While the Russia-Ukraine war has largely reached a stalemate ‘on the ground’, with Russian forces having brought only around 1.5% of Ukrainian territory under their control over the past two and a half years, a mutual war of attrition is unfolding across several theatres of operations and is having an ever-greater impact on the dynamics of the conflict. This contest is inflicting increasingly significant psychological and economic damage on both sides of the front line.

While the Russian-Ukrainian war on the ground has reached a stalemate—in two and a half years, Russian troops have taken control of only about 1.5 percent of Ukraine—a mutual war of attrition is unfolding across multiple theaters of operations and is having an increasingly greater impact on the dynamics of the conflict, causing ever more significant psychological and economic damage on both sides of the front line.