Polytechnic College Photo: Alexander Avilov / Agency "Moscow"

The specialties of secondary vocational education (SPO) will become less, the terms of training in many of them will be reduced to two years, budget places will be allocated based on the needs of regional labor markets, and curricula will become more practical and oriented. In addition, small innovative enterprises will open on the basis of colleges, where students will be able to earn their first money.

It was stated that such reforms are required by a post -shoe economy, which in the absence of migrant workers felt a shortage of workers. In the press, accelerated release from the SPO system managed to equate both to military schools of the world war, and to craft schools in the model of the beginning of the industrial revolution. Let's try to talk about the pitfalls that students and graduates of reformed colleges may encounter.

Limits of perfection

With each generation, the level of education of the population is growing. At first, primary education became mandatory, then seven- and eight years, then it was said about the need for complete secondary education. This is a world trend, and it reflects the general idea that the development of education is responsible for the development of human capital and, as a result, for the growth of welfare and the development of technology.

And suddenly they tell us that in Russia everything is different. According to the recent study by Superjob, earlier 80% of parents wanted children to receive higher education, and now only 40%. Is it no longer necessary to increase human capital? Will technology begin to develop on their own? If graduates of universities turn into super -elite, who will take it away and teach it? Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg or Henry Ford never graduated from the university, Thomas Edison was generally considered an unpromising child. If you are a genius, then you can be an exception. But what about everyone else? What happens to the Russian education in general and, in particular, with the system of secondary vocational education?

Daughter - married, son - for the machine

In recent years, a decrease in the income of the population has led to the fact that families have begun to change educational strategies and gradually shift the concern for higher education to children. After the 9th grade, the child goes to the SPO system, enters the labor market, and then decides whether he needs higher education or not. At the same time, if he cannot enter the budget, he will have to study for his money.

Our studies have shown that two -thirds of the children who go to the STR system are children from families with a low level of resource -power. This indicator includes the level of education of the parents, the material well -being of the family, the opportunity to arrange a child in a prestigious educational institution and help with employment. The average level of resource supply has 31% of families sending children to colleges, only 2.3%, but these children go to specific educational institutions that accept potentially gifted, art, theatrical or music schools.

How is adolescents who go to the SPO explain their choice? To get a practical specialty with which you can make good money with which it is easy to find a job. The answer “went to the SPO to start working before” chosen mainly by young men. The answer “the family had not enough money to prepare me for admission to the university” - girl. This suggests that if the family is not very resource -entertaining, then the girls are increasingly not obtaining financial support for their parents to enter the university, and the boys themselves seek to become financially independent as soon as possible.

Officials offer to introduce accelerated training in working professions, but interest in them is not growing from year to year. Five-sixth those who are currently studying in the STR system (2.5 million of 3 million people) are studying for middle-level specialists: economists, accountants, IT specialists, less often-adjusters of complex equipment. The main criterion in choosing a profession for youth today is primarily a high level of income, good working conditions and interesting work.

The growth of interest in WPO is largely explained by a sharp expansion of the service sector. According to the speaker of the upper house, Valentina Ivanovna Matvienko, “to teach the work of the maid, you don’t need four years: you can learn to smile in two months!” However, in Russia, a person, most likely, does not want to work a maid all his life, especially if he does not have his own housing and there are children. This means that this maid will be from among migrants, or he will try to rush to the senior maid or administrator, and for this she will still have to study. In addition, the work of the maid does not come down to smiles.

In recent years, the system of continuous education in Russia has been strengthened. It would seem that if additional knowledge or skills are needed, you can quickly get them. But not everything is so simple.

Incurrects are involuntarily

Guys entering college at 15-16 years old, as a rule, are not very versed in the world of modern professions. At this age, the choice of the educational path is objectively quite complicated, and even for adolescents who were “shoved” by a school oriented towards the battle for ratings, especially. If a child from a family with low resource security, he must be supported, engaged in additionally, because he, as a rule, does not have a socio-cultural basis that children from more wealthy families. The school cannot stretch the laggers, and teachers sigh in relief when after the 9th grade 50%, and in some regions, 70% of students go away. They go to college, often not imagining where this road leads.

It’s good if I want to be a teacher. I am going to the pedagogical school, then I am a kindergarten teacher or an elementary school teacher, or then I go to a pedagogical unit and get knowledge. I want to be a doctor - I first go to the nurse, then I can learn from the doctor. Well, IT-Schools-now adolescents more or less understand what it is. And they simply do not know about the specifics of other professions (we have a lot about career guidance, but while still stands still). Either they will be limited to SPO, or life will force them to retrain. However, a very small share of those who already work is constantly retraining.

And this is an alarming moment. The economy does not require retraining, constant advanced training. On the one hand, if the economy develops slowly, then why should she demand this from those who work in it? On the other hand, we always hear about economic growth: that the economy is changing quickly, what should we keep up with it ... Which of the economies are we talking about?

It is planned to reduce the deadlines for receiving SPi from 3.6 to 2 years on the basis of the 9th grade and from 2.6 to 1.5 years on the basis of the 11th grade. If the child went to school at 6 years old, he will graduate from college at 16-17 years old. But is the labor market ready for minor workers? Will their employer allow expensive modern equipment? In the field of healthcare or military affairs, there will be no accelerated training. But would you trust yesterday's child in kindergarten? And under the law they will not be able to work there.

All the time we have some strange economy in the head. In order to retrain, you need to be able to study, you need to have a fairly serious basis. We are often talking about Soft Skills, but they should be superimposed on Hard Skills. And here we want from the guys who did not study very well at school, so that they are in 10–11 grades in 10-11 grades and then under new technological needs infinitely retrained. I would like to understand-this is a naivety or an attempt to quickly do something, and then see what happens?

In the West is easier

Compare. Local college in the USA: two years of study after twelve -year -olds at school. The modern economy, on the one hand, requires high professionals, on the other hand, qualified performers. There are four -year colleges, they are preparing for more difficult work, but also qualified performers. And the bachelor's bachelor's university in most countries is now also preparing qualified performers. As the Americans themselves say, "professional education begins with the level of magistracy."

In the States there is simply no discharge of SPO. There is a 12-year school education, and then after school. Depending on what afternoon education you get, you can count on the appropriate place of work.

We are talking about the fact that the children go to the SPO, but we are silent about how many of them they end. Until recently, about 30%were outlined, in Moscow - much less than in the regions. Universities are fighting for undergoing students, because their financing depends on this, colleges are also trying to fight, but it turns out not very well. It is more difficult to cope with the lag in learning.

Therefore, when they say that there are not enough workers in the country and it is necessary to quickly train shots, this is wonderful. The only question is what it will be for personnel.

Complaint-employer

The assessment of the children themselves who graduated from the SPO system is this: 29% believe that they received high -quality education, 65% - that is secondary, and approximately 6% - that it is of poor quality. But about 22%, more or less, two -thirds are completely satisfied with the proposal of positions in the labor market. Moreover, the guys directly say: “Yes, I should be satisfied, because there is nowhere to go. We need to work. "

Employers who are unhappy with the quality of SPI graduates are divided into two types. The one who has modern production requires well -trained and, importantly, responsible workers.

The second, much more common type of employers are outdated enterprises. Young people who come there say: we do not want to work here, here is a low salary and poor working conditions. Leaving. These enterprises again enter the labor market and complain: we are not preparing personnel. The state rushes to prepare their frames. And when they tell me that we must satisfy the needs of regional labor markets, I ask: what are the needs? Yes, these enterprises produce something, they may even need our leisurely economy. But the youth is already oriented towards another. And he will work for such enterprises only from hopelessness.

In search of a better share

According to the head of the Ministry of Education Sergei Kravtsov, 30% of the programs in colleges do not correspond to the economic requests of a particular region, so they must be synchronized with the labor market. But first, the scale of the labor migration of graduates of the SPO should be evaluated.

We take the Moscow region: 29.5% of those who found the work were employed in the training region, that is, in the suburbs, 29.8% in other regions, 21.9% in Moscow and 2% in St. Petersburg. Here is the Tula region, near Moscow. In the Tula region - the region of training - from those who, after the end of the college, found work, employed 39%, 25% in other regions, 12% in Moscow and 2% in St. Petersburg. The situation is about the same in other areas. The problem is that mainly regional budgets are paid for the SPO system, and there is a contradiction here. How is it: I pay for the training of a specialist then so that he leaves to work in another region? Roughly speaking, among the employed in their region, they remain to work from a quarter to 45%, all the rest - beyond. Mobility is large, and this is probably good, but there is practically no understanding of the logic of these processes. To track these flows is a separate task, and while this has not been done, an attempt to rigidly train specialists for the economy of a particular region will not end in success.

Most likely, this year, admission to colleges will again exceed admission to universities. The concessions introduced last year in the conditions of the pandemic also affected: the USE had to be taken only to those high school students who firmly decided to enter the university. Therefore, some of the guys did not even try to do this, but immediately went to professional educational organizations. If then they decide to enter the university in the profile of the received specialty, then they will not have to hand over the “One”. Many universities, especially technical ones, included SPI in their composition to guarantee an influx of applicants. Of course, any worthy educational institution is fighting for applicants, whether it is a university or college. But I still advise young people to make a conscious choice. Especially in the era of reforms.

To college - without pink glasses