Text of an independent examination within the framework of the claim of the Krasnodar prosecutor's office to recognize materials of Jehovah's Witnesses as extremist

We are publishing the text of one of the independent studies conducted as part of a lawsuit filed by the Krasnodar prosecutor's office to recognize three Watchtower magazines and the book Draw Close to Jehovah as extremist materials. The study was carried out by the head of the department of experimental lexicography of the Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradov RAS Professor A.N. Baranov.

Russian Academy of Sciences

Institution═ of the Russian Academy of Sciences

INSTITUTE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

them. V.V. Vinogradov═RAN

═

17.07.09. No. 14404-5114/138

to No. ___________________

Linguistic conclusion

Moscow

07/17/2009

To the Institution═ of the Russian═Academy═of Sciences═Institute of the Russian Language═im. V.V. Vinogradov RAS received a request from the lawyer of the Law Office of the Chamber of Lawyers of the Irkutsk Region Zhenkov Viktor Yuryevich to conduct a linguistic research══ fragments══ religious texts on the following list of questions:

1. Does the following text snippets contain:

═══- Because═Jehovah═can═adapt═to═any═situation, in═Holy Scripture═══════applies═ many different titles═ to═ him. They do not replace his personal name, but help us better understand his meaning. For example, God is said to be "the Lord Almighty Jehovah" (2 Samuel 7:22, NM). This magnificent title, which is a hundred times in the original text of the Bible, shows that Jehovah occupies what the right to be the ruler of the whole universe [the book "Click on Jehovah" , 2002, p. 11] (fragment 1).

═══- In the near future, angels will become the executors of God's judgment. Very soon, it will come with powerful angels in a flaming fire "in order to commit an excretion to those who do not know God and who will not obey the good maintenance of our Lord Jesus"═ (2 Thessalonians 1:7, 8).══ What═ will this═ mean═ for═ mankind? Those who do not respond to the good news about the Kingdom of God that is now being proclaimed throughout the earth will be destroyed. Only those who══ seek Jehovah══ seek righteousness and meekness,══ "will══ hide themselves══ in the day of Jehovah══ wrath"═ and be saved══ (Zephaniah═ 2:3,═ PAM)═ [The Watchtower Magazine "dated March 15, 2007, p. 25 Angels. How do they affect people's lives] (fragment 2)

═══- Attack═on═God's═people═ is everything═like═that═poke═a═finger═in═the═eye═of═Jehovah. He═will react═immediately and eliminate the enemies. Distinguished by unity and love, Jehovah's servants are the most peaceful and law-abiding people on earth. Therefore, an attack on them will be ═ completely unjust - there is no justification for such an action. ═ Jehovah═ very much "loves═ justice"══ and═ will not tolerate═ such iniquity. When he stands up for his servants, their enemies will be destroyed forever. Those who worship the one true God will be granted salvation and justice will be done. What great events await us in the near future! (Proverbs 2:21, 22) [The Watchtower magazine═ of 08/15/2007, p. 26 Jehovah loves justice] (fragment 3).

- the sads of the only thing show that there is a lot, the ruler of the universe, and the rule of the reign is right away. The past millennia have shown that Satan, who became "the ruler of this world", established a government based on lawlessness, injustice and violence, which turned out to be completely untenable (John 12:31). Also, the rule of men under the leadership of Satan, which for many centuries brought only grief and disappointment to mankind, showed that they are not able to rule in justice (Jeremiah 10:23). It can be seen that if people reject the authority of Jehovah, then whatever form of government they establish, their efforts are doomed to failure. And history convincingly proves this [The Watchtower magazine of 08/15/2007, p. 28 Suffering can serve us well] (fragment 4).

═══- Since Jehovah allowed the people who rejected him to experiment with different forms of government for thousands of years, he now has every right to remove all these systems of government from the earth and replace them with his own government. This is what the Bible prophecy says: “In the days of those kingdoms [earthly governments], the God of heaven will set up a kingdom [his heavenly government headed by Christ], which will never be destroyed ... it will crush and destroy all kingdoms, but will itself stand forever” (Daniel 2:44). Demonic rule, like the rule of humans, will come to an end, and only God's heavenly kingdom will rule the earth. Jesus Christ will be the King and he will have 144,000 co-rulers - people faithful to God, taken from the earth (Revelation 14:1). [Watchtower Magazine, 08/15/2007, p. 28 Suffering can serve us well] (fragment 5).

═══- The Word of God helps sincere people identify the true religion and those who belong to it, especially in these last days when Jehovah has exalted the true religion over the false (Isaiah 2:2,3; Malachi 3:18). Isaiah 60:2, 3 shows how different true religion is from false religion. It says: “Darkness shall cover the earth, and deep darkness the nations, but Jehovah shall shine upon you, and you shall see his glory. 2007, p. 15 Head towards the light] (fragment 6).

═══- Because═today═the light═of═Jehovah═continues═to═lead═million═people═from═all═nations═their═faith═will═not═suffer═to═shipwreck═════════════ their═long═journey═is nearing═its═end═.═They═will═safely═pass═the═last═days═of this system and enter the safe haven of the new world. [Watchtower Magazine, 10/15/2007, p. 15 Head towards the light] (fragment 7).

appeals aimed at inciting═ hatred═and═enmity, in particular═calls═for══violent══or══discriminatory═actions═══attitude═══to══persons═united═on═the═ ═ national, social, confessional, racial affiliation?

1. Do the assessments contained in the indicated text fragments refer to persons united on the basis of national, social, confessional, racial affiliation or to beliefs, convictions, a system of religious ideas of a national, social, confessional, racial group (groups)?

2. Is there any information in the presented text fragments that can incite hatred or enmity, as well as humiliate a person or a group of people on the grounds of religion, nationality, race and other grounds?

The research═ was carried out by the head of the department═experimental═lexicography═of the Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradov Russian Academy of Sciences Doctor of Philology Professor Anatoly Nikolaevich Baranov (experience in the specialty - 29 years).

During the study, methods of analysis of the communicative orientation of the utterance and text, developed in the theory of speech acts and text theory, as well as methods for studying the evaluative component of the plan of the content of linguistic forms, developed in linguistic semantics, were used.

Linguistic research

Answer to question #1

Do the═controversial═text═fragments 1-7 contain appeals aimed at inciting hatred and enmity, in particular, calls for the implementation of violent or discriminatory actions against persons united on the basis of national, social, confessional, racial affiliation?

An appeal is a special type of speech act, the distinguishing feature of which is publicity. In other words, calls═in the usual═case are made in═acts═public═ communication - at rallies, meetings, political discussions, etc. The mass media - radio, television, newspapers and magazines - often act as a tool for transmitting and disseminating appeals. Quite often, the distribution of appeals is limited to a relatively small audience - for example, in the case of leaflets, small circulation newspapers, information brochures, etc. The semantics and pragmatics of calls are considered in detail by a specialist in the textbook "Linguistic examination of the text"1 [Baranov 2007].

Let us give here a brief description of the essence of appeals and indicate their main types.

The content═ of an appeal═as═a═speech act═is═to═induce the addressee to═perform═some═action, considered═as═-═part═of a socially significant activity that contributes to the achievement of certain ideals. The participants in this speech act are political subjects or specific persons, understood as representatives of political subjects. In addition, the authors of appeals can also be public - often informal - organizations represented by their representatives.

As is known, each speech act is characterized by a specific set of conditions for success (more precisely, conditions for appropriateness), which determine the conditions for its appropriate pronunciation. Thus, a question (not exactly an examiner's question or a rhetorical question) suggests that the questioner does not know the answer. The speech act of appeal also has special conditions for success.

The conditions for a successful call are:

• Propositional content condition: a description of the future action (actions) of the addressee, considered as part of a socially significant activity that contributes to the achievement of certain ideals.

• Preparatory conditions: 1) the addressee is able to perform the action in question; 2) the action in question has not been carried out and the desired state of affairs does not exist; 3) the speaker and the addressee are political subjects or persons who represent political subjects; 4) the speech act is considered as part of socio-political communication; 5) neither the speaker nor the addressee consider it obvious that the addressee will perform an action without the corresponding speech act (hereinafter - RA) of the speaker.

• The condition of sincerity: the speaker really wants the action to be performed and the socially significant activity to be performed, and the ideals to be achieved.

• An essential condition: when uttering a statement, the speaker expresses the desire that the addressee perform some action in the future, considered as an important part of socially significant activity that contributes to the achievement of certain ideals.

Thus, the general, or integral, part of the semantics of the call can be summarized in the following definition:

An appeal is a speech act addressed to the addressee in order to induce him to perform some action or a set of actions that are comprehended as an important part of socially significant activity that contributes to the achievement of certain ideals, or to induce the addressee to take these ideals into account in their daily behavior, and the speaker and the addressee are political subjects or their representatives, and the speech act itself is considered as part of socio-political communication.

Calls are quite diverse in their semantics. In addition to the classic appeals corresponding to the definition given above, there are also slogan appeals: Everyone to fight Kolchak!; Down with the PUGOYAZ! (Pugo and Yazova - the slogan of the times of the State Emergency Committee); No support for the provisional government!; Let's complete the five-year plan in three years! Being used in a slogan form, appeals of this type appeal to some socially significant activity that is relevant for a given society and often based on value categories.

A feature of appeals-appeals is that they assume the presence of a higher authority, which must resolve the existing dispute, problem, conflict, etc. When using appeal-appeal, society is often considered such a higher authority. Quite often - especially in negotiation communication - appeals to the public or a significant political entity serve as a tool to influence the opposite side of the negotiation.

Calls-appeals, unlike classical calls, are a complex speech act within the framework of socio-political communication, that is, usually it is a coherent text that includes simpler calls. It is focused on a specific addressee - on society as a whole, on a social group or on a significant political subject. Its purpose is to encourage the addressee to do something important and significant within the framework of socially useful activities.

Calls-appeals are in many ways similar to calls-appeals, but unlike the latter, they have quite large and amorphous groups of people as an addressee, and not political entities such as parties, governments or organizations (cf. the anomalous phrases *appeal to the Federation Council, * appeal to the management of the plant, * appeal to the trade union committee). In addition, the appeal is a formal document, the writing of which requires compliance with some norms and rules specific to each cultural tradition.

The semantic analysis of calls when they are revealed in the text should be supplemented by a formal grammatical analysis: like many other speech acts, calls have some stable grammatical features. In classical calls, the standard grammatical form of motivation is used - this is 2 liters. units or many the number will command, ═ exl.: Stop -═ country of workers and peasants! 2, ═ Crap of all stripes, Get out of power! 3, Boris - don't be afraid! Government, give work!

In calls there is also a grammatical form of the imperative 1 l. pl. numbers: Let's turn Moscow into a model communist city! Or let's catch up and overtake America! This meaning of the imperative is closely related to the plural form and is called in the Academic Grammar "forms of the imperative mood of the joint action of the type let's go(those), let's(those] write 6".

The formal indicators of appeals should also include an explicit performative formula: i.e. use of the ═verb═ to call═in 1 liter. (singular or plural) present time. Wed examples of type We call on all Muscovites to come to Pushkin Square and...; Calm down, comrades! I urge you to be calm... It seems to me that now it is impossible to take anyone out. It will not be clear, it will turn out that they just made a message and the massacre began. [Corpus of journalism].

Other formal indicators of the illocutionary power of appeal include some verbs in fixed grammatical forms. So, the RA of the call introduces the grammatical form 2 l. units give the number of the verb: Give a five-year plan in two years!, Give a new life!; You are broadcasting live! Give political correctness!; Give Dneproges and Magnitogorsk! In the same function, the form come on / let's also be used: Let's establish cooperation!; Let's get away from the confrontation!; Let's be on the lookout!; Let's build a new life!

Quite often═classical appeals═and═appeals═-slogans are introduced by particles, while the semantic verb is used in the form of 3 l. units and many others. numbers. So, speech - the act of conscription is introduced, for example, particles, let it be: "Let the government stop squandering taxpayers' money," a call was heard from the hall; Let the people decide!; Let them take as much sovereignty as they can carry!; Let the government think of the people! In the same function, the form out and particles yes and no can be used: Rogues out! Get our money back!; Commonwealth yes!; No - new types of weapons!

The semantics of the ═call═in a number of cases═is conveyed by infinitive sentences - again in combination═with═imperative intonation, cf. examples of type Do not back down!; Do not be afraid!, as well as nominal offers of Bread and Circuses!; Freedom to the oppressed workers of Turkestan!; Freedom to the prisoners of conscience!

Another formal indicator of appeals is a negative═particle═combined═with═imperative intonation: Not one step back - Moscow is behind!; No to the dictates of oligarchic capitalism!; No support for the provisional government!; We will not give up the gains of the revolution!

Having considered the theoretical═principles of singling out═appeals, let's move on to═analysis═controversial═fragments.

Fragment 1

Because Jehovah can adapt to any situation, he is referred to in the Scriptures in many different titles. They do not replace his personal name, but help us better understand his meaning. For example, God is said to be "the Lord Almighty Jehovah" (2 Samuel 7:22, NM). This majestic title, which appears hundreds of times in the original text of the Bible, shows Jehovah's position. He alone has the right to be the Ruler of the entire Universe [The book Draw Close to Jehovah, 2002, p. eleven].

In the first fragment, there are no grammatical forms typical for calls. Moreover, there are no sentences with imperative verbs in it at all. The illocutionary semantics of the speech utterances presented in this fragment is also not related to the communicative intention of the motivation. Therefore, there are no calls in the first fragment.

Fragment 2

In the near═future═the angels will become the executors═God's═sentence. Very soon, Jesus will come with "mighty angels in blazing fire" to wreak "vengeance on those who do not know God and who do not obey the good news of our Lord Jesus" (2 Thessalonians 1:7, 8). What will this mean for "mankind? Those who do not respond to the good news of God's Kingdom now being proclaimed throughout the earth will be destroyed. Only those who seek Jehovah, who seek righteousness and meekness, will "hide themselves in the day of Jehovah's wrath" and be saved (Zephaniah 2:3, PAM) [Watchtower magazine of 03/15/2007, p. 25 Angels. How they affect people's lives].

The situation is similar in fragment 2: in it there are sentences with the grammatical form of the imperative, conveying some types of calls. It also does not contain speech utterances with illocutionary semantics of invocation. Note, however, that in general this fragment conveys the semantics of advice or recommendation: describing what Jesus will do with those who "disobey the good news about our Lord Jesus", the author of the text indirectly recommends or advises the reader to become a follower of the relevant religious teaching. Such advice or recommendation can also be interpreted as a call to become a follower of Jehovah's teachings, however, this cannot be considered as an obligatory component of the plan for the content of the fragment under study: someone will perceive it as a call, and someone else as advice and recommendation. Therefore, there is no reason to say that the hidden call is part of the semantics of fragment 2.

Fragment 3

Attacking God's people is like poking a finger in Jehovah's eye. He will react immediately and eliminate the enemies. Distinguished by unity and love, Jehovah's servants are the most peaceful and law-abiding people on earth. Therefore, attacking them will be completely unjust - there is no justification for such an action. Jehovah "loves justice" very much and will not tolerate such iniquity. When he stands up for his servants, their enemies will be destroyed forever. Those who worship the one true God will be granted salvation and justice will be done. What great events await us in the near future! (Proverbs 2:21, 22). [Watchtower Magazine, 08/15/2007, p. 26 Jehovah loves justice];

In the sentences of the third disputable fragment, as in the previous cases, the grammatical form of the imperative is absent. There are no other grammatical forms that convey the illocutionary semantics of the call. The general semantics of this fragment is a description of those troubles that threaten those who will persecute Jehovah's servants, on the one hand, and those positive events that await his supporters, on the other.

Fragment 4

The sad consequences═of the rebellion show that═only Jehovah, the Sovereign═of the Universe, has═the right═to rule and═only his═rule═ is fair. The past millennia have shown that Satan, who became "the ruler of this world", established a government based on lawlessness, injustice and violence, which turned out to be completely untenable (John 12:31). Also, the rule of men under the leadership of Satan, which for many centuries brought only grief and disappointment to mankind, showed that they are not able to rule in justice (Jeremiah 10:23). It can be seen that if people reject the authority of Jehovah, then whatever form of government they establish, their efforts are doomed to failure. And history convincingly proves this [The Watchtower magazine of 08/15/2007, p. 28 Suffering can do us good.]

The sentences of this═controversial fragment═do not contain the grammatical and═lexical═forms commonly used to═transfer the communicative intent of the call. The general content of the fragment is proof that "only Jehovah <...> has the right to power" and "the rule of people under the leadership of Satan" did not give the desired results.

Fragment 5

Because for millennia Jehovah allowed people who rejected him to experiment with different forms of government, now he has every right to remove all these systems of government from the earth and replace them with his own government. Here is what the Bible prophecy says: “In the days of those kingdoms [earthly governments], the God of heaven will set up a kingdom [his heavenly government headed by Christ], which will never be destroyed ... it will crush and destroy all kingdoms, and itself will stand forever (Daniel 2:44). Demonic rule, like the rule of humans, will come to an end, and only God's heavenly kingdom will rule the earth. Jesus Christ will be King, and he will have 144,000 co-rulers - people faithful to God, taken from the earth (Revelation 14:1) good].

In Fragment 5, as in the previous cases, there are no grammatical and lexical forms that indicate the presence of calls. General═content of the fragment: justification═of═the═rule═of God═heavenly═kingdom══that═will end the═demonic═rule═and the═rule of people═.

Fragment 6

God's Word helps sincere people identify the true religion and those who belong to it, especially in these last days when Jehovah exalted true religion over false religion (Isaiah 2:2, 3; Malachi 3:18). Isaiah 60:2, 3 shows how different true religion is from false religion. It says, "Darkness shall cover the earth, and deep darkness the nations, but Jehovah shall shine upon you, and his glory shall be seen upon you. Nations shall come to your light, and kings to your bright radiance" [Watchtower Magazine, 15.10 .2007, p. 15 Head towards the light].

The above fragment does not contain grammatical or ═lexical═indicators of "speech═acts" with illocutionary semantics of the call. fragment, does not allow revealing the communicative intention of the call.The general content of the fragment: the theme of "the rise of true religion over false."

Fragment 7

Because today the light of Jehovah continues to shine on millions of people, from all nations, their faith will not be shipwrecked as their long journey draws to an end. They will safely pass the last days of this system and enter the safe harbor of the new world [Watchtower Magazine, 10/15/2007, p. 15 Head towards the light].

Fragment 7 does not include grammatical or ═lexical═ indicators═calls. There are no═in═in═this fragment═and═indirect═calls, because═analysis of the intentional═ part of the semantics of the statements included in this fragment does not allow revealing the communicative intention of the appeal. The general theme of this passage is the benefits that the adherents of the teachings of Jehovah will receive in the new world.

Conclusion on the first question:

The study of the controversial fragments shows that they lack grammatical and lexical forms associated with the transmission of the communicative intention of the call. An analysis of the illocutionary (intentional) part of the semantics of statements suggests that there are no indirect ways of expressing the speech act of invocation in the disputed fragments.

Fragment 2 requires separate consideration. It describes those troubles that will happen to those who "do not obey the good news about our Lord Jesus". Here═ one can═see═an indirect recommendation or advice to become a follower of the religious teachings of Jehovah. Such advice or recommendation can also be interpreted as a call to become a follower of Jehovah's teachings, however, neither advice, nor recommendation, nor call in this case can be considered as an obligatory component of the plan for the content of the fragment under study: someone will take it as a call, someone - as advice and a recommendation, and someone will not see anything in the text of this fragment, except for the direct meaning. Therefore, there is no reason to say that the hidden call is part of the semantics of fragment 2.═

Answer to question #2

Do the assessments contained in the specified═textual═fragments refer to═persons united on the basis of national, social, confessional, racial═affiliation or═to═beliefs, beliefs, system of religious ideas of a national, social, confessional, racial group (groups)?

The category of evaluation is studied in philosophy (ethics), logic and linguistics. In philosophy, evaluation is studied in axiology (sometimes considered as part of ethics) and is associated with various value categories - justice, truth, virtue, evil, vice, etc. In logic, the logic of assessments is studied - their compatibility, logical connections between different types of assessments, as well as the composition of the assessment category: the subject of the assessment (the one who carries out the assessment), the assessment parameter (the attribute, property by which the assessment is made) and the object of assessment7. There are two main types of assessments - general and private! General assessments are determined by the value categories good and bad, and particular ones are determined by those types of value categories that are semantically related to other types of parametric categories - quantity, time, space, etc. Linguistics focuses on general assessments. In other words, language evaluation is "a value aspect of the meaning of linguistic expressions, which can be interpreted as "A (subject of evaluation) believes that B (object of evaluation) is good/bad"8.

Evaluative meanings are fixed═in═language═in═ morphology, lexical═and═partly═syntactic structures. Many suffixes convey evaluative meanings, cf. man and human. A number of words contain evaluative components of meaning in semantics, cf. house and hut, furniture and junk. This is especially typical for adjectives and adverbs that express a wide range of evaluative meanings: good and bad (good - bad), beautiful and terrible (beautiful - terrible). Evaluative semantics is also inherent in statements: He is an experienced specialist, Viktor is a real scientist, Our doctor is just a magician, Semyon was the first in all tournaments. It is essential that the assessment can be expressed in the statement both directly and indirectly. So, in the phrase Viktor is a real scientist, the modal word real indicates the evaluative nature of the statement (cf. the non-evaluative statement Viktor is a scientist), and in the phrase Semyon in all tournaments the evaluative meaning "Semyon is the best" was displayed as a semantic consequence.

Thus, when ═identifying═evaluative═meanings═it is necessary to take into account═the following═aspects═of the═semantics═of the controversial context:

• whether there are components of the assessment situation (subject of assessment, object of assessment and assessment parameter);

• how the assessment is expressed - by morphemes, words, statements;

• the nature of the evaluation expression (direct or indirect);

• the content of the assessment (the value of the assessment parameter).

Let us consider the controversial fragments from the indicated point of view, bearing in mind that the object of assessment should be a group of persons united on the basis of national, social, confessional, racial affiliation, or beliefs, beliefs, a system of religious ideas of national, social, confessional, racial group of people.

Fragment 1

Since Jehovah can adapt to any situation, many different titles are applied to him in the Holy Scriptures. They═do not replace his═personal═name, but help us═better═understand═its═meaning═. For example, God is said to be "the Lord Almighty Jehovah" (2 Samuel 7:22, NM). This majestic title, which appears hundreds of times in the original text of the Bible, shows Jehovah's position. He alone has the right to be the Ruler of the entire Universe [The book Draw Close to Jehovah, 2002, p. eleven].

This passage is about Jehovah. Thus, the sought-after object of evaluation is a group of persons united according to the specified characteristics, or ═beliefs, beliefs, etc. - absent. Consequently, there are no grounds to speak about the presence of any evaluation of the object of evaluation under study.

Fragment 2

In the near═future═the angels will become the executors═God's═sentence. Very soon Jesus will come with "mighty angels in flaming fire" to "take vengeance on those who do not know God and who disobey the good news of our Lord Jesus" (2 Thessalonians 1:7, 8) . What will this mean for humanity? Those who do not respond to the good news of God's Kingdom now being proclaimed throughout the earth will be destroyed. Only those who seek Jehovah, seek righteousness and meekness, "will hide themselves in the day of Jehovah's wrath" and be saved (Zephaniah 2:3, PAM) [Watchtower magazine of 03/15/2007, p. 25 Angels. How do they affect people's lives].

As noted above in the answer to question #1, this passage describes what Jesus will do to those who "disobey the good news of our Lord Jesus." It is hardly possible to say that in the fragment under study the objects of evaluation are presented - groups of persons united according to national, social and other characteristics, or beliefs, convictions, a system of religious ideas. Believers in Jehovah and non-believers and/or followers of other religions are referred to in an undifferentiated way: Those who do not respond to the good news of God's Kingdom. Thus, it cannot be argued that they represent a single group. Even if such an assumption is made, then there are no actual assessments of this artificial formation in this fragment - neither explicit nor indirect, forming an obligatory and not optional) part of the semantics of the corresponding linguistic forms. There is no mention of any beliefs in fragment 2. Consequently, there is no evaluation component of the desired objects of evaluation in fragment 2.

Fragment 3

Attacking God's people is like poking a finger in Jehovah's eye. He will react immediately and eliminate the enemies. Distinguished by unity and love, Jehovah's servants are the most peaceful and law-abiding people on earth. Therefore, attacking them will be completely unjust - there is no justification for such an action. Jehovah "loves justice" very much and will not tolerate such iniquity. When he stands up for his servants, their enemies will be destroyed forever. Those who worship the one true God will be granted salvation and justice will be done. What great events await us in the near future! (Proverbs 2:21, 22) [Watchtower magazine of 8/15/2007, p. 26 Jehovah loves justice.]

The general content of this fragment is a description of those troubles that threaten those who persecute Jehovah's servants, on the one hand, and those positive events that await his supporters, on the other. Positive language evaluations refer to "servants of Jehovah" (adjectives peaceful, law-abiding) and future events (great events). There are no evaluations of the studied objects of evaluation.

Fragment 4

The sad consequences═of the rebellion show that═only Jehovah, the Sovereign═of the Universe, has═the right═to rule and═only his═rule═ is fair. The past millennia═ showed that═Satan, who became "the ruler of this world", established a government based on lawlessness, injustice and violence, which turned out to be absolutely untenable (John 12:31). Also, the rule of men under the leadership of Satan, which for many centuries brought only grief and disappointment to mankind, showed that they are not able to rule in justice (Jeremiah 10:23). As you can see, if people reject the authority of Jehovah, then whatever form of government they create, their efforts are doomed to failure. And history convincingly proves this [The Watchtower magazine of 08/15/2007, p. 28 Suffering can do us good.]

In Fragment 4, as in previous cases, there are no evaluation objects under study. The participants in the situation described in this passage are Jehovah, Satan, humanity/people. Only the rule of Jehovah (the rule is just) and the rule of Satan (based on lawlessness, injustice and violence) are judged.

Fragment 5

Because for millennia, Jehovah allowed people who rejected him to experiment with different forms of government, now he has every right to remove all these systems of government from the earth and replace them with his own government. This is what the Bible prophecy says: “In the days of those kingdoms [earthly governments], the God of heaven will set up a kingdom [his heavenly government headed by Christ], which will never be destroyed ... it will crush and destroy all kingdoms, but will itself stand forever” (Daniel 2:44). Demonic rule, like the rule of humans, will come to an end, and only God's heavenly kingdom will rule the earth. Jesus Christ will be the King, and he will have 144,000 co-rulers - people faithful to God taken from the earth (Revelation 14:1) .[Journal. "Watchtower" dated 08/15/2007, p. 28 Suffering can do us good.]

In the above passage, the rule of "God's heavenly kingdom" is justified, which will end the "demonic rule" and the "rule of people." Here, followers of Jehovah (people faithful to God) are characterized by an indirect positive assessment. With some reservations, one can see an assessment of the reign of Satan (demonic rule). In general, as in the previous fragments, there are no objects of evaluation. Therefore, there is no reason to talk about their evaluation - positive or negative.

Fragment 6

God's Word helps sincere people identify true religion and those who belong to it—especially in these last days when Jehovah has exalted true religion over false religion.—Isaiah 2:2,3; Malachi 3:18. Isaiah 60:2, 3 shows how different true religion is from false religion. It says: “Darkness shall cover the earth, and deep darkness the nations, but Jehovah shall shine upon you, and you shall see his glory. 2007, p. 15 Head towards the light].

This passage talks about true and false religion. The adjectives true and false in this context represent the implementation of the general evaluation "good-bad", since true corresponds to good, false - to bad. The phrase true religion is specifically referent, that is, this phrase refers to the religious beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses, and the phrase false religion does not have a specific referent, referring to all other religions and religious beliefs or to any religious beliefs (excluding the religious system of Jehovah's Witnesses) . The absence of a specific referent is also indicated by the singular number of the word religion (raised the true religion over the false one). In other words, the phrase false religion is used in this case non-referentially9. To put it simply, the statement is too general to speak of an assessment of a particular religion, religious system, or beliefs.

Fragment 7

Because today the light of Jehovah continues to guide millions of people from all nations, their faith will not be shipwrecked as their long journey draws to a close. They will safely pass the last days of this system and enter the safe harbor of the new world [Watchtower Magazine, 10/15/2007, p. 15 Head towards the light].

Excerpt 7 speaks of the benefits that the adherents of Jehovah's doctrine will receive in the new world. The studied objects of evaluation in this fragment (as in all previous cases) are absent. There is no mention here of either adherents of other religions and religious systems, or other religions and beliefs. Therefore, there is no reason to talk about any kind of assessment of them.

Conclusion on the second question:

The identification of the evaluative component of the statement and the connected fragments of the text involves the definition of the components of the evaluation situation (the subject of evaluation, the object of evaluation and the parameter of evaluation), as well as the content of the evaluation - "good-bad". The analysis showed that in the controversial fragments (except for fragment b) there is no mention of the object of assessment under study - groups of people united on the basis of national, social, confessional, racial affiliation, or beliefs, beliefs, systems of religious ideas of a national, social, confessional, racial group of people.

Fragment 6 speaks about true and false religion, while the religious system of Jehovah's Witnesses is evaluated positively - true religion. The second phrase - false religion - is used in a controversial context non-referentially. That is, the statement about "false religion" is too general to be able to speak about the presence of an assessment of a particular religion, religious system or beliefs.

Answer to question number 3

Is there any information in the presented text fragments that can cause hatred or enmity, as well as humiliate a person or a group of people on the grounds of religion, nationality, race and other characteristics?

In the answer to question No. 2, it was shown that═in the═controversial═fragments═there is═only one═religion═named═as an object═assessment═—the religious═system═of Jehovah's Witnesses. This ═religious═ system is assessed positively: in relation to it, the adjective true is used - true religion (fragment 6). Other religions and religious systems are not mentioned in the controversial fragments, and the phrase false religion is used non-referentially, that is, in a generalized manner in relation to all other religions.

The disputable fragments do not mention groups of people united according to national, racial and other characteristics. Consequently, in the presented text fragments there is no information capable of inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliating a person or a group of persons on the grounds of religion, nationality, pace and other grounds.

Conclusion on the third question:

In disputable fragments, only one religion is mentioned as an object of evaluation - the religious system of Jehovah's Witnesses, which is evaluated positively: (true religion - fragment 6). Other religions and religious systems are not mentioned in the controversial fragments, and the phrase false religion is used non-referentially, that is, in a generalized manner in relation to all other religions. The controversial fragments do not mention groups of people united according to national, racial and other characteristics. Consequently, in the presented text fragments there is no information capable of inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliating a person or a group of persons on the grounds of religion, nationality, race and other grounds.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

1. The study of the controversial fragments shows that they lack grammatical and lexical forms associated with the transmission of the communicative intention of the call. An analysis of the illocutionary (intentional) part of the semantics of statements suggests that there are no indirect ways of expressing the speech act of invocation in the disputed fragments.

Fragment 2 requires separate consideration. It describes the troubles that will happen to those who "disobey the good news about our Lord Jesus." Here you can see an indirect recommendation or advice to become a follower of the religious teachings of Jehovah. Such advice or recommendation can also be interpreted as a call to become a follower of Jehovah's teachings, however, neither advice, nor recommendation, nor call in this case can be considered as an obligatory component of the plan for the content of the fragment under study: someone will take it as a call, someone - as advice and a recommendation, and someone will not see anything in the text of this fragment, except for the direct meaning. Therefore, there is no reason to say that the hidden call is part of the semantics of fragment 2.

1. Identification of the evaluative component of the statement and coherent fragments of the text involves determining the components of the evaluation situation (the subject of evaluation, the object of evaluation and the parameter of evaluation), as well as the content of the evaluation - "good-bad". The analysis showed that in the controversial fragments (except for fragment 6) there is no mention of the object of assessment under study - groups of people united on the basis of national, social, confessional, racial affiliation, or beliefs, beliefs, systems of religious ideas of national, social, confessional, racial groups of people.

Fragment 6 speaks about true and false religion, while the religious system of Jehovah's Witnesses is evaluated positively - true religion. The second phrase - false religion - is used in a controversial context non-referentially. That is, the statement about "false religion" is too general to be able to speak about the presence of an assessment of a particular religion, religious system or beliefs.

1. In the controversial fragments, only one religion is mentioned as an object of evaluation - the religious system of Jehovah's Witnesses, which is evaluated positively: (true religion - fragment b). Other religions and religious systems are not mentioned in the controversial fragments, and the phrase false religion is used non-referentially, that is, in a generalized manner in relation to all other religions. The controversial fragments do not mention groups of people united according to national, racial and other characteristics. Therefore, in the presented text fragments there is no information capable of inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliating a person or a group of persons on the grounds of attitude to religion, nationality, race and other grounds.═

Head═Department═Experimental═Lexicography═

Institutions═ of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Institute of the Russian Language ═ them. V.V. Vinoradov RAS

doctor═ of philological sciences professor══(signature, seal)═A.N. Baranov