"Dispers" and "gods"

What is common between Perm and Kazan arrows that committed massacres. Was it possible to stop them. The opinion of specialists

"Such scum like me will destroy everything." This line from the letter of the “manifesto” of the Perm shooter, which he published 30–40 minutes before the tragedy, fully speaks of the self-awareness of the now already held killer.

He hates the whole world. Anyone who surrounds him. He wants to bring as much pain as possible to this world and take as many people as possible with him. The Kazan shooter shot people on May 11. He shouted about himself that he was God. One feels a discharge, the other is God. What happened to them? Was it possible to prevent what happened? We are talking about this with specialists.

Alexander Sharapov

Psychologist, author of the psychological and pedagogical program "Prevention of extremist tendencies of youth

- Judging by the letter of the Perm shooter, which he left on social networks before he went to shoot people, you can see that he is very pedantic. The plan follows clearly, he remembers when, how much it all started, what number the certificate he received at. That is, in everything related to a chronological sequence, a dry, meticulous approach is visible. Emotions break through only when he begins to reflect on the environment, the world, the meaning of life. Suicidal inclinations are traced here. He says that all his life he thought about death (which could testify to necrophilic inclinations), and depreciates death: there is nothing there, which you are so afraid of death. He dismissively calls the execution of the attraction. It reports that he would not care who and where to kill, that it was a matter of time. And suddenly phrases appear that are clearly knocked out of this list, I quote: “In the initial plan, as a place for the attack, I chose my former school, but at the end of March I decided to change the place. The school was too unpleasant a place to spend the last 10 minutes of its life in it, and the kids do not have many ways to leave for salvation. ”

- That is, the question arises, what kind of hell was for him in this school?

- The last part of the proposal is more amazing for me: "The kids do not have much ways for saving for salvation." This is surprising because he just said that he doesn’t care who to kill - and suddenly begins to worry about little kids at school. Why would such a thought come? It may seem that I am trying to cause sympathy for him - no, in no case, no one can justify the murders. There are no excuses! Just as a specialist, I pay attention to any inconsistencies, if you take a psychological background as a basis. He speaks of young children from the point of view of their possible salvation - probably they associate them with some kind of spiritual purity, insecurity. So I will come to such a destroyer, and they have no ways for salvation.

The projection mechanism can be involved here, and this person somewhat discusses about himself-malars. If we add another sentence from the same letter to this: “From the elementary school I liked to hurt people”, then we can assume that he had some early difficult and painful experience in elementary school. Of course, many were offended in childhood, and, thank God, only a few become killers. But in this case, it may have played some kind of role-you need to understand.

- In what cases can children's injuries play such a role? There are people prone to revenge, but, you see, in this case, this revenge is a non -ejacine revenge, he simply did not manage to find enemies in the university that he had only entered.

- It looks like a symbolic revenge to a deaf, alienated world. This is an irrational act. Whatever the terrorist declares, these are always negative emotions brought to extreme, backed up by pseudo -rational justification.

The formation of terrorist consciousness has its own logic and its own structure, it is like a funnel - has a cyclic character. It arises against the background of negative emotions: inner irritation, frustration, discontent. And only then is the so -called super -shaped idea, designed to resolve internal stress, is absorbed. Mutual feeding begins: negative emotions enhance the destructive idea, and the idea, in turn, feeds the negative. All this goes in a spiral, accelerates and intensifies.

This process can go on for years. The Perm shooter writes that he began to prepare from the middle of the 10th grade, but this is only that he began to consciously feel. We do not know what was there before - it’s so easy for a person to take and take life from strangers, calling this action the attraction. I repeat this because I see in this comparison a terrible mixture of gloating, cynicism and complete devastation.

But the point here is not only insults. I studied this topic for several years. There are a number of key signs of terrorists. First of all, they have emotional deafness.

They do not understand what pain is, their feeling of compassion is lame, and if it is not clear what it hurts, then it can hurt.

- And the letter of the Perm shooter says that he does not understand what people feel, because they openly show emotions only when you make them painful.

- This happens with psychological injury: feelings seem to be frozen. And in some mental illness, when a person is completely devoid of empathy. Only when he sees suffering, can he feel emotion. He, in fact, says that he goes to kill others in order to feel alive.

Another sign is contrasting dichotomous thinking: either good is either bad, or you are with me - either against me. The world is black and white, there are no other colors. It will not work to dissuade the already ripened terrorist: he will not allow this, because then for him the whole world will turn over.

In interpersonal relationships, such people either desperately compete or avoid communication, close. They either have extremely underestimated self -esteem - “I am nobody”, or very high - “I am God”.

- Can in this case we are talking about mentally healthy people?

- I read the text of the retired FBI employee, however, he spoke about maniacs, but I think that this can be said in relation to the shooters. That from the point of view of normal people, of course, they are unhealthy. But classical psychiatry often recognizes them as sane, because they very clearly understand what they are doing, are well aware of all causal relationships. They bear plans, analyze everything, predict. But this, of course, is distorted consciousness.

- Tell us about your program for the prevention of extremist trends, how do you work with it?

- I work with students. First of all, I give them the opportunity to speak out. Rarely, but sometimes it is difficult and even unpleasant to listen to them. A lot of anger, hatred, but let them say better than they do it later. This is a correction of internal stress: they hear you, listen. When the emotions came off - they listened to him, you can speculate sensibly. We learn teamwork, empathy, trust in each other. There is a separate block of conflictology.

When the decision on the attack has already grown up, nothing can be done. The future shooter will be polite, outwardly calm, he will not give you any signals that it has a destructive increase in forces. But when it matured - he most likely served signs.

There is a study on the behavior of suicides, but since all shooters trace obvious suicidal intentions, the results can be generalized. According to statistics, only 3% of suicids do not give others any signs. The remaining 97% are served, and with a careful attitude they can be heard. It can be phrases: “I guess I am extra”, “the world is unfair”, there may be some sharp explosions of rage or laughter of the “gallows”. It is necessary to respond, respond, offer to seek help from relevant specialists.

Kirill Chlokov

Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Cognitive Research, Head of the Psychological Service of the Faculty of Psychology of the Institute of Social Sciences of the RANEPA, co -author of the study "Mass murders in educational institutions: mechanisms, causes, prevention"

- Cyril, let's first say that your study was published in 2018 in a national psychological journal, I think it is important that it is read by everyone who is worried about the topic. There you analyze 55 publications and research collected around the world. What does the Perm tragedy show you as a specialist?

- First of all, the fact that we, as before, the system is built more under control than under assistance. The Perm case very clearly shows that people will find more and more bypasses for all control systems. Without a system of psychological and pedagogical support, control gives nothing. In some countries there is a positive experience in combating jokes, for example, in Germany and Finland. There, after several such episodes, there have not been repeated cases for 15 years. This was achieved due to the normalization of climate in educational institutions, the work of social teachers and psychologists who help to understand the problems of each particular student.

It is extremely difficult to compose a clear psychological portrait of a potential “shooter”, and various tests and checklists of behavioral reactions do not make it possible to form it. At the same time, there are signal signs that are still worth paying attention to: a tendency to depression, suicidal thoughts, departure into the world of computer games, problems in relations with teachers and students.

We said in the study that people who have weak social ties become arrows. The way the Perm shooter describes his classmates and classmates indicates just at this moment. Most likely, he felt like an outcast, abandoned, useless to anyone. And this condition remained unnoticed.

Formalism in the education and health system gives rise to many problems. 15 minutes to receive the patient in clinics-the result of optimization, so that the specialist is forced to accept as many patients as possible. Under such pressure, it is difficult to evaluate and successfully cope with such difficult cases as a Perm patient who caused so much grief to people.

Judging by how he himself describes two meetings with a psychiatrist, there was no real clinical conversation, there was no study in which his ideas could be discovered.

Obviously, even suspecting something was amiss, the specialist eventually sent him to a psychologist for a stamp. I can explain this only by pressure on the stream - quickly skip everyone in order to have time to take as much as possible patients.

- The psychiatrist not only suspected, but also wrote to herself so as not to forget the impression. He quotes her words at the second reception: "I looked at the records, and it is written in them that I do not trust your answers." After that, she offered a 18-year-old guy who came to her for a certificate for weapons to go through a paid psychologist. In fact, she shifted responsibility, instead of scoring anxiety

- The psychiatrist clearly felt some unhealthy. Recent studies suggest that often the sensations of a doctor are more reliable than blank tests. Any test, including a polygraph, with proper training can be learned to bypass. The more we increase control, the more the ways of it will improve and complicate.

I would pay attention to two more facts. In society today there is a desire for individualism, for isolation. The old systems of involvement in each other do not work, and the new ones are not built, there is no public supervision, reaction to each other. I think any wrappers towards a greater mutual assistance and a humanistic attitude towards a friend must be very supported. Fortunately, there are also such trends, as well as attempts to speak, to get rid of the practices of coercion, physical and emotional violence. We all need it all today ...

Second. We have in a short period of time-from May to September-there were two cases of the so-called jokes by people who had just come out of the custody of schools. The Kazan shooter studied at college, then, however, he was expelled, Perm at the university. Maybe it makes sense to think about the psychological and pedagogical accompaniment of not only schoolchildren, but also those young people who recently got out of the custody of the school.

Sergey Yenikolopov

Psychologist, Associate Professor of the Department of Neuro- and Pathopsychology of Moscow State University, Head of the Department of Clinical Psychology of the Scientific Center for Mental Health

- It can conditionally say that all this is a continuation of the history of the massacre at the Columbine school, committed in the United States in 1999 with the use of small arms. The arrows - both Kazan and Perm - fell into the zone of the so -called social infection. A certain heroization occurs in the Internet environment, and we can already say that a cult has arisen.

If we take into account that adolescence has increased in many countries under 25 years of age, this is a large layer of people.

What did the boy say from Kazan? The same that one of the attackers shouted at Columbine: "I am God!" - This is a direct imitation.

On the experience of the Kazan shooter, in fact, the guy from Perm studied: he was proud of the letter that he had deceived everyone - both a psychiatrist and a psychologist. That is, social infection is not just in its pure form, that one to one I repeat your actions, but I take into account your mistakes.

- Can you explain the nature of this evil? They go to kill because of what?

- Many people call the cause of injury, but when we begin to explore them, it often turns out that this is only their perception. You can consider yourself successful with all equals, or you can - a loser. Judging by the stories of former classmates, an arrow from Kazan, there was no bullying in relation to him. They wanted to be friends with him, many liked him, but was lonely.

The Americans conducted a study from which it was concluded that most of these shooters made psychiatric diagnoses: someone had schizophrenia, the other had depression. Someone put an associative personality disorder, but I think that the latter is from powerless specialists. There were practically no completely healthy ones - in fact, it is the same as with Raskolnikov: a painful state, and he kills, and then comes out of it and becomes meek, religious.

-I read somewhere that a letter from a student of Perm University, who shot people, was very competent ...

- It is known that adolescence is associated with metaphysical searches, and the text of his letter expresses all this. Remember once again Raskolnikov and the work of Camus “The Myth of Sisyphus. Essay on the absurdity ”, where direct references to Dostoevsky are going on. It also says that I say the world in my death - it is imperfect and should be destroyed. This idea of ​​the death of the world that a person can contribute, because the world is a world in his head. She echoes the shooter from Perm. He says that there are only freaks around, they can be destroyed - and himself too. He could do it at school, which would seem to be more logical. But the fact of the matter is that the essence for terrorists is not in the place-I think everything around is shit and everything is insignificant: whether to take revenge in the shitty place itself-that is, in fact, he says.

I am not a supporter of a quick diagnosis, but there, of course, there is a mental dysfunction. Previously, clinics were often diagnosed with metaphysical intoxication syndrome. Metaphysical searches are normal, but for someone it affects intoxication. And in order to shoot people, it still remains to add aggression and powerful dehumanization of the environment to the mind and searches. You may like someone, but someone is not, but you see people in them, and terrorists do not see.

The lack of empathy is characteristic of psychopaths, and in healthy this may turn off. Even during the war, as studies show us, in the first battle, only 9% shot at the enemy, while others consciously or unconsciously aimed anywhere, not for a living person. Gradually, they became soldiers, stopped seeing people, but saw enemies, who were "not people." The moment of addiction was turned on, and there was a complete dehumanization.

- It turns out that our arrows lived as if in the war and did not give themselves out for years? And the second question: what type of personality is inclined to save resentment? It doesn’t matter whether they are imaginary or real, to bear a plan of revenge on the world?

- Of course, they tried not to give out - around the "enemies". The answer to your second question is related to how objectively we perceive the world. When we are emotionally captured by something, distortions take place, like those of lovers: they distort the image of an object of adoration. The explanations of the offended and dedicated avenger are more understandable, but I will say again: his resentments are often significant only in his imagination. This is due to the delirium of the relationship, with the paranoid type of personality, and this element was present among everyone who arranged a joke. An ordinary person knows that he is going somewhere, and most people do not pay attention to him-and should not, because people just like him go about their business. And for him this can already become a resentment: they do not pay attention to me!

И я полностью согласен в данном случае с американцами, которые проанализировав около 80 случаев, делают вывод о том, что нужно бросить большие силы на дестигматизацию служб психического и психологического здоровья. Чтобы молодые люди не боялись обращаться за помощью, и тогда бы можно было уменьшить риск массовой гибели людей. Металлодетекторы нужны, но поддержка специалистов спасет больше.

— Если мы говорим об аналогии с «Колумбайном», то важно вспомнить, что одного из малолетних убийц в этой школе мать все время водила к психиатру. Он был под наблюдением специалиста до того, как открыл стрельбу.

— Но запрос психиатру не был связан с готовящимся преступлением. Специалист не был ориентирован на группу такого риска. И проблема — каким инструментарием владеют психологи и психиатры, насколько они готовы к встрече с таким пациентом, могут ли вычленить из жалоб об одиночестве, неуспеваемости, буллинге агрессивную или аутоагрессивную компоненту?

Нужны исследовательские работы по инструментарию. Я знаю, что по агрессии и аутоагрессии инструментарий и у нас, и у американцев крайне бедный. Но надо двигаться в этом направлении. Ничего другого нет: полиция и Росгвардия предельно ограничены — все зависит от того, с какой скоростью они прибудут на место, и не более того. Это же не профилактика, не предупреждение — только реакция.

Врачи лечат ковид, но одновременно идет работа над вакцинами. И здесь нужны «вакцины», а мы все время хлопаем по месту, где муха сидела.

У нас в школе один психолог на детей от 7 до 16 лет. Должно быть как минимум четыре психолога: три — для каждой группы возрастов учащихся и один — для учителей. Они же у нас психологически запущенные, тонут в своих проблемах, у многих из них выгорание. Они даже буллинга зачастую не видят. Их учили, как преподавать, а как понимать другого человека — не знают.