The judicial authorities in the ancient Russian state included the community court, which considered cases on the basis of customary law. During the period of Russian Pravda, most cases, especially those that were punishable by “flow and plunder,” began to be considered by the prince and his proxies. Moreover, the property of the convicted person passed to the prince, and not to the community.

Linguistic law Until now I have had little interest in legislative activities. However, suddenly, like many other linguists, he found himself involved, if not in it itself, then at least in discussions about it. This happened after our deputies started talking about the Russian language law. For some time, the law was being prepared, accompanied by speeches by its initiators, and then it easily began to pass reading after reading, despite quite strong criticism in the media.

* David Garland is considered one of the leading sociologists working on crime and criminal punishment. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh in 1977, he taught at the Law School there, received his doctorate in 1984 and has been head of the department since 1992. Since 1997, he has been a professor at New York University School of Law. He also teaches courses in social theory and criminology at New York University's College of Arts and Sciences.

Round table "OZ", November 5, 2002 Participants: Sergey Nedoroslev (president of the Kaskol group of companies), Viktor Samoilov (general director of VO Avtopromimport), Ivan Silaev (president of the International Union of Mechanical Engineers), Boris Kuzyk (general director of the holding company “New Programs and Concepts”). Presenter: Vitaly Shlykov (Adviser to the General Director of OJSC United Machine-Building Plants ( Uralmash-Izhora Group)). Round table questions: 1.V.

Historically, the judicial power arose much earlier than the prosecutor's office. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, the victim of a crime or civil tort himself collected evidence and supported the accusation in court or invited speakers to do this. In the later period of Roman history (1st–4th centuries AD), criminal prosecution was carried out by officials of the emperor.

World justice in modern Russia arose during the implementation of the Concept of judicial reform in the RSFSR, approved at the end of 1991. It provided for the creation of magistrates' courts as courts of first instance, in which the magistrate judge hears cases individually.

Humanity has always tried to influence the carriers of deviant (deviating from the norms accepted in a given society) behavior (criminals, drunkards, drug addicts, scammers, and even “witches”) in order to punish, “re-educate” or destroy them.

For this article, from the many definitions of corruption, it is enough to choose one, in some sense reminiscent of the arithmetic mean: we will call corruption the unauthorized actions of officials aimed at obtaining their own benefit and relying on the resources and powers granted to him by his position. Clearly, this definition is incomplete because it treats corruption as a type of individual action. The actions of the other party, if any, the bribe-giver, are not considered.

Since the last decade of the last century, the Russian state has faced a huge number of challenges that are caused by the natural processes of the formation of new market mechanisms for the functioning of the economy, democratic state institutions and a new system of public values. The need for reforms was dictated by the obvious inadequacy of almost all institutions of state power inherited from the Soviet Union to solve the new problems facing the country.

The desire to lay the foundations of a modern rule of law state cannot be realized without providing comprehensive qualified legal assistance to everyone who needs it. In this regard, the legal profession is entrusted with particularly important tasks, consisting of promoting the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of all individuals and legal entities, and the administration of justice.

It cannot be said that the legal profession in the provinces in general, and in district towns in particular, is considered a serious matter, that is, an occupation worthy of respect. A lawyer is looked upon as a person “without specific occupations”, as a loiterer, in other words, as a person from whom nothing “worthwhile” can be expected.

Type Even in such relatively small and insignificant towns, such as, for example, Chistopol, Spassk, etc., and there, from the new year, very large (60 thousand or more) bankrupts began to appear, who constantly enjoyed universal respect and honor there. The creditors, patient until the last moment, became angry with their good-natured and malicious debtors, and, at the very time when the issue of abolishing imprisonment for debts is being decided in St.

The act that laid the foundations of the Soviet judicial system is the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of November 22 (December 5), 1917 “On the Court” No. 1. Instead of magistrates, local people's courts were established consisting of one permanent judge and two assessors, who were to be elected directly by the population , but for 20 years the elections were carried out by the respective Councils.

In the history of most countries, various emergency situations arose when the normal functioning of society and the state became impossible. The famous statement of the great French philosopher of the 18th century, S. L. Montesquieu: “The experience of the freest peoples that have ever existed on earth forces me to admit that there are cases when it is necessary to throw a veil over freedom for a while, as statues were once covered with.

Map of political theories Ronald Dworkin (b. 1931) is one of the most famous American legal philosophers and an influential representative of modern American and British liberal thought. Dworkin's philosophical position is determined by his critical attitude towards both positivist and utilitarian concepts of law. His antipositivism stems from the thesis that law is not reducible solely to a system of rules, but has deeper foundations.