"Against the undermining of building." The state will control the education

The State Duma adopted in the third reading a bill obliging to coordinate educational activities with authorities. As stated in the document, it is thus proposed to deal with the "discrediting of state policy carried out in the Russian Federation", revising history and undermining the constitutional system.

Exactly two months ago, more than 400 scientists and popularizers of science signed a declaration with a demand to withdraw from the State Duma this bill, which is supposedly aimed at combating malicious foreign influence, but actually actually introduces a ban on any exchange of knowledge. North. Reali again publishes the opinion of experts who explained why this innovation may be harmful to society.

Bill No. 1057895-7 "On amendments to the Federal Law" On Education in the Russian Federation "was introduced to the State Duma by a group of senators and deputies at the end of November, and by mid-March, he was adopted in three readings. He introduces the concept of" educational activity ", which has not yet been in the legislation. Controling" outside the framework of the educational programs "can only be, it will be only possible. Having agreed with the authorities.

"The absence of appropriate legal regulation creates the prerequisites for the uncontrolled implementation by anti-Russian forces in the school and student environment under the guise of educational activities of a wide range of propaganda events, including those supported from abroad and aimed at discrediting state policy carried out in the Russian Federation, a revision of history, undermining the constitutional system, the explanatory note says.-Procedure, conditions and forms educational activities, as well as control of it, are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. "

The government supported the bill, since "the introduced legal regulation seems relevant", which means that with a high probability the law will be adopted, despite the sharply negative assessments of both lawyers and the scientific community. Scientists perceived this initiative as an attempt to prohibit free education at all - if desired, you can bring both a scientific conference and cutting and sewing courses under the law. Lawyers criticize the uncertainty of the formulations and talk about the danger of the breaking of the state legal doctrine as a whole.

“In democratic states, the legal doctrine is formulated as“ everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed, ”lawyer Alfiy Temir-Bulatova explained during the online dispersion of the Arche-Bulat Center.

The specific law - the Criminal Code and others - prohibits certain actions, and regarding everything else, we have pluralism of opinions, religions, scientific theories, and in general a person is free in choosing information, she explains. Now there is a trend to the totalitarian doctrine, when "only what is directly allowed by law is allowed." “And this attempt to resolve all types of human activity, with the receipt of a license to every step, every breath, it seems to me very vicious as a whole for the legal doctrine of the state,” the lawyer explains.

The declaration , the text of which was published on January 12, states that the very formulation of the question of regulation or licensing of the Enlightenment is “deeply offensive”. Scientists and popularizers of science warned that even if the law is adopted, they do not intend to apply for any licenses and would not coordinate the texts of their speeches.

"We will not fulfill it"

Ivan Kurill , Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Finalist of the Provences Prize

- The bill is formulated so that any activity that many scientists are constantly engaged in, as an addition to their scientific and teaching work, will now be actually prohibited. It will be necessary to register some things in advance, some-licensed, and in general it will be impossible to engage in enlightenment outside the framework of any state organizations.

I can’t imagine that in order to give a lecture to someone or tell what I know, outside the framework of official training sessions, I will have to go the path described by the bill. This path means actually a ban - this contradicts the very idea of what enlightenment is. I do not know what the legislators had in mind, but in the meaning of what they did, it is impossible to now generally engage in the spread of any knowledge.

You cannot make a law prohibiting breathing. More precisely, the law can be done - it will simply make all violators of the law

Of course, I understand that to punish for a violation of the law, when and if he enters into force, they will be in some selective way, because it is impossible to simply prohibit and stop such activities at all, it seems to me physically. There are no so many controllers. But it is obvious that the law will once again create a group of people that violates the law. You cannot make a law prohibiting breathing. More precisely, the law can be done - it will simply make all violators of the law. This is the same law. He will make the violator of the law of almost every second scientist. And not only scientists, because teachers, people who know something and try to share this knowledge are engaged in enlightenment. The law was originally aimed at selective law enforcement.

And in fact, this is the meaning of our declaration. We want to say right away that we will continue to engage in enlightenment. Because we cannot do this at all, and the law prescribes such rules that we also cannot fulfill. So, we simply declare in advance: sorry, but we will not be able to fulfill this law and we will not fulfill it. I generally think that this is an act of civil disobedience, but if such crazy laws begin to be adopted ...

It seems to me that in the state now, in this mode, fear arose of any independent activity. The main target is not only enlightenment, but any activity that does not go somewhere under the control of specially authorized people. And educational activity is one of these.

A healthy society lives by self -organization, lives in addition to the state

A foreign influence is also saved there, because, apparently, otherwise it is generally impossible to explain this in any way. That is, "not against good enlightenment, but against bad", but in order to separate the good from the bad, everything must be controlled. In fact, the logic is vicious, because a healthy society lives by self -organization, lives in addition to the state.

"Everyone will fall"

Alexander Arkhangelsky , candidate of philological sciences, professor of the Higher School of Economics, literary critic and writer

- It is clear that this law was made on the knee, that there was no direct order from above. But when the initiative of senators and deputies has already developed, apparently, someone in the Kremlin supported her. When the laws are adopted in order, there are practically no chances to stop them-this is how, for example, the law on individuals-in-heinagents was adopted. Do not fight there, they will be accepted. As for such parasitic laws - when they see what the political trend is going on, and they decide to lean on it at the same time - their fate is different, sometimes they accept, sometimes not. The law on guides did not adopt, for example. Therefore, unsteady.

The bill itself is absolutely vague: they contrast the educational activity of the educational, and this is given in the preamble, they say that it is necessary to give the right to control the projects of educational institutions, that is, they directly talk about education, and not about education. And everything related to foreigners and interaction with them and the need to receive conclusions about all joint projects with foreigners, this is about education, and not about education. And it turns out that the bill is trying immediately, just in case, to capture the neighboring clearing.

It will be selective, precisely due to the fact that if it is used systematically, in a row, wide nonsense, then everyone will fall. I do not see a single group of enlighteners - loyal, disloyal, with the authorities, against the authorities - which would not be on these networks.

Any shameful plot in history will always be uncleaning someone in an false interpretation

But if you are offered to counteract inaccurate information "On the historical, national, religious and cultural traditions of peoples", no one here knows what reliable information about traditions is. A tradition is a flowing thing, it is not an object. The tradition can be interrupted, can arise again, can fall asleep, and then wake up again, tradition is that which obviously cannot be clearly defined. I always give such an example. If, for example, I say that "Chechen society in the 20th century was deeply secular and there were no massive manifestations of Islamic religiosity, but on the contrary, the highest value was the occupation of science, art, the main character of the Chechen people in the 20th century-this is Makhmud Esambaev and academicians-Chechens by origin, and not mullah," because I have already fallen under this law, because I fell under the law. What prove that the modern Islamization of Chechnya is not a project and not a design, but a continuation of traditions. It is impossible to prove or refute.

Any shameful plot in history will always be uncleaning someone in an inaccurate interpretation. We can say: so many peasants died, we see a record in the registration book. And if we say that the peasants died of hunger - this is already a judgment. And if we say that this hunger has become a result of a surplus, then this is already a judgment in the square. And it rushed. And they will decide on their choice: if they want to block the road, they will block, they will not want to - they won’t block it. Therefore, the law will be selective, the same as the law on individuals-enactments will be punitive and arbitrary.

Then he introduces such a concept as value installations. In general, the enlightener is not about value settings, but about the picture of the world, about knowledge, about representations. He does not form value installations, he tells how life is arranged, science is arranged. And in the law of educational activities, value attitudes are directly assigned.

Thus, we see that the museum environment, university, school, lectures, corporate scientific and popular lectures, lectures on neutral sites in the regions are subject to the regulator. Despite the fact that the regulatory part is not spelled out. That is, thousands of by-laws can follow, which generally draw up educational activities as snakes and will not allow it to develop at least some in the country. Licensing - too. There is a hint of the possibility of licensing, but there is no direct clearly spelled out procedure. There is nothing to seize there, but a million possibilities are left for by -laws that will twist everyone in Barani Rog.

If we do everything, and they will accept it, it will be upsetting. But if we do not do everything, and they will accept it, then our fault will be our

It will be possible, it will not be possible to stop the adoption of the law - this grandmother said in two. We should not think about this, but about what to do. If we do everything, and they will accept it, it will be upsetting. But if we do not do everything, and they will accept it, then our fault will be ours. Of course, each corporation separately is not power. But corporations, which are many and who make joint statements, can become force. I do not have myself an illusion, I understand in which world we live, but in this case there is a chance to stop.

"Another repressive measure"

Sofya Krapotkina, producer of the 7 × 7 media platform, which is a co -organizer of the Barkemp intellectual picnics in the Russian regions

One of the organizers of educational projects in the regions of Russia is the 7x7 media platform. In addition to a journalistic project, the company holds seminars, schools for civilian activists and journalists, and also hold summer educational conferences in the open air - Barkemp. In 2019, such Barkempes were held in five cities: Syktyvkar, Petrozavodsk, Kirov, Yoshkar-Ola, Yaroslavl, several thousand people took part in them. Over the eight years of the conference, economist Natalya Zubarevich, musical critic Artemy Troitsky, political analyst Leonid Gozman, journalists Andrei Zazakin, Maria Aismont, Sergey Smirnov, theologian and philosopher Andrei Kuraev and many others gave their lectures there.

This is another repressive measure, attempts to accept which are due to the desire to control everything that happens in the field of civil initiative

- It is not clear how it will work, what will be law enforcement. It should also be understood that the organizers of the Barkempes are a local community in different cities, and 7x7 are partners who help information and other resources. The organizers are active citizens in Petrozavodsk, in Syktyvkar, in Kirov, etc. I can hardly imagine how to regulate the desire of local activists to hold events for their own audience, says Sofya Krapotkina. - Obviously, this is another repressive measure, the attempt to accept which is due to the desire to control everything that happens in the field of civil initiative. There is no other rational explanation.

Hasan Huseynov , a philologist, until recently, a professor at the Higher School of Economics ( Higher School of Economics ), forced to leave there in 2020 after a series of scandals caused by statements about the Russian language, a participant in a large educational and educational project of a free university .

Its manifesto is written: "Our task is to build the university again, saving teachers from any administrative dictate ... We cannot be expelled from the university, because the university is us." The bill encroaching on the freedom of educational activity is also directly threatened by a free university, ”Huseynov believes.

- We are taught by people from European and American universities, we have a very international student environment, in the classroom there are students from Istanbul, from Prague, from Venice, from Moscow, Ryazan, Kazan, Peter. By the way, I study more St. Petersburg students than Moscow. In this semester, I led the course "Classical rhetoric and some communication techniques." We have wonderful courses on philosophy, in jurisprudence, logic. Of course, they do not contain any threats - this is work with critical thinking skills. The danger that is present in each course is the independence of judgment, discussion, dispute, including political, although we are doing little politics. But the specifics of university education is not that people convey some knowledge to someone in their suitcases. No, professors, although they are people of different generations, discuss the foundations of their knowledge with people of a new generation, who should educate a critical attitude to all this old baggage. That is, the university is such yeast thoughts that will change life in this society. Our installation is not in the transmission of basic knowledge in the chain in indestructible form, on the contrary, these are basic knowledge placed for verification by the next generation. These are new experiments, new thoughts, new books written by people who are smarter than us, and which we discuss. University education does not belong to a country and even more so to the state. But the people who prepare such bills do not understand this, they have one thought - so that they would not flood from there, the authorities were not offended. Above them is a boss with a large stick, and below the bosses with smaller sticks, they will be told to adopt the law that the land is flat, and they will accept it.

Gasanov does not exclude that some repressions can be applied to university students.

This is not even a policy, it is the creation of another repressive tool, which will fall asleep many

“They may even be forbidden to study with us, but they will all be engaged in secretly.” This will be a blow to their own students, and ultimately in their own country. This is not even a policy, it is the creation of another repressive tool, which will fall asleep many. Or they will press the teachers who live in Russia. Everything is free with us, so we can’t grab us by the hand - here, you take money and provide the services wrong: we do not provide services, we have a volunteer project. But still they can crush, jerk people with all sorts of administrative methods. The request for education is huge - and the request to free itself from any ministerial dictate, from all censorship. In our online format, students communicate with older students who have not been students by age for a long time, and they get no less from each other than from teachers, and this is very valuable, in the audience it is impossible to get this ... recently there was such an anecdot that a gang of schoolchildren has arisen, which at the secret meeting in the communal apartment of the teacher read Gogol’s “Tire”, because they were held at school, and they were held in the school, and they were held in the school. I would like to read literature.

Лев Лурье , историк, уже не первый год осуществляет в Петербурге проект " Дом культуры Льва Лурье "– экскурсии по городу, по музеям, лекции на самые разные темы – о физиках и лириках, о петербургских трамваях, о дворах Петроградской стороны и о многом другом.

– В Советском Союзе осуществлялась цензура смыслов и всей просветительской деятельности. Когда я сдавал экскурсию по Петропавловской крепости, надо было 16 раз процитировать Ленина, в Петропавловском соборе обязательно надо было сказать, что попы – это жандармы в рясах. Был огромный штат методистов, и по каждому параграфу была инструкция, методичка: ты точно знал, как ты должен относиться к Емельяну Ивановичу Пугачеву. Меня однажды выгнали из крепости, потому что я сравнил Пестеля с Наполеоном, а это было нельзя. По каждой части русской истории, литературы, русской и западной философии существовал свой академик. Например, вопрос о призвании варягов – это был вопрос академика Рыбакова, вопрос подлинности "Слова о полку Игореве" – Дмитрия Лихачева. И они выпускали инструкции по своим вопросам, как инструкции по пользованию пылесосом или холодильником. А теперь вот я создал некую контору, у меня лекции, экскурсии – и кто мне скажет, может экскурсовод хвалить архитектора Лидваля или нет? В советское время, например, в экскурсиях нельзя было упоминать великих князей. А теперь можно ли сказать, что Лидваль – средний архитектор? Я работал в школе в брежневское время, приходили люди, садились на заднюю парту и проверяли, правильно ли ты рассказываешь про татаро-монгольское иго, достаточно ли описал героизм русских воинов в Куликовской битве. Но мы жили при Брежневе и знаем – на каждый роток накинуть платок нельзя.

Никита Соколов , председатель совета Вольного исторического общества

– Это будет убийственно для российской науки. У нас есть несколько просветительских линеек совместно с " Мемориалом ", " Сахаровским центром " , Европейским университетом . Это лекции, семинары, круглые столы. Сам я участвую в проекте " Историк за верстаком ": мы зовем какого-нибудь историка, который пользуется нетривиальными методами и получает нетривиальные результаты, и просим его об этом рассказать, первым у нас был Теодор Шанин, приходили блестящий специалист по нашей древности Игорь Данилевский, музейщик Иван Гринько, осенью был Игорь Дятлов из Иркутска, потрясающе интересно рассказывал о совершенно неизведанном сюжете – об истории китайцев в Сибири. А еще я заместитель директора музея "Ельцин-центра" по научной работе, и я с некоторым ужасом думаю, как теперь будет действовать этот гигантский музей. Там же и лекционные залы, и арт-галерея, и книжный магазин, где представляются книги, – все это просветительская деятельность, и что, все это согласовывать? Там же проходит около 1,5 тысяч мероприятий в год. Устраивает это небольшая команда, человек 12, и они под тяжестью согласований просто умрут, вся эта деятельность прекратится. Даже технически это невыполнимо, не говоря уже о том, что это, скорее всего, введение идеологической цензуры. И ни у кого из просветителей нет на это человеческих ресурсов, да и у государства их нет.

Илья Утехин , антрополог, преподаватель Европейского университета в Петербурге , читает просветительские лекции, участвует в разных проектах, в том числе на " Арзамасе "

– Этот законопроект не подлежит реализации. Его исполнение очень сложно проконтролировать, он ведь запретительный: он требует, чтобы каждый, кто хочет кому-то что-то рассказать, просил на это разрешение. Значит, должна быть целая инфраструктура, которая это контролирует, и армия контролеров, которые контролируют тех, кто контролирует. Это штука, которая посредством точечного применения способна вымывать из просветительского поля людей, которые высказывают взгляды, кого-то не устраивающие. Это как с законом об иностранных агентах – физических лицах: пока нам всем не поставили штамп на лоб, но инфраструктура для этого существует. Мы не знаем, захочет ли кто-то ограничивать свободу взглядов в просветительской деятельности, но возможность такая у них будет. Мы будем виноваты в том, что хочется им кушать. Так что не надо позволять государству вмешиваться в те дела, которые вообще его не касаются. Оно должно оказывать услуги гражданам, а не ставить их в кому-то угодные идеологические рамки.