ivan worked in local Gorgaz. He served three sites, 250 apartment buildings. In the specialty, he is a tube-cutting technician, a specialist in gas and furnace equipment and ventilation. I took on private orders. With the beginning of hostilities in the Donbass, work was gone. They blocked the water. Bombed. They killed the bridge in the neighborhood. Ivan smiles sadly, says that all these terrible sounds have been disturbed little: he does not hear from childhood in one ear. But the children cried and hid. By the middle of summer, it became finally clear that life would not return to the previous direction. Need to leave.

The children of Ivan painted their house, which they would definitely have a photo: Rimma Avshalumov

There was no money at all. Not a penny. In stores, only cash was accepted, and the family could not get to their own money in the account. Lilin jewelry sunk by a penny at a pawnshop. In the last weeks in the Donbass, they literally starved, dreamed of a edge of bread and ate apples and peaches from trees in a city park. The aunt of Ivan bought them a bus ticket to Rostov, and from there already towards Tver. They got, exhaled: "The world."

In the first months of the conflict, Russia willingly welcomed refugees from Ukraine. The regions came up with different support programs, hoping to attract qualified labor. For example, in the Tver region families were paid 800 rubles a day. The amount turned out more than salaries in the region. By the end of the summer, when Ivan and his family came to the migration service to register and receive refugee status, they were immediately warned that there would be no payments, they will be able to count on benefits and subsidies only when they receive citizenship. Начались многолетние хождения по инстанциям. На пилораме, куда Иван устроился работать, «в черную» платили сначала 11 тысяч, потом присмотрелись, оценили дисциплинированного непьющего работника и стали платить 16 тысяч. На пятерых категорически не хватало. Лилию взяли сначала в «Пятерочку» возле дома. Но после первой же попытки отпроситься — забрать из сада заболевшего сына, начальница сказала, что такие работники ей не нужны.

Иван с мамой Натальей Фото: Римма Авшалумова

В небольшой двухкомнатной квартире, которую они снимают уже третий год, идеальная чистота, порядок и бедность. Старая мебель. Минимум игрушек: каждая машинка наперечет. Иван сам моет все полы с «белизной», не дает Лиле возиться с химикатами.

Уже год Иван работает на большом агропредприятии. Платят там не минималку (12 тысяч), как на большинстве работ в округе, а больше. Размер своей зарплаты он не называет, боится, говорит, что с ними подписывают договор о неразглашении. Я смотрю вакансии этого агрохолдинга и прикидываю, что в месяц Иван получает 18—20 тысяч рублей плюс бесплатный проезд до работы, спецодежду и одно горячее питание за 10-часовую смену. Почти половина уходит сразу за аренду квартиры и оплату коммуналки. Никаких пособий и льгот семья не получает. «Без помощи просто добрых людей мы бы не выжили», — говорит Лилия. Помогают прихожане местной церкви, крестная младшего Артема. Продуктами, детскими вещами, пару раз собирали деньги на оплату дороги и пошлины. По любым миграционным делам приходится мотаться в Тверь — два с половиной часа на автобусе и почти две тысячи за билеты на двоих. Оплату пошлины за заявление на гражданство, переводы документов и апостиль взял на себя фонд «Константа». Они же привезли большой продуктовый набор и одеяла. Только за пошлины за пятерых человек нужно было заплатить сразу 17,5 тысячи рублей. Иван хотел бы снова заниматься трубами, печами и газовым оборудованием. Делом, которое хорошо знает и умеет. Но даже боится подступаться, узнавать про лицензию и искать вакансии. За шесть лет совсем выдохся и потерял веру в себя. «Мы приехали, хоть и дохлые, но полные энергии и сил. Я чувствую, что меня вся эта ситуация сломала», — грустно признается Иван.

Лилия со старшими сыновьями Фото: Римма Авшалумова

В начале июля они наконец-то получили российские паспорта.

Как считают бедность

Бедные в России — это люди с доходом ниже прожиточного минимума на каждого члена семьи. По данным Росстата, численность россиян с денежными доходами ниже величины прожиточного минимума составила 18,6 миллиона за первый квартал 2020 года, что составляет 12,6% от общей численности населения.

Средняя величина прожиточного минимума в целом на душу населения в России составляет — 10 843 рубля. Для трудоспособного населения – 11 731 рубль. Для детей — 10 721 рубль. Для пенсионеров — 8944 рубля.

В каждом регионе устанавливается свой прожиточный минимум в соответствии с климатическими, экологическими условиями и уровнем цен.

Самый низкий прожиточный минимум в Воронежской области — 8894 рубля. Самый высокий на Чукотке — 22 365 рублей.

В Москве, полагают чиновники, можно выжить на 17 129 рублей.

В Санкт-Петербурге — на 11 562 рубля.

Для расчета величины прожиточного минимума используется условный набор товаров, которого бы хватило россиянину для обеспечения самых минимальных условий проживания, так называемая потребительская корзина. В ее структуре три группы: продукты питания, непотребительские товары и услуги. В «съедобную» часть входят 10 основных позиций: картофель, овощи, фрукты, сахар и кондитерские изделия, мясные и рыбные продукты, молоко и молочные продукты, яйца, растительное масло и маргарин.

Стоимость продуктовой части Минтруд рассчитывает по средним ценам, которые предоставляет Росстат. Всего, согласно нормативам «корзины», объем потребления в среднем на одного россиянина в год составляет 290 килограммов молочной продукции, 126,5 килограмма хлебных продуктов и круп, 114,6 килограмма овощей и 60 килограммов фруктов, а также 58,6 килограмма мясных изделий и 18,5 килограмма рыбных продуктов.

В России к величине прожиточного минимума привязаны многие социальные выплаты, в том числе выплаты пенсий, детских пособий, субсидии для оплаты услуг ЖКХ, а также различные пособия малоимущим гражданам.

В середине лета Россия отчиталась о ликвидации крайней нищеты и сокращении доли населения, проживающего в нищете. На сайте ООН опубликован первый Добровольный национальный обзор достижения Российской Федерацией Целей устойчивого развития ООН и реализации Повестки в области устойчивого развития на период до 2030 года. Обзор готовился Аналитическим центром при правительстве РФ во взаимодействии с Минэкономразвития России и другими ведомствами. «Такие дела» заинтересовались частью обзора, посвященного ликвидации повсеместной нищеты во всех ее формах.

Всемирный̆ банк в качестве порога абсолютной̆ бедности задает существование менее чем на 1,90 долларов в день. В пересчете на рубль по курсу ЦБ на 27 июля 2020 года это 136 рублей в день или 4080 рублей в месяц. С 2017 года добавлено еще две линии бедности на уровне 3,20 долларов (примерно 6720 рублей в месяц) и 5,50 долларов (11 520 рублей в месяц). В России население, имеющее столь низкие денежные доходы, практически отсутствует, говорится в докладе. В 2017 году доля населения, имеющего среднедушевые располагаемые денежные доходы ниже 3,20 доллара в день, составила 0,1 %, ниже 5,50 доллара в день — 1,0%, ниже 10 доллара в день — 6,2%. Более свежих данных в отчете нет.

Картина за 2020 год будет еще более позитивной, если в доходы семей с детьми зачтут «путинские» деньги по 10 тысяч рублей на каждого ребенка в возрасте от 0 до 16 лет.