Alexei Navalny was killed by the substance epibatidine (poison of the Ecuadorian frog). This was confirmed by Britain, Sweden, France, Germany and the Netherlands
The structure of epibatidine was elucidated in 1992, but this was prevented by the designation of E. anthonyi as a protected species in 1984. Additionally, these frogs do not produce the toxin when bred and raised in captivity because they do not synthesize epibatidine on their own. Like other poisonous tree frogs, they get it from their food and then accumulate it on their skin. Likely sources include beetles, ants, mites and flies. The first synthesis of epibatidine was completed in 1993.