The most peaceful Republic of Montenegro former Yugoslavia on the verge of explosion

In the Chernogorsky port of the bar (above), where 40 thousand tons of oil are stored in the tanks, the Yugoslav military in Podgorica (former Titograd) often come in search of the road in search of the road, you have ships. Be sure to inquire: "Do the Montenegrins fear that who is this to you?" A small town will provoke a small capital of a small republic bombardment of Ki Montenegro. But it was she who gives the sloport of NATO Aviation, Bodan Miloshevich the right to call and the investigation of the Yugoslavia Federation, the heiress of air strikes, will be an ecological country, which recently consisted of a six of the TI republics.

Adriatic Montenegrin politicians seem to be a sea. Ecologists are already warning inconvenient for this federal status. About the threatening “but you look at Macedonia, the oppositions of the bombing, Ranko Krivokapich, the secret parties, the Tar of the Democratic Party of the Black Chemical Plant of RII, the head of the most large fraud of the Belgrade in the Chernogorsk parliament is equalized. They, (photo below), can be separated by peacefully, but what is happening there now! ” In fact, it is difficult to find a connection between the current unenviable position of Macedonia and its peaceful department from Yugoslavia, but crank can be understood.

In 1991, when Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovin were separated from Yugoslavia or tried to separate. Montenegro did not make any such attempts, because the Democratic Party of Socialists, representing the interests of Milosevich in the republic, then in the republic. The crisis in the party was outlined only after the end of the war in Bosnia - partly because the source of Montenegro revenues, smuggled fuel and much more from Albania, was exhausted. Montenegro, except for Serbia (part of the border falls on Kosovo), borders on Croati, Bosnia, Albania and - through the Adriatic Sea Italy. The border is the source of enrichment of the Montenegrin financial elite, which makes up the immediate environment of President Milo Dzhukanovich. The sea border and the trading port of the bar make Montenegro extremely important for Milosevich.

In 1996-1997, the parliamentary faction, headed by the then Prime Minister of Montenegro Milia Dzhukanovich, began to advocate the Europeanization of the republic and orientation to Western business (traditional sources of Montenegro income-tourism and export of wood). Having won the presidential election in the 97th, Dzhukanovich tried to turn Montenegro into exemplary democracy. In this, many Western government and non -governmental organizations undertook to help him. As a result, the liberal law on the press was adopted last year, which allowed, for example, to some Serbian publications, the objectionable Milosevich, to move to Montenegro (so, in particular, the publisher Slavko Churuvia, who was killed in Belgrade three weeks ago). And now Dzhukanovich

He is fighting with Milosevich through Western journalists expelled from Serbia and accepted with open arms in Montenegro. Some enter without visas across the open border with Croatia, they are accredited in Podgoritsa and they are at their disposal of a well-equipped press center.

Last year, the beginning of legal and judicial reform, as well as privatization, was laid: the Belgian concern was sold to the Belgian concern, an international tender was announced to buy shares of several other plants. This is still limited to democratic transformations.

The adviser to Dzhukanovich on international affairs, Milan Rochen, however, believes that democratic reforms have gone so far that there is no reverse passage. He considers the results of the elections evidence: in 1997, Dzhukanovich won the presidential elections with an advantage of only a few thousand votes, and six months later the democratic coalition was already 60 thousand more than all representatives of other parties (in total there are slightly more than 400 thousand voters in Montenegro).

Multiples

It was with the elections in the republic that something like double-ve-faith began. Miloshevich appointed the federal prime minister of the defeated Dzhukanovich former President of Montenegro, Momir Bulatovich. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the federal- January of the last Teli explain that the Montenegrin Parliament, which consists of year. Two again threw bombs to prevent the prevention of two chambers. The lower one is elected by the Terry-President to rotate a military coup, supposedly a subordinate principle, the upper one from both in the Ring Milosevich. The Montenegrin bodyguards of the republics, 20 delegates from Serbia and the crowd of politics are accused of stationed Montenegro. Again elected submissions: Yugoslav troops are that they are in a way that Viteli Montenegro was refused to be chosen by cycle on NATO mandates. Therefore, Montenegro considers the democrat to the sweet to aircraft to provoke the bombedelal parliament, who approved Dukanovich (at the top of the Bardirovo of the Naughty Republic. And the Bulatovich lost to him, and therefore the Federalmoremir Bulatovich itself, every night in the Podgary government, illegitimate. The federal chief and other cities of Montenegro sounds the Prime Minister. Div, formally, airy anxiety siren, and the time recognizes its belonging to the southeast somewhere, the Slavic Federation and the federal, according to official messages, the Constitution (as usual, the demuset among the civilian population on paper) does not recognize the Ninet, and only one of the laws and decrees of the Federalist.

Sky economy carries essential at the current wartime of blackness. Firstly, the highlanders in the bar, out of habit, call the situation in working with interruptions, and more often not working in dual power. But on the very, in general. Secondly, very close to business, it is more likely to resemble a layer of the airport near Podgorica, which is a pie. At the very top, in the sky - NATO. Already several times, the Allian -Lawn objects were bombarded near Podgritz Boms, there were grape plantations, and the famous and preset was being done from the very first night of the alliancy tank. Then the lull followed. Analyzed Montenegrin wine.

Tiki has already said that NATO regrets the examining ground layer for the second time of the democratic Dzhukanovyugoslav army (there are all of them in Yugoslav, but after a week and a half VII three again). Soon after the start of the NATO bombing. Now the Western observation of the brushwood Milosevich changed her leadership, appointing, according to local and Western analysts, the generals who were most loyal to his government. In Montenegro, they began to prepare for the military coup.

So far, the coup is not observed, but the army is slowly fighting with the government of Dzhukanovich. Thousands of summons into the army were sent throughout Montenegro. How much no one knows how certainly no one knows how many Montenegrins obediently came to military service. “But I can tell you, says Milan Rogin that the army is unhappy with a turnout.” The Montenegrin government ruled that the call should not violate the work of Montenegrin production, but there are no power to protect their citizens from the Military Court of Montenegro, and at least three people have been awarded to several years of prison for refusing to carry military service. The army caught the kind of Western journalists by Dzhukanovich. According to the rules of martial law announced by the federal government, journalists are obliged to apply for accreditation to military instances. According to official Serbian media, several journalists have already been expelled outside Montenegro, although the Montenegrin authorities deny this. In the meantime, Dzhukanovich turned to journalists with a request not to come too close to military facilities in Montenegro. In particular, do not leave on the territory that have been subjected to * bombing.

The next layer of the pie the Montenegrin authorities themselves. Literally on every corner in Podgorica there are Montenegrin police officers in body armor, with Kalashnikov assault rifles in their hands. In total, in Montenegro, according to official figures, 10 thousand police officers, and the Montenegrin authorities have already stated that the inviolability of the republic will defend all 10 thousand plus the entire Montenegrin people, whose number is more than 600 thousand. There is no doubt that the police are really loyal to the teeth of the police. Sdzhan Darmanovich, director of the Center for Democracy and Human Rights, a former deputy of the Yugoslav parliament and the author of two books about the transition period in Eastern Europe, believes that in Montenegro it is possible to maintain a shaky balance precisely because Dzhukanovich managed to put his people at the head of the prime minister of the republic. “Power departments are a traditional base of any totalitarian regime, and in particular Serbian,” says Darmanovich. “Dzhukanovich managed to oppose himself to Miloshevich in his own territory.” In January last year, on the eve of the inauguration of Dzhukanovich of the Chernogorsk police, it was possible to suppress street riots, inspired, as they believe here, by the federal government (according to the Serbian media, participated from several tens to several hundred thousand people. Local authorities say that there were several thousand participants).

Explosive bottoms

The penultimate layer - the Montenegrin in the power of Montenegro claim: kind. The authorities, of course, argue that the wise people, being incredibly wise, understands everything, understands everything. That is, bombs are, of course, that the real culprit of the war is not good, but the fault of the policy of Miloshevich.

Milosevich. To measure the public but citizens are much more willing to scold opinion, and even in such a restless ravitar me, it is naturally very difficult, but only one person fell to my government and NATO (not counting and arranging officials), adhering to the demonstration of such views, and this person was in support of Serbia of the Chernogorsk Albanian (about 7 (about 7 photos above). The percentage of the Chernogorsk population of the Chernogorsk population is growing. Nicky Albanians). The ethnic identification of Montenegrins is clear and with pleasure mention three facts: firstly, the Montenegrins, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the most tall nation in Europe told me Ranko Krivokapich.

- I'm sorry? I asked. - Well, we fought against the Turks and won thanks to growth.

And this is a fact number two: the Montenegrins suffered under the Turkish yoke for several centuries less than the Serbs. And finally, the third fact. Most of the Montenegrins - the numbers range from 62 to 64 percent consider themselves ethnic blacktob highlanders. In the representative office of the UN Supreme Commissioner, I managed to find data from the last census of the 1991 population. Then the Montenegrins called 380 467 of 615 035 inhabitants, that is, a little less than 62 percent. The catch, however, is in another: a significant part of this group - no one already remembers how much they consider themselves both Montenegrins and Serbi Mi. This is in addition to 10 percent who simply consider themselves Serbs.

Given the universal rise in Serbian nationalism after NATO bombing, Dzhukanovich probably has something to be afraid. On the other hand, supporters of the Montenegrin self -independence are dissatisfied with Dzhukanovich: they scold him for that he does not energetically achieve the separation. Actually, Dzhukanovich never stated that it was independent Montenegro that is his ultimate goal. “He hopes too much for the strategy,” says Marco Spadi ER, a former journalist, member of the Montenegrin Central Committee (“Our Suslov”, explained by a friend of Sparidier, who was sitting down in the cafe), now the Secretary General of Matina Montenegro, which is defending the Black -Trinity of Montenegrin. Intellectuals trying, as they say, to “recreate” the ideas of Montenegrin ethnic identity, while supporting Dzhukanovich. But they all violently criticized him in the past and will certainly begin to criticize again if it seems to them that he was sacrificing too much for the sake of preserving the world.

So, if in Montenegro the struggle for power leads to an open clash, which now seems almost inevitable, Clack Dzhukanovich will be clamped on two sides of the indignant public.

And finally, the Montenegrin pie has another, lower, layer, in itself quite explosive, these are refugees and forced immigrants. After the war in Bosnia and Croatia, about 30 thousand refugees settled here, mainly ethnic Serbs. With the beginning of the conflict, Kosovo Albanians began to arrive in Kosovo. Before the NATO bombing of the Albanian immigrants, there were about 25 thousand. Now about 65 thousand were added to them. In total, at the moment, according to the Montenegrin Commissariat of Refugees, forced immigrants and refugees are 16 percent of the population of Montenegro. It is possible that here the Montenegrins will be able to apply for a place in the Guinness Book of Records: although in Macedonia and Albania the number of refugees is greater, its percentage of it is much smaller in relation to the permanent population.

Both according to officials and in the opinion of representatives of international organizations, Montenegro refers to refugees and immigrants exemplary and indivisively. Firstly, it allows everyone, and secondly, it settles and distributes help much better than Albania and Macedonia.

However, according to the Reuters agency, last Thursday, the Yugusel authorities banned the transport of humanitarian aid through the port of the bar.

Meanwhile, there are only two ways to stop the export of capital from the country. In the first, our rulers practiced as long as seventy years - monopoly ownership of the state of currency values and state monopoly for foreign trade. What it turned out for the population does not need to describe. But there were no problems with the export of capital then.

Almost all responsible officials spoke about the second more than once: the reasons for the leakage of capital are in the economic field, and this problem cannot be solved by administrative measures. Simply put, the country should have economic conditions under which money would be profitable to work in Russia. This is clear to everyone. Nevertheless, all to a single attempt to stop the outflow of capital from the country came down to the introduction of administrative restrictions. And they all did not give any results. Almost immediately after the authorities introduced one or another restriction of the country, the country left the billion. "Well, so I am inexperienced, I study." They love a moat (in 1996, to say such information to the director of factories: “It was thrown by Alexander Handley to journalists like blind kittens, in the abyss of the market, Ruev, who temporarily performing us and learn from our mistakes.” This duties of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation).

The method, however, often cannot be expected that the authorities will be inactive. The first, maximum of the second Vali. The control system was created at a time, the entrepreneur will be believed, but on payments under import contracts the third will be suspected.

The next method of transferring money for the Central Bank and the Code of Civil Procedure monitors all imported transactions and control the import of goods on the expense of the line - manipulations with prices. On advances what were listed abroad. But even thoroughness with a foreign partner, having learned that a certain company that has sent you can underestimate export prices. The pride to the west, did not bring goods to the country to give goods not one hundred dollars, as it is established by the instructions of the Central Bank and the Code of Civil Procedure, but thirty. Then, again, for six months, to punish the company and return the money to the agreement with the partner, the difference of Peoni most often cannot. According to the banal, it is referred to in the account in a foreign bank.

Import prices, on the contrary, the company is registered with linden addresses and documents, and then a large amount is exported, it is impossible. As well as prohibit what it should be. True, the amount of customs taxes will also be a little more. But Russian citizens register companies and import.

You can save on income tax. What they did not try to make a nursely authorities made a new attempt to block this channel. The Central Bank actually banned Russian importers (with rare exceptions) to work with counterparties on prepayment conditions. Since March 22, importers working on prepayment are required to deposit the amount of advance in their bank. The deposit will be returned after the actual import of goods to the country. In other words, if the importer wants to import goods into the country for a hundred dollars and pay it in advance, then he must have another hundred dollars in rubles, which should be frozen until the transaction is completed.

This innovation will certainly become a problem for one-day firms. However, with a great degree of confidence, it can be argued that the crooks would be quite* string to find a decent response to the authorities. Entrepreneurs found a way for him this was what our interlocutor -Bobility told us or invented a new one.

Entrepreneur: “Suppose I am the most entertaining thing that all the methods of a large oil refinery of money are well known not only to a factory. I conclude an agreement with a certain entrepreneurs themselves, but also to the authorities. A small intermediary company, and the saddest thing that the knowledge that is the money that I create, does not distill Milstrane, since the lines of dollars for this company are in pain, it simply cannot conclude the Import of goods to do anything or absence for me, transfers money for the corresponding domestic borders, and the goods are not received. This fact is new, or the laws of other countries where it is injected. I, as the director of the plant, pioneer Russian money.

I file a lawsuit. But the intermediary company has no more possibilities for assets, the director quit. As a result, the company is buried abroad, I am buried, I am clean, and the foreign economic act who wishes is successfully written off for losses. ”

Telity. Most often, for these purposes, another option with external economy and fictitious imported activities are placed. The non-return of money (vacontractions on behalf of the one-day company. Revolution from export) or did not not have the same “horns and hooves” bet the goods at the expense of the transferred quite real export of goods, the semiavas can be dumped on the dishonest money, which is not the revenue of foreign partners to Russia. “They move me because they settled on foreign manual my foreign partner, I am not so many. Then the company is liquidated.

I was bending money, I am a victim. You state money transferred abroad, you are strong, help you get my form of advance payment for future tunes back, ”says entrepreneurships, also often not a returning. The authorities ask him what he is about. Only in 1994-1995 he thought so, why did not take the guarantees of payment?

Min anxies to suppress such fraud, even provided ordinary inspectors with a list of estimated prices that should be guided by the calculation of the customs value of the goods. But the whole trick of the scheme is that customs officers react only to low import prices, because then the treasury does not receive taxes. And the overstated prices are not disturbing them little - the taxes are coming.

Another loved one by fellow citizens is a way to take money from Russia is the export of services. Fictive, of course. The entrepreneur transfers money as a payment for conducting various kinds of marketing, consulting, sociological surveys, etc. It was impossible to prove that no research was conducted, as well as to challenge the cost of allegedly completed services: it is a contractual case.

Baltic direction

One of the most popular capital flight routes is Latvian. Financial transit through Latvia by Russian

Many Latvian banks provide capital, with the exception of a couple of state and subsidiaries of Western. All operations are performed right in Moscow. Semi -legal schemes are combined with frankly “black”. Sometimes the money is accepted in cash in the offices of Russian firms and even in apartments. All this is proudly called the representative offices of Latvian banks in Russia (though they forget that representative offices do not have the right to conduct banking operations).

The advantage of working with Latvian banks is that they accept and convert rubles, as well as the currencies of the CIS countries. And the schemes they use are extremely simple. The first suggests two participants - a Russian company and offshore, registered anywhere, but with a score in the Latvian bank. The Russian company through the Russian bank transfer money (anyway, rubles or other currency) to the offshore bank account on the basis of, for example, a contract for the provision of the same marketing services. The Latvian bank carries out the converting of money into any currency and transfers further where the client will say. True, according to the results of the year, the Russian company will have to pay taxes. The second option involves a larger number of participants - already two Russian companies and offshore, but in the end it turns out to be more reliable and effective. One of the firms is quite legal, but the second will still be fake, as well as offshore (for example, with fake documents). The legal structure, through the mediation of linden, concludes the same marketing contract with offshore. Money is pumped under it at offshore. Unlike the first scheme of this case, the legal company will not have problems with taxes. They should pay a linden (because the money for services is transferred to her), which is in a timely manner. The answer to the legal company will be simple to tax authorities: “Here is my contract, here is my marketing, here is my payment, and where is this intermediary company, I don’t know.”

Latvian banks make it quite decently. Their profit consists of a fee for converting, a commission for receiving cash and for the issuance of cash dollars. Plus the turnover of customer money. The average turnover of the Middle Bank for such operations a couple of years ago was $ 10-15 million per month.

The legal company mentioned above can manage the funds on the offices of the offshore company via the Internet using the so -called code keys and passwords that the bank reports to it - then it does not matter in whose name the offshore is registered.

Despite the obvious illegality of such schemes (about the same way, money is transferred to all Western banks), they represent little dangers for users.

Latvian legislation, like the laws of many other countries, does not contain direct prohibitions for national commercial banks to open accounts to Russian legal entities and individuals. Latvian bankers only say about the oral recommendation of the Bank of Latvia to refrain from conducting such operations. True, these recommendations are listed little. If only because Latvians earn almost half of their profit precisely on serving financial transit from Russia. And the GDP of Latvia is mainly formed at the expense of services, and among the latter financial ones clearly prevail. So it is unlikely that a concern for their own reputation or consideration of morality will force the recently arising Baltic banking system to abandon the convenient way of initial capital accumulation. Latvian bankers are much more than the bankers of Western countries, they value customers. Despite the recommendations of Latvia Bank, they will not refuse to open an account. And they will welcome a profitable partner in every way, they will help buy offshore. And even more so they will not be interested in the origin of money. “We consider it rudeness to ask the client where he got the money. There is a mole! Welcome. Our work is to serve the client, and not to replace law enforcement agencies, ”the head of one of the Latvian banks said in an interview with a correspondent of“ results ”. Bankers from offshore zones think similarly.

At the same time, the bank secret of Riga or Vilnius is not less sacred than in the traditional banking capitals of the West. In the same Latvia, the secret of the deposit and its belonging can be disclosed by a commercial bank only at the request of the court or prosecutor’s office on the basis of the initiated criminal case. The Russian prosecutor’s office repeatedly sent requests for the disclosure of bank accounts to Latvian colleagues, but not one was satisfied. Apparently, it is much more difficult for Russian law enforcement agencies to find a language with colleagues from Latvia than Russian clients of Latvian banks.

Not caught

Finally, according to lawyers, one of the most reliable (in the sense that the authorities will not find, and if they find, they will not prove guilt) ways to export capital purchase of an offshore company. It is almost impossible to stop and even control the intention of Russians to buy offshore. For this, at least the agreements of the Russian Central Bank with the central banks of the countries where offshores are acting are needed on the availability of information about Russian clients. And no one will ever go to this - simply because it is precisely foreign customers who bring the main income of offshore zones.

Despite the fact that, in principle, the very fact of the purchase of a foreign company by law requires the appropriate permission of the Central Bank, almost no one refers to it, not at all fearing subsequent sanctions. The fact is that all the design of offshore and operations is carried out through foreign lawyers who will never “pass” the client otherwise they will lose their business from which they feed. According to a banking lawyer specializing in foreign currency control, in 4 years he has never heard that at least one offshore would seriously “cover” the Russian law enforcement agencies. It is practically impossible to prove the belonging to a particular person perhaps on the basis of testimony. In addition, there is no criminal liability for Offshore either. The main thing is not to be mistaken with the choice of the country where you purchase the company. This should be the state with which Russia has signed an agreement to eliminate double taxation. By the way, why are Cypriot offshores so popular, which have been sharpened by the teeth of power on recently, intending to somehow cover this matter? With Cyprus, there is just such an agreement, it is located relatively close to Russia, an entrance visa is not required there.

The abundance of advertising is evidenced by the abundance of advertising among our fellow citizens: over the past few years, the press pages are full of ads such as “offshore” or “real estate abroad”. This real estate is paid, as a rule, through the same offshores, that is, from the point of view of Russian law, illegally.

Meanwhile, in all foreign countries, it is believed that the export of money from Russia is only its problem. Money goes to where with their help you can earn even more, and in another place they can’t hold it with any forces.

With the participation of Irina Andreeva