The last Soviet troops left the territory of Afghanistan on February 15, 1989. After that, the pro -Soviet regime lasted only three years. The fall of Najibullah in April 1992 turned out to be a tragedy for the Afghans who served this regime, fought against the Mujahideen, studied at civil and military universities in the Soviet Union. Many were forced to leave their country.

[*] In the late 1980s, the iron curtain disappeared, and the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe again gained freedom [1] . Immediately the movement of people from this region to other countries of the world, artificially interrupted during the dominance of the Communists, was resumed. This movement is very intense and diverse. Of course, in the post -communist era, emigration has been preserved, which had previously been the usual phenomenon for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Leonid Parfenov answers questions from the editorial office of “domestic notes”. Why did you turn to history? Was an order for this or the initiative belonged to you? The first real project about the past is “The other day 1961–1991. Our era ” - appeared from the desire to“ inventory ”the experience that formed us all. I have already made “Old Songs of the Main”, the second series of “Old Songs” was already shot - if desired, they can also be considered “historical” television films.

When choosing the name for this OZ issue, we were aware that the word “appropriation” can mean a variety of actions - too different to leave it without any comment. Of course, people in one way or another have used and will always use their own history: this obvious fact is explained by the fact that they want, both individually and as a whole world (“nation”, “humanity”), to settle as comfortably as possible not only in space, but also in time.

Stereometry Kiselev, old woman ... Damn it, here is a book, demo! That's how everyone would write! No thickness, right? And how much is eaten here! Alexander Solzhenitsyn, "Cancer Corps" If we turn to modern school textbooks, we will immediately see that the characteristic that the Kostlots from the “cancerous corps” gives the textbook of the geometry A.P. Kiselev is not applicable to them.

Nikolai Svanidze answers the questions of “domestic notes”. Who is watching your historical programs, are you counting on a specific audience? Sociometric measurements were not made, but I do not see great need for them. In all my programs, I always counted on people who are not too lazy to think. It can be both a teenage girl, and a retired man, a man with a higher education or a rustic carpenter. Do you deliberately use modern clip technologies?

The famous Russian orientalist Yuri Roerich [1] in 1923 wrote in his programmatic article “The Rise of Orientalism”: “Until quite recently, Orientalism was a closed area in which in-depth scientific research was carried out, but the treasures of which were inaccessible to the rest of the world and hidden behind a dense veil of times.

Russian space is a Christian space. It is inhabited by Christians, and this is expressed, in particular, in the designation of a socially unexpected inhabitant of this space as a peasant, etymologically - a Christian. At a later time, this conceptualization of Russian space can be expressed in the designation “Holy Rus'”, which first appeared in Andrei Kurbsky and from the 17th century fixed in historical songs and other texts that are not directly related to the formal imperial discourse [1] .

The editors of “Domestic Notes” Nikita Sokolov and Mark Greenberg are talking with the famous Russian medievalist Aron Gurevich. In your works of recent years, you have repeatedly noticed that postmodern criticism of the existing historiography cannot be the reason for panic, that this is only an occasion to think about the need for increased self -reflection of the historian. How can a historian increase the level of self -reflection?

Braginskaya Nina Vladimirovna Doctor of Historical Sciences. Leading researcher at the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies, professor at the Institute of Oriental and Ancient Cultures. Publications: book “The Wet Word: A Byzantine Rhetoric on the Erotic Novel” (2003); article “Pictures” of Philostratus the Elder: genesis and structure of dialogue before the image” (1994); "Aristotle.

Publisher and editor-in-chief Tatyana Malkina Chief editor Nikita Sokolov Deputy editor-in-chief Vitaly Kurennoy Ekaterina Mellina Galina Skryabina Editorial Board Vladimir Gurevich Simon Kordonsky Alena Solntseva Alexander Oslon Alexander Filippov Executive Secretary Olga Krzhizhevskaya Edited by Mark Greenberg, Elena Tutorskaya, Alexander Yarin PR and advertising Natalia Grebeniuk Artist Valery Korshunov Literary editors Anna Vozdvizhenskaya Mark Grinberg Natalya Klushina Olga Litvinova Elena

Dispute with Martin Malia [*] We expected the appearance of this book [1] So long that they almost lost hope of seeing her. Martin Malia conceived her and wrote the first option in 1962. He expressed many of his cherished ideas even then. Since then, for a quarter century, publishers have said to potential reviewers: “Get ready, the book is about to come out,” and they have already taken up the pen. But the books were not and was not.

[*] The book of Francois Artog, which opens with an epigraph from Marseille Proust “... in time”, consists of two parts: the first discusses the methods of experiencing and perception of time that existed up to the Great French Revolution, when the previous type of historical thinking was replaced by a new one. The second part of the book is devoted to this new attitude to history and time (although it contains excursions related to the previous period).

The radical changes of the last 15–20 years in the political, social and cultural life of our country have led to the disappearance without a trace of many realities of the Soviet era. Perhaps that is why our recent history, the witnesses of which are not only alive, but are still socially active, seems to today’s schoolchildren to be as distant as, say, the era of the 18th–19th centuries.

1 The theme of the memory of the events that are significant for society, “key”, “turning” for the country, its population, especially for the collective story, the entire imaginary picture of the past, of course, goes far beyond the boundaries of psychological characteristics and abilities, be the psychology of individuals or small groups (family, community of neighbors, a company of peers).