Translated material
Chapter 2. Ideological anti-Semitism and its aspects
Most anti-Semites in Russia cannot rationally substantiate and coherently state their dislike for Jews. However, to one degree or another, this "majority" is the consumer of Judeophobic myths on the part of the "minority" - people who can coherently state why they do not like Jews. Ideological anti-Semitism will be discussed in this chapter.
Ideological anti-Semitism, in contrast to everyday anti-Semitism, based on prejudice and rationally unmotivated prejudice, is based on one or another worldview, it seems to follow from the ideological position of a person.
We will look at some of the myths of ideological anti-Semitism. To facilitate this task, we will conditionally divide the entire system of anti-Semitic mythology into "aspects", separate sides, facets with their own themes and their own characteristics. We consider it our main task to reveal the internal logic of these "aspects". First, we will designate the "aspects" of ideological anti-Semitism, which we conditionally single out for the convenience of analysis, and then we will consider each of these aspects in more detail.
Most often, anti-Semitism manifests itself in its social aspect. In this case, the figure of the mythical "Jew" as an enemy is located in the social plane. This motive is exploited in a wide variety of variations: the Jews are not engaged in productive labor, they are parasites on the body of a healthy nation; Jews are only capable of theft and financial fraud; by means of the most dishonest means, stopping neither at lies nor at crimes, the Jews climb up the social pyramid and become corrupt journalists, hypocritical politicians, dishonest businessmen. Having entangled the whole society with their tentacles, the Jews begin to ruthlessly exploit the population. This aspect of anti-Semitic ideology is inherent in left-wing, anti-capitalist political groups, but it is also used by right-wing radicals (often for purely populist purposes). The full version is the social aspect of anti-Semitism in its most elaborate form. Much more common are individual statements based on the perception of the Jews as a socially alien element, harmful and exploitative, who will never perceive the country of residence as their own. This idea is expressed in various private statements: Jewish businessmen are dishonest, Jewish journalists only need to sling mud at everything that is sacred to a Russian person, during the Great Patriotic War, Jews "fought in Tashkent", etc. Within the framework of this ideological complex, the "Jew" is conceived as a negative figure precisely as a representative of a certain social corporation, and not by virtue of its own ethnic origin or religion.
The conspiracy aspect of anti-Semitism is associated with the idea of a worldwide conspiracy. As a rule, anti-Semitic conspiracy theories are based on the theses of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and abundant secondary literature on this topic. Sometimes the mythical enemy is labeled not as a Jew, but as a representative of a euphemistically designated force ("Zionists", "Zionomasons", "world behind the scenes", "God's chosen ones", etc.). However, these euphemisms should not be misleading - we are talking about confronting a mythological monster, an aggressive and cunning weaver of the network of a world conspiracy, whose members are precisely Jews, although, perhaps, not all representatives of this people, but only "initiates". The idea of conspiracy theory is understandable - it is an attempt to explain the course of world history without delving into the intricacies of socio-economic, cultural, geopolitical and other global processes. Everything is simple - something happens because it is beneficial to someone; since the causal relationship is not clearly visible, it is clear that the main events are happening "behind the scenes" of Big History. The whole world, therefore, is the scene of action of invisible, mysterious, but almost omnipotent forces acting like a cunning puppeteer. Naturally, such a model can be taken seriously only by a person whose level of mythologization of consciousness is much higher than the average. However, it should be noted that the disoriented post-Soviet consciousness is characterized by such pseudo-scientific concepts that easily explain the course of world history. After the collapse of the Soviet-Marxist macrohistorical formational model, such theories (from Gumilev's ethnogenesis to Fomenkov's hypercriticism) gained wild popularity among the reading public interested in history. The role of conspiracy theory for the modern Russian mentality can only be understood from the general context of the mass historical consciousness of Russians.
A separate section of the anti-Semitic ideology has a pronounced religious character. Often it is Judaism that causes negative emotions, and the Jew as such is perceived as a negative figure only to the extent that he is the bearer of the religious tradition or its stereotypes in a secular form. Criticism of Judaism can be conducted from a variety of positions. The most common are anti-Judaic statements based on Christian dogma: the Jews crucified Christ, they drink the blood of Christian babies and are waiting for their Messiah, who is identical to the Antichrist. For the mass Christian consciousness, a Jew is not just a representative of one of the alternative faiths. The figure of the Jew in the Christian mentality (especially traditional, and Orthodoxy is the least innovative Christian denomination) is largely demonized, the Jew is perceived as a conscious conductor of the will of the Devil and an opponent of God. Anti-Jewish materials occupy an important place in the Orthodox-patriotic press, moreover: for the media with a pronounced religious specificity, anti-Semitism is not a marginal topic, it is conceptual, for Orthodox publicists it is natural to constantly turn to Jewish topics, covering it with a pronounced negative emotional coloring. This aspect of anti-Semitism is important to most of today's ultra-right, as this camp is traditionally religious. If we talk about mass consciousness, then here the picture is somewhat different. Since people who preserve the traditional Christian worldview among our contemporaries are a minority, the religious aspect of anti-Semitism in a conceptually and logically completed form is significant only for a small part of the population - the conservative part of the flock of the Orthodox Church, supporters of right-wing radical fundamentalist or pagan ideologies. However, since even in its modern, secular form, our culture is still based on the guidelines and values of the Christian worldview, the importance of stereotypes of religious consciousness should not be underestimated. In addition, in our country, traditional Christian prejudice was superimposed by atheistic propaganda that castigated the false and inhuman Old Testament religion. Today, not only Orthodox, but also many non-believers, or vaguely believing "in something" (like the majority of the population of our country), people, due to traditional prejudices, may be seriously interested in whether it is true that "Jews add blood to matzah" or talk about about what repulsive holidays "these Jews and their cruel god" have - either on the occasion of the death of the Egyptian first-born, or in memory of the massacre of the Persians.
The racial aspect of anti-Semitism in its purest form, with a full ideological basis (the idea of the heterogeneity of humanity, the plurality of centers of human origin and the various paths of evolution of primates, fundamental differences between human races, etc.) is quite rare. Still, for the post-Soviet consciousness, orthodox racism is quite justifiably associated with Hitlerism, in whose ideology the Slavs were also designated as an inferior race. However, in a moderate, eclectic and logically incomplete form, this aspect is quite applicable to anti-Semitism towards Jews. For the radical xenophobic Russian consciousness, Jews are a negative figure not because of their religion, profession or social status, but simply because of their origin. The most common anti-Semitic myths in the mass consciousness - Jews cannot be trusted due to the initial deceit and depravity of this people, Jews are unclean, they naturally have a bad smell or innate negative character traits - all these ethnic stereotypes are elements of racist methodology taken out of context. In the most moderate ideologically finished form, this idea is expressed in the concept of the incompatibility of various ethnic civilizations (the contribution of the Jews to Russian culture is rather negative, the Jews erode the cultural fund of the surrounding nations, etc.). For example, according to L. Gumilyov, an ethnically and culturally heterogeneous civilization is not viable, destructive for mingling peoples and dangerous for others (Gumilyov calls such a “hybrid” community with a clearly negative intonation a “chimera” (1) ).
The last of the notable individual aspects can be mentioned "anti-Zionism". The anti-Israeli aspect of propaganda may well be kept within the correct framework - no one is forbidden to express their opinion and support one side or another in violent international conflicts. However, it is rather difficult for anti-Israeli publicists (not least because of the stereotypes of late Soviet propaganda) to resist the temptation to slide from criticism of Israel's policy towards the Palestinians in the occupied territories to arguments about the inherent depravity of Judaism and the cruelty and immorality of the Jews. It is illegal, of course, as some publicists sometimes do, to automatically label as anti-Semites all those who consider it their duty to express their support in the protracted Middle East conflict to the Arabs, and not to the Jews. But it is impossible not to notice that, on the one hand, the anti-Israeli position often means the author's hidden or explicit anti-Semite phobia, and on the other hand, anti-Zionism is an integral part of the anti-Semitic ideology. However, for a number of reasons, we will not consider anti-Zionism in detail. It would be an exaggeration to qualify any criticism of Israel as "anti-Semitism." This topic is so complex and delicate that it requires a separate close study and is worthy of separate consideration. In those cases, when behind the anti-Israeli rhetoric there is a pronounced hatred of the Jewish people, on closer examination it is obvious that the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is only an excuse to express one's religious, racial, etc. hatred for Jews.
Of course, the aspects of anti-Semitism that we have identified are rather arbitrary. In reality, they often do not occur on their own, they are intertwined, forming a complex pattern of anti-Semitic mythology. However, in order to penetrate into its logic, it seems justified to consider separately the aforementioned aspects.
A detailed consideration of various aspects will be illustrated with quotes from various right-wing publications. In this chapter, we consider anti-Semitism in its most overt, and at the same time - the most developed form, that is, such as it is inherent in the ideology of Russian right-wing radicals today.
2.1. The social aspect of anti-Semitic propaganda
The approach to social problems of nationalists-anti-Semites is peculiar. Anti-Semites, accepting in general (though not all), with reservations, the ideological system of the permanent class struggle of the "tops" and "bottoms", argue that "oppression" as such is possible only in a nationally heterogeneous society in which representatives of the minority, vicious carriers spirit alien to the people, occupy a dominant position. In a truly national state, oppression and contradiction between the interests of various social groups are impossible. Anti-Semites actively exploit the corporatist (i.e., initially fascist) idea of solidarity between different strata of society in the conditions of the nation state as a single organism.
However, from the point of view of anti-Semites, the current situation requires the Russian people to fight for national liberation; he is oppressed nationally and socially by “large corporate structures, that is, associations of the so-called “new Russians” who steal and fatten at the expense of the entire nation. The ruling elite is not just financial oligarchs and corrupt politicians controlled by them; all of them, regardless of their nationality, are "proteges" of the real rulers of this world (foreign, of course), anti-national "agents of influence" of pro-Western forces.
The social ideas of the anti-Semites are not only that the figure of class and national enemy merge primitively. Many nationalists are sure that capitalism as such, as a model of the organization of society, is not only unjust, but also nationally alien to the Slavic (or, more broadly, Indo-European, "Aryan") mentality, unnatural. The myth of "national mentality" and the speculations that follow from it are widespread among anti-Semites. Since the natural system for the Russian ethnos is allegedly just communal socialism, the very "implantation" of capitalism cannot be carried out by people "flesh of the flesh" of the people; all active "agents of Capital" either by blood or (if national alienness cannot be proved in any particular case) spiritually belong to a different national-mental type. And here a wide field is already opening up for xenophobic, and primarily anti-Semitic speculation. Anti-Semitism within the framework of this position is conditioned, among other arguments, by the fact that the Jew is primarily endowed with the functions of a "first-bourgeois", the embodiment of a disgusting "alienated" Capital. One of the commonplaces of anti-Semitic propaganda is the assertion that the Jews are parasites who never engaged in productive labor, but only appropriated by deceit what other nations were doing, among which the Jews lived. The following logically follows from this provision - Judaism gave rise to capitalist relations, alien to the "Aryan" peoples, as another means for a secret war for world domination. The origins of capitalism are seen in the Jewish spirit ("The Talmud is a Commercial Code that helps to profit at the expense of one's neighbor" (2) ): "Capitalism is a monstrous offspring of Jewishism - a soulless Golem animated by a rabbi-Kabbalist" (3) ) / The vicious characteristics of capitalism, the spirit of profit, inhumanity, etc. follow from the peculiarities of the Jewish mentality.
In its purest form, social anti-Semitism is the prerogative of the socialist movement, for which "Jewry" and "capitalism" are identical. However, right-wing ultranationalist elements a hundred years ago easily borrowed this complex of anti-Semitic mythologies from the left, and even enriched it. Following the tradition of historical fascism, modern Russian anti-Semites can argue that the communist ideology itself is artificially generated by the Jews to undermine the national solidarity of the "goyim": "Communists are people who recognize the tenets of an imported satanic ideology created by the representative of the international kahal, the satanist Marx and introduced into our territory by a gang international serious Jewish criminals, led by Satan in human form, a bloody chief pogromist, an agent of world Zionism, a burry syphilitic Ulyanov-Blank" (4) . Only an enemy of the state and the nation could come up with a doctrine that splits a consanguineous and, more importantly for Russian conservatives, one-religious society into warring camps, a doctrine that legitimizes violence in society. Jews are seen as the main carriers and distributors of communism, which, due to its destructiveness for the Russian people, is put on a par with Zionism, Satanism and the New World Order (i.e., ideologies designed to enslave the nation, ultimately, again, Jewishness). From the point of view of anti-Semites, any socialist rhetoric in the mouths of the Jews is in fact only a cover for genuine plans for the destruction of the national order. The workers and peasants are no less victims of the conspirators than the clergy and nobility. Naturally, according to this logic, at a deep level, Jewish revolutionaries and "plutocrats" are aware of their unity and common goals. Facts - real and imaginary - are often cited as arguments - the financial assistance of American bankers to Russian revolutionaries (5) . For example, the Black Hundred newspaper cites a "secret circular from the Petrograd department of the International Union of Israelites" allegedly found in the pocket of a certain Red commander Zunder, who was killed in December 1919. The "source" says: "We buy up state loans and thus dominate the world's stock exchanges. Power is in our hands, but be careful! Do not trust deceptive, dark forces. Bronstein (Trotsky), Apfelbaum, Rosenfeld, Steinberg - all of them, like many others are the faithful sons of Israel" (6) .
According to the traditional nationalist scheme, the people are a kind of patriarchal family - it is headed by a legitimate tsar-priest (or Leader), who cares for all his subjects, the harmony of the estate system reigns in society, in which each group performs its functions by some analogy with body organs. This lubok-patriarchal idyll, however, does not provide for the emergence of a group isolated from society. Naturally, only these outsiders, "infiltrating" society, but at the same time maintaining their own (secret) hierarchy, can benefit from the collapse of such a stable and prosperous society. Moreover, these strangers (Jews, of course) are driven by the desire to seize power, which the anti-Semites do not doubt for a minute.
Based on modern Russian material, anti-Semites easily find, as it seems to them, ever new confirmations of their theory. Among the so-called. "Oligarchs", big bankers and stockbrokers Jews make up a significant percentage. This means that the Jews, by manipulating democratic institutions (alien to the Russian consciousness), actually control the state. With the help of media holdings, "plutocrats" shape public opinion that is beneficial to them (7) . Often, modern media are directly associated with Jews, no less than, say, the Cheka of the first years of Soviet power (8) . For example, the showing of the film "The Last Temptation of Christ" on the NTV channel is interpreted as a deliberate abuse by Jews of the feelings of the Orthodox, "stupefaction and corruption" of Russian people who are not steadfast in faith, and a provocation of anti-Semitic speeches.
The description of the social aspect of anti-Semitism can be summed up with the above quotation from the magazine "Elements": "in the social sense, the figure of the "Jew" is identified with usury, capital, cynical and corrupt journalists, with clan mutual responsibility, with contempt for the "goyim", with unrighteous wealth , with a readiness to betray and sell, in a word, with the System" (9) .
2.2. The conspiracy aspect of anti-Semitic propaganda ("conspiracy theory")
The most common model of ideological anti-Semitism is the idea of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy. However, this idea within the framework of various ideologies is refracted in a different, often contradictory way. It is easy to see that different versions of conspiracy anti-Semitism contradict each other. The Orthodox fundamentalist is convinced that Jews are plotting against Christianity; neo-pagans, on the other hand, argue that Christianity itself is a product of a Jewish conspiracy against other peoples (it should be noted that although neo-paganism as a conscious confessional choice is rather exotic and not widespread, elements of neo-pagan mythology have quite widely spread into mass culture through various channels, among which, in particular, fantasy literature, popular historical and religious-esoteric works, etc.). Therefore, conspiracy anti-Semitism is not an ideology that ensures popularity; it divides rather than unites anti-Semites.
The conspiracy theory is fascinating, it objectively has a certain appeal, because it makes the story more exciting, "alive" and "voluminous". Many publications simply specialize in revealing more and more aspects of the anti-Semitic conspiracy. In the anti-Semitic political ideology, it is the idea of a conspiracy of the "wise men of Zion" that plays the main role.
According to the most "condo", and at the same time - the most common ideologeme, all the negative events taking place in the world and in our country are the result of the activities of subversive forces, and, naturally, Jewish ones. The "wise men of Zion" are behind practically all revolutions and wars, step by step bringing the absolute domination of the behind-the-scenes masters closer. Since the publication of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, this myth has undergone little change; everything that happens in the twentieth century, from the point of view of the followers of this ideology, only confirms their correctness.
The scheme of this Jewish conspiracy, according to the traditional anti-Semitic myth, with minor variations, is as follows. Since ancient times (according to some theories - since the legendary times, for example, from Atlantis), some initially vicious civilization has been operating on Earth, the pole of absolute Evil in this world. According to some versions, they were originally Jews, according to others - the Jews were artificially "bred" by the metaphysical Enemy with optimal qualities for "agents of influence", genetically inherent in them. Throughout ancient, medieval and modern history, Jews, with the help of insidious conspiracies, using figureheads and economic channels of influence, seized more and more power, ruthlessly cracking down on the most principled and shrewd enemies. By the newest time, "Russia was the last stronghold of the Aryan spirit", "it stood in the way of the Levites claiming world domination, whose springboard was England (later - the USA), and the advanced avant-garde - Freemasonry and Judeo-Christianity." However, all attempts by the "Levites" to subjugate the Russian people to their power according to the "soft scenario" rolled out on the soil of Western Europe and the USA ended in failure. "Having a powerful and stable genotype, being numerous and settled over a vast territory, the Russian People, despite all the tricks that lasted for centuries, practically did not succumb to decomposition from the inside." Then the scenario of the October Revolution was put into action - through the efforts of foreigners, who deftly dragged Russia into the war and initiated the economic crisis, "Jewish commissars" came to power. A genocide was launched against the Russian people, which continues to this day (all political upheavals since 1917 are fiction, superficial processes, power is still in the hands of proteges of the Enemies who continue their anti-national policy) (10) .
For Orthodox anti-Semites, it is obvious that the driving force behind history is the Jewish hatred of the “gentile”, especially the Christian world, the desire to subjugate it and thereby bring closer their national eschatological triumph - the coming of the Messiah, in which fundamentalist Christians guess the Antichrist. In any case, the shadow of a Jewish conspiracy is visible behind all significant events in history - all revolutions, wars, economic crises are the result of the activities of secret Jewish forces striving for world domination. The presence of a conspiracy is confirmed by numerous documents, of which the most famous (but far from the only) are the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" (11) (typical assessment: "More than a hundred years ago, the Zionist Jews (Satanists) developed a maximum program to seize power over the whole world Such unique secret Jewish documents were obtained by Russian patriots and published under the title "Protocols of the Elders of Zion"" (12) ). The authenticity of the "Protocols" for anti-Semites is indisputable. Moreover, this confidence is substantiated not only and not so much by source studies, philological and historical arguments (it would be incompetent to demand an obligatory rational or at least scientific justification from an ideological myth), but by "life itself" (13) . As the late Metropolitan John of St. Petersburg and Ladoga wrote, “what matters is not who they [the “Protocols” - V.L.] were drawn up, but the fact that the entire history of the 20th century corresponds with frightening accuracy to the ambitions stated in this document” (14) .
Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories are pessimistic. She proclaims that by the New Age, the tentacles of the Jewish conspiracy had already entwined the whole world, causing social cataclysms beneficial to the Jews. The only thing you can hope for in the fight against the all-powerful conspirators is the apocalyptic pictures of the triumph of faith and the coming of the Savior after the difficult period of the Antichrist's reign (which has either already begun, or is about to begin).
Some anti-Semites, in contrast to Orthodox fundamentalists, argue that Christianity, as a religion "invented by the Jews," is part of a conspiracy. According to this scheme, the dominance of the Jews was already established by the tenth century. At this time, the baptism of Rus' and Iceland, the last strongholds of the ancient Aryan spirituality in Europe, falls. In addition to the spread of Christianity, the Jews "sought to gain world power through the mastery of finance and trade, which they achieved by the 10th century, entangling the whole world with an invisible financial web" (15 ) . Since then, the forces of world Jewry have carried out only more and more enslavement of peoples. All apparent global changes, wars and revolutions are only a change in the methods of this enslavement, which does not fundamentally change the real state of affairs.
Like Christians, neo-pagan racists see the current state of affairs as dire, but not hopeless. They constantly express the hope that healthy national forces still remain among the Russian people, thanks to which they will still be able to "free themselves from the fetters of the Jews, establish a justly organized life for themselves, become an object for imitation of all the peoples of the world <...>, and leave no place anywhere for the parasitic existence of the Jews" (16) . This constant danger for the Jewish world government explains the constant mimicry of the ruling stratum, when "the Jews decide in words to meet the desires of the people, but in fact continue to solve their purely Jewish tasks" (17 ) . This model explains both the upheavals of 1917 and the fall of the communist regime. It would seem that such a vision of the situation does not give the slightest reason for optimism; however, a way out was found in the concept that with the onset of the astrological age of Aquarius, the era of Jewish dominion (the astrological age of Pisces) will end (18) . The zodiacal sign of Aquarius is identified with Russia, the sign of Pisces - with Judea. Thus, according to neo-pagans, at the beginning of the 21st century, almost two thousand years of planetary domination of the Jewish people will end and the "era of Russia" will come.
2.3. The Religious Aspect of Anti-Semitic Propaganda
As is easy to see, religious anti-Semitism stems from the confessional orientation of nationalist ideologists, and in this regard, within the framework of various ideological-confessional schemes, various approaches to the "Jewish question" are possible. Therefore, it seems justified to consistently consider the main right-wing radical ideologies and the role of religious anti-Semitism in them.
Modern religious (Orthodox) anti-Semitism in its main provisions is borrowed from the Black Hundreds at the beginning of the century. The main anti-Jewish mythologemes of Orthodox fundamentalism are the thesis of a God-killing people, the "blood libel" and the assertion of the metaphysical opposition to Christianity of Judaism, the latter's satanic essence. The Jews, who were given the covenant to carry the word of God to the surrounding nations, accepted the secondary idea of their national chosenness as the main one, and did not fulfill their part of the covenant; therefore the blessing of the Most High was taken from them, and the Son of God came into the world. The Jews, on the other hand, did not recognize the Messiah in Jesus, because, intoxicated with the idea of their own chosenness, they expected someone who would exalt them above the nations, and would not come to save all of humanity. Since then, the Jews have continued to persist in their error. The logical conclusion of this ideologeme is the identification of the Messiah expected by the Jews and the Christian Antichrist. Judaism is viewed as a collective "eternal Jew" who is in disfavor with the Almighty because of his own depravity and crimes. Thus, Jewry appears as a pole of metaphysical evil, theomachism, and, consequently, Satanism; Jewry is not only the enemy of mankind, but is the conscious enemy of God.
The Russian people, unlike the Jewish people, are a genuine God-bearing people, the pole of Good in the manifest world; the Jewish people "are guided in their national life by other principles." Through the conscious efforts of the latter, "with the help of a philosophy that destroys religious fundamentalism," many peoples of the world (including the Russian people under Soviet rule) came to atheism and materialism, from which "there remains one, the last step to conscious, ritual worship of absolute evil - devil" (19) . As a rule, within the framework of religious anti-Semitism, such a "metaphysical" side of the "Jewish question" is placed above any other - economic, cultural, etc. This follows from the general logic of the thinking of Orthodox anti-Semites: "Our litigation with the Jews is for the Promises of God, and not for who will grab a fatter piece or take a warmer place under the sun in this world" (20 ) .
According to the logic of Christian anti-Semitism, the Jews are conscious theomachists who hate Christianity (especially Orthodoxy, as its purest branch in form and content), realizing that it is right. The Jews did not accept Christ, although the prophets told them about his appearance. In this sense, the Jewish prophets are rather the forerunners of Christianity than of Talmudic Judaism. Judaism after Christ is illegitimate, it rests only on hatred of Christianity. Almost all the "old rightists" are sure that the Messiah, whom the Jews are waiting for, must be the exact opposite of the "gentile" Christ - that is, the Jews are waiting for the Antichrist. Therefore, Judaism, by and large, is identical to Satanism.
Naturally, since Judaism is considered a religion "from Satan", then its teaching must be vicious, cruel and immoral (for example, it is constantly stated that religious commandments tell Jews to deceive, rob, and kill non-Jews). Until now, many times refuted accusations of ritual murders emerge in anti-Semitic propaganda. However, we note that if the relationship "Judaism - Antichrist religion" - "Judaism - immoral religion" is unambiguous, then the feedback is not necessary. It is possible to describe Judaism as a misanthropic worldview both from an atheistic position (which is found in the "left-patriotic" press) and from a neo-pagan one (which also implies the depravity of the Christian worldview). Such models are already a relative novelty compared to the traditional anti-Jewish scheme. The model of a non-Christian (or even anti-Christian) "exposing" of Judaism was characteristic of both Hitler's ideology and Soviet anti-Semitism.
Neo-pagans, who are very active in their anti-Semitic propaganda, in contrast to the supporters of the above position, are sure that Christianity and Judaism are closely related and equally harmful religions (monotheism is generally offensive to a person, it brings up the psychology of a slave, it deprives a person of the joy of life and teaches a barbaric attitude towards nature ). According to their concept, the "Aryans" (first of all, the Slavs, as well as other Indo-European peoples) in the pre-Christian period had a highly developed statehood, fastened by a "native" religion and high morality. But the Jews, by definition striving for world domination, put an end to the "Golden Age" by their cunning. "The Jews realized that they could not defeat and subjugate other peoples by force of arms. Then Sinhedrin decided to defeat and subjugate the non-Jewish peoples not with weapons on the battlefield, but with cunning and deceit, enveloping consciousness with lies. <...> This is how the Christian religion arose , which still hangs like a stone around the neck of the gullible Russian people" (21) . The adoption of Christianity in Rus', according to the "Vedic" developments, was dramatized by the defeat of the Judaized Khazar Kaganate by pagan Russian soldiers that preceded this event. According to the most common neo-pagan model, "Prince Vladimir, the illegitimate son of Svetoslav (that's right! - V.L.) from the Jewish concubine Malka, had no legal rights to the Kiev throne and seized it by fratricide" (22 ) .
Thus, from the point of view of the pagans, Christianity is a religion artificially created by the Jews and introduced into non-Jewish peoples by their cunning and deceit. However, if neo-pagan ideologists can sometimes treat Christianity condescendingly (motivating this by the fact that the peoples have "reworked" harmful teachings), then such an attitude towards Judaism is impossible. Judaism, within the framework of this logic, is "monotheism squared", all the negative features of world religions are exaggerated in it, since it is it that is the "original source" of a vicious attitude towards the world: "The religion of the Jews, due to the fact that they, in principle, could never work, did not want to work and did not work, became the quintessence of an exploiting society, its idea Leaving other monotheistic religions far behind, Judovism determined by the twentieth century the face of the world community of all people, <...> developed to the highest degree all the vices of a predatory capitalist society, cultivating endless development of people's material needs to the detriment of their spiritual development" (23) . Judaism for neo-pagans is the primary ideology of misanthropy, a totalitarian ideology that does not recognize other positions (paganism is emphatically tolerant), and all the "sins" of Christianity are explained precisely by the Jewish heritage. At the same time, having invented Christianity for the "goyim" ("the main essence of which was reduced to the idea of the obedience of the conquered peoples, tolerance for power and cruel reprisal against the recalcitrant and dissidents" (24)) < the Jews themselves firmly hold on to their national (and moreover, ethnocentric ) religion.
2.4. Racial aspect of anti-Semitic propaganda
Racism in its Hitlerite (i.e., primarily anti-Semitic) form is not very popular in contemporary Russia. Only in radical anti-Semitic publications it is asserted that the Jew is an enemy of the human race by virtue of the very fact of being born a Jew; anti-Semitism is based on a factor that cannot be consciously changed - the factor of blood. Religion can be changed (a baptized Jew will look suspicious, but nothing more); the scope of banking operations can be changed to agriculture; but nothing can be done about the origin. The blame for "Jewish crimes" does not fall on the "savage Hasidic sect" or secret rulers, but on the whole people - by definition. It is the racial approach that distinguishes modern and contemporary anti-Semitism (including Nazi anti-Semitism) from the traditional medieval Christian religious approach, and it is this approach, with its ruthless and uncompromising posing of the issue, that made the Holocaust possible.
It is within the framework of orthodox Hitlerism that this aspect of anti-Semitism has the most developed ideological justification. Its logic is roughly as follows. History is a global confrontation between the Nordic "Hyperborean" race of "Aryans", anthropologically and spiritually beautiful, and the southern "Gandvanic" race of "subhumans", among which the Jews are the most ugly and immoral. Moreover, it is the latter who are not just "subordinate" in relation to the "Aryans", but their conscious and vile racial enemy. According to this ideologeme, the Jews attach not the least importance to intentional mixing with the "master race" precisely as a means of confrontation.
The Jews themselves, according to the most common concept, are a mixture of Nordic Aryan humanity, which came from the north to Egypt, and black humanity. At the same time, it is believed that white and non-white humanity are fundamentally different "kinds of people"; and with reference to Darwinism, it is stated that "during interspecific crossing, bastards are obtained - inferior creatures that violate the laws of self-development of nature" (25) . There are also more exotic points of view. In one book, for example, it is stated that the "followers of Moses" were "artificially and purposefully brought out of heaven by aliens to enslave mankind" (26) . According to another, recently published book, the Jews are the descendants of "bald swamp monkeys" (27) .
Thus, all the viciousness of the Jews, expressed later in Judaism and other teachings generated by it, is explained by the very origin of the Jews. Nobody is able to "fix" the genetic code, so the racial approach to the "Jewish question" is the most ruthless. Biological anti-Semitism claims to be scientific (the headings and headings of publications promoting it are typical: "Department of Social Genetics and Eugenics of the Russian University" (28) ; "Compilation of Genetics Textbooks" (29) ; etc.), but at the same time it differs in simply pathological forms . So, in one edition, on five pages, the external signs of Jews are painted "for real Russian readers for use in special conditions" (30) . Among these features: "3. Eyes. 3.1. Bulging eyes are one of the main features of most of the Jews. <...> There is a hypothesis explaining the origin of bulging eyes. Men more often retained their eyes in battle with wild animals if the eyes were deep set. Parasites, from generation to generation, did not risk either their lives or their eyes and multiplied faster, spreading the bug-eyed gene." Thus, we see a closely related ideological representation: Jews-physical freaks as a result of racial mixing - Jews-moral freaks - Jews-inventors of the most vicious and immoral doctrines; Jewish parasites who are not engaged in productive labor - Jews are cunning and unprincipled criminals, usurers, deceivers - Jews are secret world rulers.
In the modern Russian ideological space, this ideologeme in its pure form is found only among completely marginal racist groups. More often, manifestations of racial-biological anti-Semitism are weakly substantiated by rational arguments. This is the most chauvinistic anti-Semitic idea, but, as a rule, it is interpreted as something secondary and not fundamental, at most at the level of "on top of everything, the Jews are also ugly." However, the proclamation of anthropological disgust for Jews is widespread, especially in spoken language. Phrases like "ugly as a Jew", "Jewish tongue-tied" can be heard on the street and in transport, but people who use such expressions, as a rule, are not aware of the intricacies of racist theories, but simply follow the common xenophobic stamp of mass consciousness.
Even after such a cursory examination of the main elements of anti-Semitic ideology, it seems superfluous to expose them - this eclectic set of prejudices and phobias looks so absurd, contradictory and implausible. And, in fact, this is obvious to the vast majority of Russians. The experience of recent Russian political history has shown that the population is quite resistant to such clumsy and unhealthy propaganda. An insignificant percentage of voters vote for politicians who emphasize the exploitation of anti-Semitic myths in their ideology and propaganda. However, ideological anti-Semitism is dangerous because it feeds spontaneous xenophobia, being like a stone that has fallen into the water of mass consciousness, and generating divergent circles.
1 On Gumilev's concept of the Khazar Khaganate and its significance for the formation of modern Russian intellectual anti-Semitism, see: Shnirelman V. The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s - Jerusalem: The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2002. P.44-59; Rossman V. Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era - Lincoln - London: The University of Nebraska Press, The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2002. P. 72-101.
2 Yary V . Dialectics of History // Russian Truth (Ryazan issue), No. 2 (2), 1996.
3 Dobroslav [Dobrovolsky A.] The natural roots of Russian national socialism// Russkaya Pravda , special issue No. 1 (3), 1996.
4 AZLK workers . Letter to the Editor // Russian Order , No. 2 (5), March 20, 1993.
5 For example, often, with reference to the Philadelphia Press of February 19, 1912, the words of a certain banker Loeb are quoted: "Collect a fund to send weapons and leaders to Russia who would teach our youth to exterminate oppressors like dogs" ( cited in: Black Hundred , No. 8-9 (38-39), 1996).
6 Black Hundred , No. 3-4, 1999. P.15.
7 On the "Jewish media" see, for example: Rodionov G. "The Fourth Estate" and the Jews // Memory , No. 1 (16), 1998. P.3-5.
8 Countless publications and posters support this idea. The drawing is characteristic: the archetypal Bogatyr with a raised sword in one hand stands in front of a huge TV screen, from which streams of mud pour out and monstrous creatures with caricature underlined Semitic features of appearance protrude. With his free hand, the Bogatyr holds one of the "reptiles" by the neck. On the neck of the "reptile" is a six-pointed star. On the belt buckle of the Bogatyr there is a rounded swastika (on the shield - on the contrary, pointed, almost diamond-shaped), behind the back are the domes of the church. Caption under the picture: "Miscarriages of Zionism, tremble! The Russians are coming!"// Memory, No. 7 (22), 1997, p.15. It's funny that the weekly Volgograd Black-Hundred newspaper "Kolokol" to raise the popularity of the sadness of the television program, but at the same time accompanied it with the call: "Russian! Turn off the TV!".
9 Elements , No. 8, 1998, p. 71.
10 See, for example: Barkashov A. Exposed Doctrine // Russian Order , Nos. 1-3 (32-34), 1996.
11 It is not our task to refute one or another anti-Semitic mythology, for example, the thesis about the authenticity of the "Protocols". For a detailed proof of the forgery of this document, we refer the reader to the publications: Kon N. Blessing for genocide. The myth of the worldwide conspiracy of the Jews and the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" - M.: Progress, 1990; Dudakov S. History of one myth: Essays on Russian literature of the XIX - XX centuries - M .: Nauka, 1993; Burtsev V. In pursuit of provocateurs. "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" - a proven forgery - M., 1991. Of particular interest is a relatively recent study by the Ukrainian culturologist Vadim Skuratovsky, who allegedly identified the true author of the text of the "Protocols": Skuratovsky V. The problem of authorship of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" - Kiev: Duh Yo Leter, 2001.
12 Volokhov V . "Lords" of time // Our Fatherland , No. 42, 1995
13 Although attempts to scientifically prove the validity of anti-Semitism are constantly encountered, they, in fact, are not at all obligatory either in ideology (a person who does not believe in a Jewish conspiracy will not come to Memory ) or in propaganda (practice has shown that much more convincing arguments based on emotions rather than on facts and logic) of political organizations. Regarding attempts to prove the authenticity of the "Protocols" from a historical point of view, see, for example: Begunov Yu . Secret forces in the history of Russia - St. Petersburg: Izdatelstvo im. A.S. Suvorina, 1995. S.57-77.
14 Op. by: Filimonov S. "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" - the reality of our days // Kolokol (Volgograd), No. 89.
15 Kandyba V. Rigveda: Religion and ideology of the Russian people - St. Petersburg: Maket, 1996. P.89.
16 Does Russia need Pinochet? // Native spaces , No. 4 (39), 1998.
17 Ibid.
18 It seems that for the first time the model according to which the transition from one astronomical era to another will be accompanied by global changes in the balance of power on the world stage, which will lead to the birth of a new type of spirituality and the strengthening of Russia, was formulated in the works of the founder of the New Wave movement, Alice Bailey (see. about this Shnirelman V. The second coming of the Aryan myth / / Vostok , No. 1, 1998. P. 96-99). Bailey's works were translated into Russian (see, first of all, Bailey E. The Fate of Nations - M., 1994). However, in one form or another, this idea has been around in Western occult-nationalist circles since the beginning of the century (cf., for example. , Aleister Crowley's teaching on the "Aeon of Osiris", "Aeon of Horus" and "Storm of the Equinox"). Among domestic ideologists, as far as we know, the writer, publicist and myth-maker V. Shcherbakov was the first to pick up this idea.
19 Barkashov A. Metaphysics of Russian nationalism / / Russian Order , No. 3, December 24, 1992.
20 Bychkov R. What kind of anti-Semitism do we need? // Shturmovik , No. 13 (25), August 16-31, 1996.
21 Evseev D. Grandfather Ostromysl began to think / / Native spaces , No. 4 (31). C.3.
22 Op. by: Dobroslav . Decree. op. For the first time, as far as we know, the interpretation of the baptism of Rus' as an act of revenge by the half-Jew Vladimir for the defeat of Khazaria was given in the book by Valery Emelyanov "Desionization" (Paris, 1979).
23 Sokolov E., Fedosov V., Boykov A., Tishchenko A., Protasov B. Sanity / / Native spaces , No. 2 (26), 1995.
24 Kandyba V. Decree. op. S. 66.
25 Crossbreeds of distant species / / Native spaces , No. 2 (29), 1996, p.21.
26 Official Doctrine of the Spiritual Vedic Socialism Party, op. Quoted from: Shnirelman V. Aryanism from Hare Krishnas? // Diagnosis , November 1997, No. 2.
27 Popov V. Putin's Monkeys - M., 2002.
28 Russkaya Pravda (journal), No. 1 (7), 1998. P.32, heading "anthropology".
29 Native spaces , No. 2 (29), 1996. P.21
30 Russkaya Pravda (journal), No. 1 (7), 1998. P. 32-37.