Eights

Life and adventures of school graduates for children with mental retardation

Why in Russia there are so many oligophrenics up to 18 years old, and then their number drops sharply? The country needs soldiers? The diagnosis of UO (mental retardation) is removed before being sent to the troops, and removed - what doubts can be - lawful. But then what: it turns out, the child was imprinted in the diagnosis at one time erroneously? Then the school needed diligent students, and they threw off ballast?

And by the age of the call, he means he was in demand. If not about state needs and needs, but about the children themselves - not offended by them that they were deprived of education? And did they leave them a strictly limited future? And is anyone doing this?

Vanya escaped. He turned 18 draft years last year. He was raised to the military enlistment office, but they forgot to wake. And, looking at him, they decided to temporarily let go, leave alone. Let him add his own - and could be sent to the rest of the eternal, to chernozems. Vanya is now 19, and he is alive.

For the first time we talk to him in the center of Krasnoyarsk a couple of months ago. They meet on clothes, and Vanya has two in one. Both Militari and Gopnik-Stayl. Camouflage pants, and on them are the “Abibas” stripes. Harbinstei faded, satisfied the current request of the public. A stretched T -shirt, and already it is big. Slates.

Dirty legs, and all the dirty (21.30, Vanya just from work) and a foul (if not, dead), the FAS - fetal alcoholic syndrome is printed on the face. The reason is considered the mother’s use of alcohol before and during pregnancy. FAS is from birth to death, and it is a set of defects, which often violates mental development.

Later I find out that Vanya’s mother was taken from his mother in 4 years and took away from Kansk, a small city in the east of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Further-several orphanages, a correctional boarding school, a school. That's all Ivanovo childhood.

Even in the very early, in the Dzerzhinsky orphanage, this is north of Kansk, he, as he recalls, found their hung teacher on a walk: he moved away from his group into the square with an orphanage and saw a hanging body.

He called the educators. Those, seeing, drove the children into the room and called the police. After that, he says, he had problems: in a dream he ran somewhere in a panic, shouted, wake up and reassuring it did not work out immediately. Treatment of medicines did not help, and lived for so many years with this problem. So far, I have not met a psychologist Nikolai Shcherbakov, working with this category of children, adolescents, and youth. For some of them, he became a foster parent. He, talking with Vanya, and gradually pulled out this and other memories, Vanya began their experiences at the request of Shcherbakov to record, coping with feelings. I am writing, he says, but he shakes himself from tears and fear, and I can’t do anything with myself ...

There are no relatives (well, or connection with her). At the very beginning, everyone loved us, remember? The world loved you. And how is it to live when no one loves you as a child, no one at all?

Ivan, like all other heroes of this narrative, is a guy with big problems, with a diagnosis. He has one for all: oligophrenia, Uo. But the light, F70, which, according to the traditional classification of the German psychiatrist Emil Kreelin, corresponds to debility - these children have difficulties with abstract thinking, with self -control, they are suggestive, non -self -sustaining, but trained. They have a decent vocabulary, good memory and every chance of getting an education, profession and - to live their life by a person. Ivan studied, like other heroes of this note - they are also called eights - at the VIII type school, where children are taught to read, count, write and navigate in everyday life "for subsequent integration into society." There is no physics, chemistry, and mathematics with Russians-in the amount of grades 4-5, at the end of a person can become a plaster, a hundred-river, a bindter, a seamstress, a kitchen worker, and there are several specialties.

Shcherbakov observes all these guys, helps them on their mutual initiative and will: guys, faced with problems in the life in which they were released, they themselves go to him in old memory. And so

The state with them, as 18, seeks to end all relations, only the army ... Yes, imagine, although they should not be called into the army due to the diagnosis, many of them serve. And they visited the front.

With such fighters only to go to imperial campaigns, says Shcherbakov. Well ... I don't know. At one time, he pulled a soldier’s strap with a man who grew up without a mother, with distinct problems in the psyche, and therefore I personally have no doubt about the veracity of the bike, that the outcome of the battle decides two percent of soldiers who are psychopaths. Those who are sitting in prison in a civilian do not get along in society. The mental status of the unconditional hero Alexander Matrosov is not known, it is known that he was an orphanage and managed to sit in several colonies. Such fighters do not win campaigns, but they can quite provide victory in a specific battle.

There is another view of the problem. In the United States who fought with Vietnam, the mobilization resource was expanded due to the recruitment of recruits with a light UO, with IQ below 80. “Fools are lucky”, it would seem, but the “US Defense Defense Debiles” (the then Minister of Defense) did not finish. The Americans considered: these soldiers died disproportionately, discipline and moral and psychological spirit of the troops were seriously undermined, these fighters, according to the veterans of that war, posed a threat not so much for the enemy as for their own.

For example, the observer of Novaya Gazeta, Major Izmailov, testifies to the same thing, recalling the first Chechen - then also retreated from medical standards for the recruitment into the warring army, and as a result they themselves were afraid of their own. This is a bad feeling, especially on the front line.

In general, this is not about his in Ukraine. These guys were called up before.

This note is not about the special operation, but about human destinies. And here only people, only the facts of their biographies. There will be no conclusions about what, in principle, from the army, so replenished, will not be.

In January 2015, the STR, called up from Chita (as the media later wrote, marked “oligophrenia”-but, of course, this cannot be asserted, we have a medical secret), deserted from the Russian 102nd military base in Gyumri and, asking local water, was frightened that he would be given out: he had been shot by six people and had healed heavy wounds, he also died in a few days. The soldier was condemned to the life-long, he wrote to the editorial address a very thoughtful and competent, even with commas in his places, a letter from the “polar owl”-a colony in Harpe, that the Mountain Massive Ray-from Yamal, wrote only because of one circumstance: he was embarrassed and worried that he was called oligophrena everywhere; No details or references to how he shot women and a two-year-old girl in beds, and then, when the trunk was jammed, he hit a bayonet-knife into the chest of a crying six-month boy seven times.

So this note is not about his, not about the army at all. Exclusively about people. The names (and only they) are changed.

Ivan

Loud, impressive only his voice. The mouth without the front tooth is large and clearly outlined. Vanya drinks consistently tea, coffee, milk, eats rolls and tells how it happened that he is alive.

- At the age of 18, I graduated from the school in Shushensky and received the agenda, I was given it in my hands. But I did not sign, at all anywhere, I understood that I would sign it - I would be called up. I left the military registration and enlistment office with her, and I immediately broke it. Immediately, as he got out of there. The next day they call me: come with the agenda, please. And I lost it, I say. Come, we will give out a new one. But I never came. They call me, calls me, it starts to strain me, I don’t need it, that's it. Aunt Raya ( guardian. - A.T. ) says: Why don't you want the army? Why do I need it? If I will not get any skills from this. Why should I aggravate my life about this army? Aunt Raya: your whole life is ahead, you will get a normal job. I don’t need it now, I say, and I will not need it. Closed the question. He arrived in Krasnoyarsk in July ( it's still about the events of last year. - A.T. ). From here, already from this military registration and enlistment office they began to call, I came and signed a rejection of military service. I set the seal, everything that I am not called, I am in the NZ. The case closed the army. They told me only to approach the military ID, this red. I can’t do it for a year how to come.

Well, yes, they didn’t take me even because of a medical examination. He passed it, yes. I was raised at lunch, and immediately ask for something, come on, but I don’t hear the person about what he was talking about, the eyes are red. They write down: well, mentally retarded. Because he does not understand what he was told ... Where was it? This is in Minusinsk. They recorded, conveyed everything to Shushenskoye. And there they signed that I am not completely suitable. So,

Vanya is smart. He has not a single criminal record for his years, although many of his peers with a similar biography - at least one has.

Everything can turn out well for him if he controls himself. At that time, at the end of summer, he lived in Krasnoyarsk, and he had temporary part -time jobs. At the request of a psychologist, draws. Here is the “borsch” tank (Rhm.-Borsig Waffenträger, German PT-SAU of the eighth level), here is something similar.

- I can’t finish the Yaga tank, E 100 ( Jagdpanzer, German anti -tank self -propelled SAU. - A.T. ). I have lost the elastic band, I need to wash everything, I can’t finish it ... I play in them, I watch the video about them, I know everything about them, I’m generally a lover of any tanks - Vanya sprinkles with names.

When he becomes tight with money, he will put his account in social networks for sale in the game World of Tanks - 8, 9 levels, 3000 ₽.

In September, Ivan went to watch to the north. Golden mines. He dreamed for a long time (another graduate of the orphanage V. was successfully working there for the second year, he told Vanya about this work), but did not take it without registration. Vanya went to the Ministry of Education of the region for help. All documents for the court for housing were made to him, but so far there is no court or housing. (They are obliged to give it to orphans, but they don’t give it in time, it is necessary to wait five years after release and longer, if you sue, then for at least two years.) And with a residence permit, they said, they can’t help, and they can’t tell anything. Why are you telling an orphan?

Even hypothetical mercy, the state put a barrier, introducing a criminal for a residence permit for outsiders.

Having left the minobra, Vanya calls, and immediately finds out the price of the question: constant registration (they don’t take it from a temporary shift) - 15 thousand.

“Well, that is, they can build several thousand orphans in the queue for housing in the minobra, and help with a residence permit - this is not for them,” says Shcherbakov. - As a result, either a copy of the money and buy it in the black market, or a bumsui as much as you like. The impression arises that the minobra has secret agreements with the investigation and the FSIN to ensure these structures with a young clientele. Because, without their housing, orphans are much more willing to criminalize, drug and alcohol, earn prostitution, enter into unhealthy relationships and make dysfunctional families, giving birth to children who see a little good in life and often become orphans themselves, and so on- in a circle. In the European part of Russia, by the way, things are different: housing to orphans there is provided at 18-19, or before its receipt, the state pays for the removable rental during his studies. Not only in the capital's areas, but also in Yaroslavl, for example. And on the other hand, everyone has his own: non-ferrous metals, hydrocarbons-this is everything here, and concern for orphans-somewhere there, they have ... in theory, everything is simple: everything is simple:

It would be necessary to allow to prescribe all those in need of graduates to the building of the orphanage up to 23 years. This will help them a lot in search of work and will slightly reduce criminalization. Unless, of course, the state is interested in this, and not in replenishing the colonies.

As a result, Shcherbakov decided with a residence permit: his friends and former patients helped. And Vani's wings grow up. And now he is already calling from the watch: he works in high. One problem: the watch lasts four weeks and once ends, and before working further, for the same 28 days you need to return to Krasnoyarsk. And there, as the lessor of the room reports, Vanya is still looking for a military commissariat again. They go nafig, says Ivan.

He is smart. Classic Ivan-Durak-went to watch three days before all these events. At the expense of the company, he went through a physical examination, vaccinated against coronavirus and rushed off to wash the breed in the taiga, where overalls, food (and give a supplement), a bathhouse, a salary of 2700 rubles per shift. He returned in October. He matured, recovered on buckwheat with cutlets. For a part -time month - 8 kilos.

“And Pasha, when he came to the military registration and enlistment office, immediately signed that he was suitable,” Vanya talks about last fall and another who studied with him at a correctional school. - And it turns out, in November he went to Shushenskoye, there a letter came to the house where he lived that he was called to the military enlistment office, he arrived, they immediately issued a summons and instantly took him.

We studied and lived together, and in Lebyazhka ( Lebyazhenskaya boarding school. - A.T .), and at school in Shushensky. Both first studied at the concrete worker, and then I transferred to the mason. He left with me to Krasnoyarsk, lived together. And then he is in Shushenskoye, and that’s it. The last time they called up in May. When he was in the hospital. Now he does not call, does not write.

Paul

But Pasha is alive. On the third day of the declared partial mobilization, he tells by telephone as in their military unit deployed in a small city almost on the border with Belarus and Ukraine, reservists arrive:

- Mobilized here is already dofiga - both men and boys! Generally a lot. Bring, bring, bring. Buses. They feel a fig. They either forcibly, or I don’t know, do not go of their own free will. Everything is somehow ... where to put the phone, where is it, where like ... They take the phones on their checkpoint. And they do not give. Why, why - I do not know. Maybe they don’t trust somehow. Book, too, but he carries a fume from everyone cleanly - I don’t know ... The guy alone says: two months at home stayed after urgent service, and - they called back. This is how it happens.

In the tube, the background is constantly close non -Russian speech, oriental polyphony. This is Tajiks, says Pavel. There are now the sea.

The next day, Paul will write that he is transferred "to the Crimea to the fields."

Paul was drafted into the army on December 15 last year. For some time I did not get in touch. Then he showed up, already in March: we arrived “from the fields”, from Ukraine. Then he will go there again, from there - to the hospital in the suburbs, he will return to the regiment, and now - Crimea.

- Why will they not immediately lag behind these children, for example, at the age of 16, when they do the attributed one? They also have a diagnosis - WAR, what can the army be? How did it happen that Paul was called? Moreover, not to the construction battalion, but they gave the machine gun and sent to shoot? - I ask Shcherbakov.

- And this is like with all disabilities - it is necessary to periodically confirm that the hand has not grown. Three times Andrei ( one of the guys who he cares. - A.T. ) came to the military registration and enlistment office, here, in Krasnoyarsk, he went through all the doctors in the commission, the psychiatrist - the last. He begins to watch the documents: what have you come here, are you worthless? They begin to confer, call up, and all: go from here. The question will be resolved - they will call you. Then again the agenda, everything is repeated. Again undresses to everyone. Denis Sh. About the same thing just told how the psychiatrist watched his Talmudes for a long time. Not suitable, says in the end. But Vasya N. was sent to the troops - small, smart. Here, it also depends on criminal records - they do not take with some.

How did Paul, without lasting three months, ended up in the combat zone? He signed the contract or not, is not really known. Vanya said no, Shcherbakov - that he signed.

Shcherbakov finds their correspondence:

March 26: “In the army. I arrived from Ukraine. 4 days ago somewhere. The raisins were captured. The city is like. No, in *** (city in the Russian Federation) we are going. From the fields. The entire regiment is almost. ” - "How are you?" - "The mood is normal." -“How did you end up there, in raisins? Well, you have not served for 4 months yet. " - "I signed the contract myself." - "For what?" - "Don't know".

“No, Pasha did not sign, he will serve a year, and will easily leave,” says Ivan. - He will come to me, and then to Norilsk, to Serega, my acquaintance, he receives a guard of 150 thousand on the watch ( Vanya spoke even before he got a job at the Golden Hall, now, it is clear that Pasha will be with him. - A.T. ).

Obviously, Paul has no clear understanding of what papers he signed.

I watched all these videos at once, as Pasha posted them. One of them - from the barracks in Russia, on the eve of the completion of the “regrouping”, the soldiers are waiting for the order to advance to the combat positions: they wander, go into the phones, ordinary conversations, but - everything is inflated, especially for some, and movements, reactions, tone gives out what is happening inside. They do not tell about already experienced and done there. The barracks are new, spacious - not to compare with those in which I serve in the Soviet Army, in incredible crowding. Uniform, equipment is also new. For the charter, discipline, “order in the location” Pasha and his comrades are laid with a bolt, but, apparently, they can afford: front -line soldiers.

... In May, Pavel will write to Shcherbakov that he is now in the hospital, but he is intact and hopes to return home; Nothing else. Vanya will then find him in the Moscow hospital: he picked it up in Ukraine (said - “B”, not “on”) coronavirus.

- It turns out to him, I call the video call in the evening, and he shows his stomach: he has all the tagger, all in needles, there are almost 20 holes. He had Covid.

Then Shcherbakov phoned. “It looks like Pavel’s crown is judging by the voice. The crown saves life. "

Giving Pavel to catch his breath, Shcherbakov soon brought him to the case - to give (voice records) the parting words of the same octagons called now.

I watch his last video statements.

So he goes with his comrades in the runway to the heavy military transporter IL-76. An impenetrable night, rare flashes, a rumble of hundreds of muffled voices, sniffing with snot, people do not go-they stand, sit or lie, mutter something in the distance ... Command voices are heard-to be built. The record breaks ...

Vasily

Vasily is a year younger than Ivan and Paul. Thin and small, like Ivan. He was called up in June. Shcherbakov: “It’s also not to say that he is intellectually developed without defeat the central nervous system, but they took him.

The school has not finished yet, and the agenda has already come. They told him: why are you going? He: Anyway, nowhere to go. "

They said - to the Far East, in engineering troops. However, the first messages come from the train going to Moscow, a photo from the vestibule. In Moscow, not for long, then-in the Rostov region, “studying at a mortar car shooting up to 15 km, I don’t understand anything there at all, I just sit”, in July I wrote that after three to four months, wait for mobilization. According to rumors, I probably wrote. Or maybe this is the same compensation, when the legless has strong hands, the blind ones have a great hearing, but these children know something in advance.

Vasya calls Shcherbakov, tells. As the military helicopters and planes are constantly flying to the west (to the border of 35 km), the wild roar is worth it, it is scary to sleep, “and today some crap flew on the other side, there was an explosion, everyone was driven into the barracks. The old -timer later showed Vidyuhu, as previously flew a rocket from the west of their part. The heat is strong, well, there is so all summer. From there, on the other side, he constantly carries smoke. ” Then the call: three days remained, then they are serving again through Moscow to Khabarovsk. Tickets are bought.

Artem

Here is another graduate of the Krasnoyarsk orphanage and a correctional school (and another ward of Shcherbakov), Artem - he also has a light UO, the diagnosis is made 6 years before the call. He served in the missile forces, thought to stay on the contract - they persistently offered, but still changed his mind and managed to return from the army to his.

In elementary school, Artem was seriously ill with meningitis; Well then, in general, the epidemic in Krasnoyarsk passed, what - no one to call?

After the army, I recruited the forest with watch. Now he lives with the older sister, works at a car maintenance point. There are problems - steals, and with his own. And he cannot do anything with himself. I walked through everyone with whom he was in the orphanage, he lived and pulled something. Therefore, no one except his sister is no longer found with him, Shcherbakov calls to talk, but he does not seek. “The sister says their elder brother is the same: to stole and drink. Well done, but she takes care of them all her life, and from the orphanage, when Artem lived there, she would have taken him, but they didn’t give him - there was no housing yet. ”

Dyusha, Sergey, Max, Lech, Denis

About Andrey (Dyusha), Shcherbakov told the "new" in the spring of 2014. Andrei wrote a letter about his dream to live with dad and mother, about what happened to him before he got into the boarding school, this is a line from his letter - “to blame me for a blank” - became a newspaper heading.

Thanks to the efforts of Shcherbakov, well, Andrei himself, who was rushing home with her whole soul, the boy took a great family under the city of custody near Peter: he had mom, dad and three sisters. The new school was diagnosed and immediately removed the diagnosis of “UO”, the guy learned, and now in front of him - all his life, all without restrictions on the road.

Seryozha was taken to the family in the suburbs, and also at the Research Institute of Psychiatry they did not find any UO, as he did not find her and Shcherbakov 6 years before, but his conclusion on Seryozha, then the preschooler, the regional commission cheated, and the boy was determined in octagon.

Another preschooler, in whom Shcherbakov also did not find UO, and also ignored his conclusion - Maxim - graduated with honors from 9 classes for the program for children with UO, then a technical school, and then at the military enlistment office, the UO was immediately removed from him, and the guy went to serve.

Recently, in September, the medical commission here in Krasnoyarsk made a diagnosis of UO from another former orphanage, Alexei, now he is already 24 years old. About 15 years ago, another commission recorded him in oligophrenes. For 9 years they taught in a special program, later they gave a working specialty, and then Lech returned to his homeland and suddenly became interested in motorcycles. But this required a driver’s license that did not give morons. And then Lech went back to Krasnoyarsk - to make a diagnosis. I went three times, everyone put off their shame, everything turned out in the end.

Denis in the 6th grade took the elderly night nanny into the family, took it to the district center. He graduated from school, college, agricultural state university - and even studied in the magistracy for a year, then took an academot for personal circumstances. Once again: in the magistracy-a former oligofren, who instead of the OGE (an analogue of the exam for 9th grade students, according to the results of which they are transferred to the 10th grade or entered colleges and technical schools) handed over work for a correctional school: forget the nail, sawed a stick into two. He had already transferred to a normal school, and there everyone went to the state final certification, and he was alone to his exam, the task was: to write which tree is better for, and still put on two boobs. As you better put them on, as it will be more convenient for you ... “I remember, two women were sitting there, I wrote something, put two boobs, I got the five-and that’s it, the school was over, I went home.”

The list of guys can continue for a long time. And it is clear that these are not exceptional cases, not the mistakes of doctors. System. It’s easier for her at the slightest difficulties with an orphan to call him oligophrena and not suffer with him,

More than nevertheless to suffer, to deal with him and to rebuild, thus, the whole system, imprisoned by no means for the benefit of these children.

Novel

“The orphans of such, with linden mental retardation, in one Krasnoyarsk Territory - hundreds, or even thousands,” says Shcherbakov. -They study in their schools of the VIII type “excellent”, helping the leading psychologists-defectologists and their superiors to report on shock work and compose dissertations. And then, having learned according to the program, after which you can get settled only by the handling person, at the age of 18 they go to the military registration and enlistment office, where it suddenly turns out that they have no UO, and they are sent to pay off their duty to their homeland.

These children, many, have no UO, they have different nature of mental retardation - ZPR. These are the options for the norm, the main mental functions are saved. Such children are able to understand the “background” and abstractions, have expressed cognitive interests, etc.

They just develop a little slower.

There are school programs for children with ZPR-VII species, but for some reason they are designed only for the first four classes. It is generally accepted that by the age of 11-12, a person overcomes all his delays. It was not so (Shcherbakov was faced with this and personally, raising the adopted child. - A.T. ), any specialist “in the topic” will confirm: in the vast majority of cases after 12 years of ZPR, a person does not disappear anywhere, therefore, studying according to the general education program, such children do not chronically. But the octagon program is not suitable for them.

At the same time, children with ZPR in the country are millions, if not tens of millions, in some areas there are more than half of them (I remember the school parent meeting in one of the central and best schools in Krasnoyarsk, where the results of the universal study were released: ZPR found more than 90 % of primary school students. - A.T. ). And mass schools are not at all ready for this. As a result, when passing exams in the ninth grades, ready -made answers are carefully laid out in school toilets.

Shcherbakov believes that the VII type program should be prolonged to at least until the ninth grade. So you can make life easier for a huge number of children and teachers.

In the meantime, they are either recorded with morons, or they are pulled by the ears, continuing to teach according to the general education program. That is, it is not a system of education and support that changes, adjusting to the needs of children, but children are adjusted to the system.

So they are not fools-someone else.

Moreover. Previously, graduates of orphanages could finish 9 classes after correction in evening schools. In recent years, they have been closed - apparently there is no money. As before that there was no money for defectologists - they were taken out of the staff of orphanages (although in preschool and initial school age, orphanages all need systematic classes with defectologists); As there is no money, say, on tutors for special children in schools and kindergartens.

There was such an evening school, and very good, in Divnogorsk, a satellite city of Krasnoyarsk, octagons went there in the hope of finding at least some prospects in life. And gained. Released, received a certificate. They went here from neighboring cities and subjects of the Federation, where such institutions liquidated even earlier (only in some places evening classes in some schools remained-but for ordinary guys). In 2019, when rumors about the closure and this, in Divnogorsk, loopholes in life for children from correctional schools, I asked a request to the head of the city. He replied that the “reorganization” of the school was taking place in accordance with the minutes of the meeting in the regional Ministry of Finance. But, as the mayor assured, the training of children who released from correctional schools will be continued "within the framework of the educational and consulting point."

Such an insignificant difference, such a “reorganization”: change the school for “point”, training and education-to “educational and consulting framework”. Great. I am writing a request to the Ministry of Education of the Territory, hoping to get a list of still preserved evening schools, where octagons can come. The deputy minister Olga Nikitina answers: such an evening school for the entire huge region was left alone (!) - an open (interchangeable) comprehensive school No. 14 in Minusinsk. But this, Olga Nikolaevna writes, is not at all an obstacle to octagons who want to get an education in a larger volume - they can contact any school where they will conduct their certification and determine the class that suits them. And study - even in person, even in absentia.

As a comment - a quote from the main children's psychiatrist of the region of Elena Volodenkova:

“In the region, the number of classes in former correctional schools for children with a light UO has sharply decreased. Children with this diagnosis are studying in the framework of inclusion in secondary schools where the conditions are not actually created for this. ”

And here are what the teachers of one of the Krasnoyarsk gymnasiums (on conditions of anonymity) say about inclusive education: “A child with a UO in the class is trained by an ordinary teacher, not oligophrenopedagogue. In the best case, he went through special training courses. This is profanity. As a result, teachers are aware of their security, often they have emotional burnout. Often such a child becomes an outcast in the classroom. And it shows inadequate aggression. The school has no forms of influence on this situation. ”

When asked how many graduates of orphanages who received education in the VIII were called up to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from 2011 and how many of them were subsequently dismissed by the reserve by the decision of the medical commissions, Deputy Minister of Nikitin answered:

“The ministry does not have information about the number of persons with mental retardation, called up in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ( although it was not only to me, and not only to me, it always seemed that the Ministry of Education is monitoring the structure of orphans, so that data on the military service and those who were commissioned should be there. - A.T. ). Since the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 04.07.2013 No. 565 persons with deep, severe and moderate degree of mental retardation are recognized as not suitable for military service, with a mild severity of the disease, they are recognized as limitedly suitable, that is, they can be drafted into the army only in exceptional cases (during the hostilities). In this regard, an draft in the army is possible subject to the removal of a diagnosis that provides for mental retardation. ”

... So, here you have a number of destinies. All of them are one big mystery. The state of these children deceives - cruelly and almost always irreparable. Or at the beginning, branding them with a diagnosis and then, accordingly, teaching, thereby it deprives them of the future. Well, many components of normal life are a driver’s license, for example, a worthy profession. Or then cheating, upon reaching the children of draft age - removing a reasonable diagnosis from them and taking it into the army. Either one, or another. Shcherbakov is thinking of initiating several trials in order to deal with this statelobia by specific examples.

Three candidates are ready for this. Roman from Kansk. Mother drank, deprived of parental rights and soon died in a binge. Father is not known. Kindergarten did not visit, from 6 years old in social support institutions. From grade 4 (before that I did not cope with the program), it has been transferred to training in a program for children with a light UO. At first, doctors were observed in connection with the birth injury, then put up F70. The military registration and enlistment office has been examined by a psychiatrist, an additional examination is recommended. In the daily psychiatric hospital, they diagnosed: "(Z 02.3) mentally healthy." And he went to serve. “Has he cured, or something, to the recruitment age? - asks Shcherbakov. “The guy is interested in this.”

Another candidate for lawsuit is from Minusinsk, history is similar.

The third is Vitaly, from Krasnoyarsk, he was the oldest, he served a long time, works as a loader in a large store, and he has long been worried, why he was not allowed to fully realize the constitutional right to education, why a huge series of specialties are now closed for him.

The lawyers of the Center for medical pedagogy say that they do not see a judicial perspective here, since it was extremely difficult to prove that the child was “moron” and sent to study under an adapted program. Retrospectively psychiatrists are usually extremely careful. What many years ago a person had a fortune, they will not undertake to judge.

Shcherbakov says that in recent years I have repeatedly faced the fact that officials have strongly advised the guardians to make efforts themselves in order to remove the F70 diagnoses from their boys to achieve 18 years. So that the military registration and enlistment vessels, apparently, do not load work.

And then the boys are called up-someone probably with all their brain dysfunctions, but someone did not have them, and the Motherland wants her to be debited those to whom she broke her life.

Everything would be fine, but today they can’t look at these special Russians today: which of them are soldiers, not octagon - almost certainly two hundredths.

Ivan (II)

Paul was driving on a bike without brakes before the call. Ivan then repaired him and traveled until he went to the taiga himself. Like him, it’s easier to earn. In Shushensky, where they all graduated from the school, now one work for them is on the poultry farm. And Ivan had an allergy, he could not breathe there. He is a mason, a stone does not smell, “I love a stone”, but there is no more construction projects in Shushensky, one says, a long -term construction - he was standing as it stands. "Everything is wasted there, I don't know ...".

The choice, he says, has “Idra or Shusha” (schools in the village of Idrinsky and the village of Shushensky). Half of their class went to Idru, half in Shushu. From professions: locksmith, painter, plasterers, seamstress. There was no only one that Vanya loved: a tile-revealer. But maybe for the better: later Vanya found that there was no work on this profile, and if you find, they pay little: 15-20 thousand a month, it used to be 50. “Now they were generally reduced by bets due to events in Ukraine. I found out at construction sites. Hardly reduced. From 220 thousand to 80 at a construction site. It is normally obtained only in excavation, excavators - 300 thousand each. What are they digging? Pipes are laid. "

At the age of 18, the state finally pays such children 100 thousand, and then themselves.

In Krasnoyarsk, Vanya first worked as a loader: wagons and trucks, 2 thousand per shift, but the work was, then no. It was still lucky: in other places without the army and registration they did not take either a loader or a guard. Then - the handyman: they and their comrade hired to saw the trees and load them with KAMAZs on the right bank in the industrial zone - to clear the plot for containers. They helped the car mechanic: “The engine almost fell on the leg today - I forgot to remove it” (on the legs - shales). Per shift, from eight to seven, it turned out 1-1.5 thousand. I had lunch there, in a car service, "we have all our own: tea, bread, we have a team."

He pays 7 thousand for the room in the hostel. Apparently, he does not drink. He tells how his feeling visited a few days ago: something is missing. Maybe beer? I bought it, I made 3-4 sips, from that day a bottle of beer in the refrigerator is standing.

Ivan:

“Large classmates were called to the Russian Guard. They called me too: do you want to get a job? But what if I did not serve? They learned about me from the employment center, I stood there. I say: if I come, you will simply turn away, and I will go on. Well, where will I go, to which Rosgvard, so small? There is a height of 180 cm. By the way, they said that in terms of height I do not approach the army. And I answer: look, then it will be too late. I have no criminal record, I don’t have a piece of paper even about it. But the army is needed to be taken to the Russian Guard, why do you need me? You can put Pashka there. He also has no criminal record. ”

To the question about plans answers: everything is fine with the family. “How to say, I am married. I have a child, a daughter in Shushensky, it happened. That winter. I was already 18. ” Shows in the phone a photo of her peer with a baby. The last time I was there in the winter, “I do not go, I work. We must get money to go there. ” Well, now on the gold mines - it will come true. “If I ask, I send money. If not, I leave it on the funded account. ”

We met a girl at the school, she studied for plasterer in the next workshop. Она не сирота, управляться с ребенком помогает мать.

Вообще Ване хочется в деревню, ему по душе та жизнь.

А у Паши девушка «замутила с другим, он узнал — и все».

Мы заканчиваем разговоры. Из кафе поблизости Стиви Уандер и Стинг поют Fragile: «…That nothing comes from violence and nothing ever could. For all those born beneath an angry star, Lust we forget how fragile we are». Там, в общем, о бессмысленности насилия — изначально было ясно, чем оно закончится, так всегда и везде завершалось. Но чем это понимание может теперь помочь нам, таким хрупким?

Поля и Игорь

Вместо заключения — одна история. В феврале 1997-го в тайге под Красноярском пропали пятиклассники Полина и Игорь из 105-го специнтерната в Ленинском районе — заблудились на организованной лыжной прогулке, ночевали в сугробе. Их искали день, ночь и еще день. Нашли живыми.

У девочки дебильность умеренная, у мальчика — выраженная. Они друзья с первого класса, всегда помогали друг другу, выручали, жалели, успокаивали друг друга, когда кто-то из них плакал.

Я тогда писал об этом, и все причастные, все, кто понимал, с кем и где это случилось, говорили одно:

если б не олигофрения, не слабые способности к отвлеченному мышлению и обобщению, дети, скорее всего, погибли бы.

Ну, или ампутацией обмороженных конечностей все закончилось. Людей со стандартным умственным развитием, заблудившихся в зимней тайге, долгой морозной ночью неминуемо посетил бы парализующий страх. Сколько такого: в стрессе теряют самообладание, опускаются наземь и умирают рядом с жильем, либо начинают истерично метаться, лишаясь последних сил. Незадолго до этого именно в том месте, нехорошем, погибли, потеряв ориентацию в пространстве, две женщины — летом причем. У интернатских же к их 12 годам были выработаны определенные стереотипы, они знали: нельзя останавливаться, надо идти.

Особенности их психики не позволили им впасть в отчаяние. Без огня и пищи, одетые по-спортивному (на Поле легкая куртка, на Игоре свитер), пятиклассники специнтерната, испытывавшие друг к другу редкую в этом мире привязанность, не разлучавшиеся (ни до, ни после — я проверял год спустя), продолжали методично идти к людям, помогая друг другу.

Их тяжкий жребий, их особенности помогли им победить судьбу. There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped. Спасатели их увидели шагающими. Поля шла на лыжах, а Игорь, утопая в сугробах, нес в руках обломок лыжи — не бросил, потому что их предупреждали, что лыжи чужие и они отвечают за них. Обостренная ответственность характерна для этих детей.

Они шли, потому что перед прогулкой было сказано: вас ждут на лыжной базе. Замерзая, они прошли мимо дачных домиков, хотя могли бы забраться туда, найти еду, растопить печь. Но — чужое. И потом — их ждут.

Еще два-три часа, и Полина с Игорем дошли бы до людей сами, без помощи спасателей: до станции Сорокино оставалось три версты. Их обнаружили в 30 километрах от места пропажи. Хотя идти было очень тяжело — та зима (96-97) была самой снежной то ли за полвека, то ли около того.

Честно и мужественно преодолевать тяготы этой жизни, не требуя от судьбы снисхождения. Love. «Держать лыжню». А если не удалось, не падать духом. А тем, кто духом нищий, и падать-то некуда, и они уже тем блаженны. Все, что у них есть, — это они сами. Немного, но им хватало и хватает.

И есть бонусы от судьбы. Поля и Игорь с одноклассниками тогда, чуть позже, приехали с цветами и подарками к спасателям регионального центра МЧС, это стало завязкой крепкой их дружбы. В специнтернате сильно опасались, что теперь-то их детей уже никогда на природу не выпустят. Но нет, и спасатели летом организовали для детей многодневный сплав на плотах по живописной реке Мане. А осенью водили на Столбы, вместе поднимались на скалы. Совершенно бескорыстная с обеих сторон привязанность не угасала, спасатели регулярно приезжали в школу, привозили служебных собак, и все это было совершенно поразительно для интернатовских, даже для тех, у кого родители были, кого к ним отпускали на выходные — и потом этих детей, как говорила мне директор Галина Тыченко, не могли накормить, из дома они приходили голодными, дома только технарь (технический alcohol).

Все эти дети выжили, выживают, и жизнь идет дальше.

Горе, оно действительно бывает и от ума.

У Бунина в «Окаянных днях» запись от 10 марта 1918-го:

«Люди спасаются только слабостью своих способностей, — слабостью воображения, внимания, мысли».

Так не всегда, но в критические моменты, как сейчас, — да, все точно.

Так и тянет сказать, что к нашей новой жизни, за чертой, они приспособлены лучше — чтобы выжить в такой реальности, лучше обладать альтернативным умственным развитием. Но так не скажу.

Все самое страшное с ними случилось еще до этих времен. Как и вообще со всем глубоко внутрироссийским народом. Сейчас не кульминация, она случилась задолго до. Хотел дать несколько фрагментов из разговоров и переписки с Щербаковым последних десяти лет (когда они взрослели — Вани, Паши, Мани) — пояснить, что в их бэкграунде, за который ответственны все мы, страна: если уж с ними, тронутыми Господом, хрупкими, так обходимся, если мы с ними так, чего еще здесь можно было ждать? Но Щербаков сомневается, надо ли эти подробности предавать гласности?

Скажем, о смерти 10-летнего ребенка из детдома, облитого ацетоном и подожженного (через несколько лет его поджигатель сошел с ума); о зверском избиении и изнасиловании матери выпускником интерната накануне Дня матери — она бросала их с сестрой, потому и попали в детдом; о том, как подросток в столовой интерната вырубил учительницу математики — та потеряла сознание и дней 10 лежала с сотрясением на больничном; о том, как страдал и изводил себя директор одного из интернатов — «тяжко такой уродливой системой руководить и при этом оставаться живым человеком»: сначала глаза стали жить отдельно от лица, словно привязанные на тоненьких нервах-ниточках, как у рака, и располнел очень, нашли дома лежащим с идущей из ушей кровью, умер, сам сыном сироты был, старший брат в Афгане погиб, и жена потом, в результате несчастного случая… И я сам сомневаюсь: для чего эти подробности?

To attract attention? Но благополучным людям давно все равно, что там происходит в глубинах, откуда к ним поднимаются нефтебаксы и стейки. Сочтут за хоррор и трэш, за сведения с других планет, их не касающиеся. А те, кто в этом живет, кроме вывесок, этикеток и объявлений на дверях подъездов ничего не читают, да и зачем — они это знают.

Дам подробность от Щербакова лишь об училище, которое закончили Иван, Павел и многие другие из этих ребят:

— Мастера там действительно хорошие, знаю двоих мужчин лет 35 —толковые, спокойные, грамотные, и женщину лет 55, она из Центральной Азии переехала лет 25 как в Россию. Они не халтурят, и ребята хорошо о них отзываются. Но в общаге там беспредел, потому и бегут все под опеку к местным теткам. Вот только что пришло письмо от Сергея. В августе 20 ему исполнилось, тувинец, нет у него никого. Он в этой общаге убил своего ровесника — по пьяни ножом, с одного удара, в 17 лет. Дали 6 с половиной лет, сидит сейчас в ИК-31, еще 4 года осталось.

Щербаков показывает карандашные рисунки Сергея из колонии: там его Тува — из детства: ущелья, звери крупным планом, камни, травы, реки. Деревья все обрубленные, без вершин — видимо, таково его самоощущение. В переписке с Щербаковым Сергей молит его узнать, возьмут ли его в армию, берут ли зэков добровольцами в Украину?

В колониях таких детей тоже доучивают, дают дополнительные профессии, если нужно.

И, возможно, все идет к тому, что здесь в совсем скором будущем останутся только спасатели — вроде Щербакова и МЧС, ну и сами восьмерики, самые приспособленные, получившие те профессии, которые только и останутся здесь нужны. Землю копать, стены возводить.

Их слабые способности к отвлеченному мышлению и обобщению, а также трудолюбие — находка для компаний, что, несомненно, продолжат качать нефть и газ, копать руду.

Нечеловеческая добросовестность восьмериков и низкие потребности позволят упразднить почти все остальные сферы местной жизни и учреждения.

Восьмерики иногда будут попадать в беду, как без этого, и Щербаков будет им помогать. Ну и спасатели примчатся, если что. Все содержание жизни будет в этом.

Один факт: многих из тех сотрудников Восточно-Сибирского регцентра МЧС тоже звали, как Щербакова, Николаями. Неслучайное такое имя. Сейчас в остром дефиците.